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Fig. 55 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 55. Fifth ceratobranchial in dorsal view of (a) Kalyptodoras bahiensis, MZUSP 87841, 233 mm SL; (b) Oxydoras niger, MZUSP 91654, 550 mm SL; (c) Leptodoras juruensis, MZUSP 104532, 227 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

Fig. 64 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 64. Anal fin in cleared and stained specimens of mature males of (a) Glanidium melanopterum, MZUSP 51043, 107.9 mm SL; (b) Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 49529, 97.4 mm SL.

Fig. 20 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 20. Skeleton of head and anterior portion of body in Ictalurus punctatus, MZUSP 103256, 155 mm SL, in dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views. AA anguloarticular, acf anterior cranial fontanel, ANP anterior nuchal plate, CLE cleithrum, DEN dentary, EPO epiotic, EXS extrascapular, FRO frontal, HYO hyomandibula, IO infraorbital, IOP interopercle, LE lateral ethmoid, MAX maxilla, MES mesethmoid, MET metapterygoid, MNP middle nuchal plate, NAS nasal, OPE opercle, PAL autopalatine, pcf posterior cranial fontanel, PNP posterior nuchal plate, POP preopercle, PTO pterotic, QUA quadrate, SCL posttemporal-supracleithrum, SOC parietal-supraoccipital, SPH sphenotic.

Fig. 11 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 11. Anterior portion of head and body in (a) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 91661, 320 mm SL. Gas bladder in ventral (b,d) and dorsal (c,e) of (b,c) Ageneiosus inermis, MZUSP 9384, 77 mm SL; (d,e) Rhynchodoras woodsi, ANSP 181042, 72.5 mm SL. Ventral view of body cavity of (f) Leptodoras cataniai, INHS 39814, 111.1 mm SL. Scale bars equal 5 mm. Photos (d,e,f) by Mark Sabaj Pérez.

Fig. 15 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 15. Schematic drawing of gas bladders in ventral view, showing T-shaped septum, lateral diverticula, trabeculae (a), and secondary chamber (a). Modified from Birindelli et al. (2009: fig. 2).

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 3. (a) Acanthodoras cataphractus, MZUSP 103284, 76.6 mm SL, rio Jari, Monte Dourado, Pará, photographed live; (b) Platydoras armatulus, MZUSP 92759, approximately 55 mm SL, rio Amazonas, Santarém, Pará, photographed live by Leandro Sousa; (c) Orinocodoras eigenmanni, MZUSP 86807, 123 mm SL, río Apure, Arismendi, Venezuela; (d) Doras zuanoni, INPA uncatalogued, approximately 110 mm SL, rio Araguaia basin, photographed live by Jansen Zuanon.

Fig. 10 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 10. Ventral body in (a) Doras higuchii, INPA 45052, 153 mm SL; (b) Doras zuanoni, INPA 5244, 124 mm SL; and (c) Doras phlyzakion, ANSP 181055, 169 mm SL, photos by Mark Sabaj Pérez.

Fig. 7 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 7. Head, in lateral view, of Centromochlus heckelii, MZUSP 104793, 100 mm SL, photographed live; arrow indicates suborbital groove.

Fig. 9 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 9. Posterior cleithral process in Doras micropoeus, ANSP 177880, 274 mm SL, photo by Mark Sabaj Pérez. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic relationships of the South American Doradoidea (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of Doradidae, according to the hypotheses of (a) Higuchi (1992), and (b) Moyer et al. (2004).

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Fig. 7 in Sperm evolution in the family Alestidae with comparative data for the genus Chalceus (Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

Fig. 7. Spermatozoon of Micralestes acutidens. a, a-inset: longitudinal sections. b, c, d: transverse sections from top to posterior region. The nucleus (n) is spherical and lies strongly eccentric to the flagellum (f). The centriolar complex (p, d) and nuclear fossa (arrow) is strongly eccentric. The proximal centriole (p) is lateral and perpendicular relative to the distal centriole (d). The cytoplasmic canal is present (asterisk). The midpiece (pi) is strongly asymmetrical, and contains the spherical mitochondria (m) and vesicles (v). The membrane of the midpiece (me) has a striated aspect along its length (a, a- inset). Legends: cr: concentric membranous rings, d: distal centriole, f: flagellum, m: mitochondria, me: membrane of the midpiece, n: nucleus, p: proximal centriole, v: vesicle, asterisk: cytoplasmic canal, arrow: nuclear fossa.

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Fig. 1 in Sperm evolution in the family Alestidae with comparative data for the genus Chalceus (Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

Fig. 1. Spermiogenesis process of the Alestidae. Figure subunits are longitudinal sections of spermatids corresponding to (a, b) Brycinus lateralis, (c) Brycinus imberi, (d) Brachypetersius altus, (e) Alestopetersius compressus, (f) Micralestes acutidens. The flagellum is initially lateral to the nucleus. The nuclear rotation towards the flagellar axis is present. The nuclear rotation can be complete reaching 90 degrees as represented by the late spermatid of Alestopetersius compressus (e), or incomplete reaching about 20 degrees as occurs in the late spermatid of Micralestes acutidens (f). Legends: c: cytoplasm, d: distal centriole, f: flagellum, m: mitochondria, n: nucleus, p: proximal centriole, pi: midpiece, v: vesicle, asterisk: cytoplasmic canal, arrow: nuclear fossa.

Fig. 6 in Population density and habitat of an endangered cave fish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes) from a karst area in central Brazil

Fig. 6. Population densities of Eigenmannia trilineata from rio da Lapa, São Domingos karst area, central Brazil, observed from dusk until night phase during two nights (April and August 2001). Asterisk indicates that no sample was recorded in this period at April 2001.

Fig. 4 in Population density and habitat of an endangered cave fish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes) from a karst area in central Brazil

Fig. 4. Box-plots showing the means and standard deviations (Sd) of population densities data for Eigenmannia vicentespelaea along the years 1999, 2000 and 2001 (a) and between the dry seasons, independent of the years (b) BDS, beginning of dry season; MDS, middle of dry season; EDS, end of dry season.

Fig. 7 in Population density and habitat of an endangered cave fish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes) from a karst area in central Brazil

Fig. 7. Box-plots showing means and standard deviations of pH (a) conductivity (b) and temperature (c) from the São Vicente II cave stream in the dry seasons of 1999, 2000 and 2001 (circle and asterisk represent outliers).

Fig. 3 in Population density and habitat of an endangered cave fish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes) from a karst area in central Brazil

Fig. 3. Monthly rainfall recorded in the years of 1999, 2000 and 2001. Source: INMET, Posse municipality, Goiás State, central Brazil.

Fig. 5 in Population density and habitat of an endangered cave fish Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996 (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes) from a karst area in central Brazil

Fig. 5. Biplot resulting from Principal Component Analysis with seven variables. Dark circles represent sampling units.

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Fig. 7 in Gross anatomy and histology of the alimentary system of Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) and potential phylogenetic information

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic relationship of the selected species after Mirande (2009, 2010) final hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships. A) Considering Markiana nigripinnis as a member of Stevardiinae sensu Oliveira et al. (2011) and Baicere-Silva et al. (2011) and B) with M. nigripinnis as a member of Astyanax clade sensu Mirande. Synapomorphies and autapomorphies obtained from optimization of the characters proposed herein are presented in italics above branches as character number. Node numbers are presented in red below branches.

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Fig. 5 in Gross anatomy and histology of the alimentary system of Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) and potential phylogenetic information

Fig. 5. Histological sections of the alimentary tract of selected species of the Characidae family: A - Astyanax rutilus esophagus in transversal section showing a folded esophagus mucosa; B - Cheirodon interruptus esophagusin transversal section showing less conspicuous foldings and a proportionally greater development of the musculature; C - Gustative papillae detail of Cheirodon interruptus. Characters are indicated with numbers and character states between parentheses; D - Transition esophagus-stomach of Gymnocorymbus ternetzi in longitudinal section; E - Cardiac stomach of G. ternetzi in longitudinal section; F - Anterior portion of the fundic stomach of Aphyocharax anisitsi in transversal section with acinous glands; G - Posterior portion of the fundic stomach of A. anisitsi in transversal section showing developed connective tissue septa and tubular ramified glands. H - Pyloric portion of G. ternetzi intestine in transversal section. Abbreviations=BV: Blood vessel; CardSt: cardiac stomach; CnT: connective tissue; CSM: Circular smooth muscle; CStM: Circular striated muscle; F: folding; FundSt: fundic stomach; GA: Acinous Gland; L: lumen; LStM: Longitudinal striated muscle; Oesoph: Oesophagus. P: peritoneum; Pap: papillae; PsE: Pseudoestratified epithelium; SE: Simple Epithelium; SM: Striated muscle; Spt: Septum; TRG: Tubular Ramified Gland; *: space generated by a technical artifact. Bars units=µm.