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147 results for “breadth”
Data from: The interplay among intraspecific leaf trait variation, niche breadth and species abundance along light and soil nutrient gradients
It is assumed that widespread, generalist species have high phenotypic variation, but we know little about how intraspecific trait variation (ITV) relates to species abundance and niche breadth. In the temperate rainforest of southern Chile, we hypothesized that species with wide niche breadth would exhibit 1) high among-plot ITV, 2) a strong relationship between trait values and the environment, and 3) a close fit between traits and local environment trait optima. We measured leaf functional traits (leaf area, LMA, leaf N and P concentrations) of saplings in woody species, and compared the relative abundance of each species with its niche breadth, measured as the range of light, soil N and P availability. We used the slope of the linear regression of species' trait-environment relationships to assess the strength and direction of these relationships, and measured the degree to which species' trait values track the environmental optimum across plots. In some cases, species having wide niche breadth had high ITV in leaf N and also matched traits (LMA and leaf P) to local optima along the light gradient; they also had high ITV in general and matched leaf P to local optima along the soil P gradient. The relationship between species with wide niche breadth and the strength of intraspecific trait-environment relationships was generally weak and varied depending on the niche dimension and trait in question. Species varied considerably in the strength of trait-environment relationships and total magnitude of ITV, and this variation was not generally strongly related to species abundances or niche breadth patterns. In conclusion, trait variation at the community level is not driven by a few abundant, widely distributed species, but depends on the aggregate trait responses of both abundant and rare species. This makes it difficult to scale individual species trait responses up to the community level.
Data from: Quantitative measure of fitness in tri-trophic interactions and its influence on diet breadth of insect herbivores
Herbivore-plant interactions should be studied using a tri-trophic approach, but we lack a quantitative measure of the combined effect of top-down and bottom-up forces on herbivore fitness. We propose the combination of the bi-trophic fitness slopes as a tri-trophic fitness measure. We use the relationship between fitness associated with top-down and bottom-up forces and the frequency of host-plant use to calculate the top-down and bottom-up fitness slopes, which we then combine to obtain three possible directions of tri-trophic slopes. A positive tri-trophic slope indicates that herbivores have overall greater tri-trophic fitness on the more frequently used hosts. A null tri-trophic fitness slope indicates that herbivores have similar fitness on all host-plants. A negative tri-trophic slope indicates that herbivores have generally lower fitness on the more frequently used hosts. We tested the explanation power of our method using data from the literature that tested herbivore host shifts and experimentally using a generalist herbivore with variable diet breadth across populations. We found that in host shifts, herbivores have higher tri-trophic fitness on the novel host, while in generalist populations, herbivores use most frequently the best host available. We present applications in other research areas and consider the limitations of our approach. Our approach is a first step towards a comprehensive model of multiple selective forces acting on the evolution of interactions.
Data from:Intraspecific variability improves environmental matching, but does not increase ecological breadth along a wet-to-dry ecotone
It is widely assumed that higher levels of intraspecific variability in one or more traits should allow species to persist under a wider range of environmental conditions. However, few studies have examined whether species that exhibit high variability are found in a wider range of environmental conditions, and whether variability increases the ability of a species to adapt to prevailing ecological gradients. We used four plant functional traits, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) and maximum plant height in 49 species across a strong environmental gradient to answer three questions: 1) is there evidence for 'high-variability' species (that is, species which show high variability in multiple traits, simultaneously)? 2) are species with more variable traits present across a wider range of environmental conditions than less variable species? And 3) whether more variable species show better trait-environment matching to the prevailing abiotic (soil moisture) gradient at the site? We found little evidence for a 'high-variability' species. Variability was correlated for two leaf traits, SLA and LDMC, while variability in leaf traits and plant height were not correlated. We found little evidence that more variable species were present in more diverse conditions: only variation in SLA was correlated with a wider ecological niche breadth. For plant traits along the soil-moisture gradient, higher variability led to better trait-environment matching in half of measured traits. Overall, we found little support for the existence of 'high-variability' species, but that variability in SLA is correlated with a wider ecological breadth. We also found evidence that variation in traits can improve trait-environment matching, a relationship which may facilitate our understanding ecological breadth along prevailing gradients, and community assembly on the basis of traits.
Data from: Habitat niche breadth predicts invasiveness in solitary ascidians
A major focus of invasion biology is understanding the traits associated with introduction success. Most studies assess these traits in the invaded region, while only few compare non-indigenous species to the pool of potential invaders in their native region. We focused on the niche-breadth hypothesis, commonly evoked but seldom tested, which states that generalist species are more likely to become introduced since they are capable of thriving under a wide set of conditions. Based on the massive introduction of tropical species into the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal (Lessepsian migration), we defined ascidians in the Red Sea as the pool of potential invaders. We constructed unique settlement plates, each representing six different niches, to assess ascidian niche breadth, and deployed them in similar habitats in the native and invaded regions. For each species found on plates, we evaluated its abundance, relative abundance across successional stages and niche breadth, and then compared (1)species in the Red Sea known to have been introduced into the Mediterranean (Lessepsian species) and those not known from the Mediterranean (non-Lessepsian); and (2)non-indigenous and indigenous species in the Mediterranean. Lessepsian ascidians identified on plates in the Red Sea demonstrated wider niche breadth than non-Lessepsian ascidians, supporting the niche-breadth hypothesis within the native region. No differences were found between Lessepsian and non-Lessepsian species in species abundance and successional stages. In the Mediterranean, non-indigenous species numerically dominated the settlement plates. This precluded robust comparisons of niche breadth between non-indigenous and indigenous species in the invaded region. In conclusion, using Red Sea ascidians as the pool of potential invaders, we found clear evidence supporting the niche-breadth hypothesis in the native region. We suggest that such patterns may often be obscured when conducting trait-based studies in the invaded regions alone. Our findings indicate that quantifying the niche breadth of species in their native regions will improve estimates of invasiveness potential.
Do selfing species have greater niche breadth? Support from ecological niche modeling
<p>We explore the relationship between plant mating system (selfing or outcrossing) and niche breadth to gain new insights into processes that drive species distributions. Using a comparative approach with highly selfing versus highly outcrossing sister species, we test the extent to which: (1) species pairs have evolved significant niche divergence and less niche overlap, (2) selfers have wider niche breadths than outcrossers or vice versa, and (3) niches of selfers and outcrossers are defined by significant differences in environmental variables. We applied predictive ecological niche modeling approaches to estimate and contrast niche divergence, overlap and breadth, and to identify key environmental variables associated with each species' niche for seven sister species with divergent mating systems. Data from 4862 geo-referenced herbarium occurrence records were compiled for 14 species in Collinsia and Tonella (Plantaginaceae) and 19 environmental variables associated with each record. We found sister species display significant niche divergence, though not as a function of divergence time, and overall, selfers have significantly wider niche breadths compared to their outcrossing sisters. Our results suggest that a selfing mating system likely contributes to the greater capacity to reach, reproduce, establish, and adapt to new habitats, which increases niche breadth of selfers.</p>
Data from: Fundamental and realized feeding niche breadths of sexual and asexual stick insects
The factors contributing to the maintenance of sex over asexuality in natural populations remain unclear. Ecological divergences between sexual and asexual lineages could help to maintain reproductive polymorphisms, at least transiently, but the consequences of asexuality for the evolution of ecological niches are unknown. Here, we investigated how niche breadths change in transitions from sexual reproduction to asexuality. We used host plant ranges as a proxy to compare the realized feeding niche breadths of five independently derived asexual Timema stick insects' species and their sexual relatives at both the species and population levels. Asexual species had a systematically narrower realized niche than sexual species, though this pattern was not apparent at the population level. To investigate how the narrower realized niches of asexual species arise, we performed feeding experiments to estimate fundamental niche breadths but found no systematic differences between reproductive modes. The narrow realized niches found in asexual species are therefore likely a consequence of biotic interactions such as predation or competition, that constrain realized niche size in asexuals more strongly than in sexuals.
Data for: Recent changes in thermal niche position and breadth of bird assemblages in Spain in relation to increasing temperatures
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>:</span> <span>Animal communities around the world are responding to climate change by altering their taxonomic composition, mainly through an increase in the colonisation rate of warm-dwelling species and the local extinction of cold-dwelling ones. We assessed whether the taxonomic composition of bird assemblages in peninsular Spain has changed in accordance with the recent increase in temperature. We also evaluated the role of species' thermal affinities and population dynamics in these changes.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>:</span><span> Peninsular Spain.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Taxon</strong>:</span><span> Birds.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span> <span>We compared assemblages reported in the last Spanish breeding bird atlases (1998–2002 vs 2014–2019) in 10x10 km squares. We described species' thermal niches by overlaying global species breeding distributions and world temperature metrics (based on mean, minimum, maximum and range), and then aggregated them to obtain a set of community thermal indices for each assemblage (CTIs, and CTR for ranges). Long-term average temperatures and local current temperatures were related to changes in CTIs using spatial GLMMs, which considered habitat change. We identified the species most responsible for variation in assemblages and regressed species' influence on thermal affinities and population dynamics.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span>CTIs increased with temperature and warm-dwelling species became more prevalent to the detriment of cold-dwelling ones. However, we found a counteracting effect of temperature and habitat. Cold-dwelling forest species were among the most influential species, mainly through colonisation, while warm-dwelling farmland species contributed through local extinctions (both attenuated local increases in CTI). The mean thermal breadth of assemblages (CTR) decreased with temperatures. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Main conclusions</strong>:</span><span> The taxonomic composition of bird assemblages shifted in line with the main expectations due to global change (</span><span>thermophilisation), mainly due to local colonisation of warm-dwelling species</span><span>, although it did not show the pattern of thermal homogenization suggested elsewhere. Our results add further evidence of the interplay between climate warming and land-use change in the ongoing adjustment of animal communities.</span></p>
Polyfunctionality and breadth of HIV-1 antibodies are associated with delayed disease progression
<p><span>HIV-1 infection leads to chronic disease requiring life-long treatment and therefore alternative therapeutics, a cure and/or a protective vaccine are needed. Antibody-mediated effector functions could have a role in the fight against HIV-1. However, the properties underlying the potential beneficial effects of antibodies during HIV-1 infection are poorly understood. </span></p> <p><span>To identify a specific profile of antibody features associated with delayed disease progression, we studied antibody polyfunctionality during untreated HIV-1 infection in the well-documented Amsterdam Cohort Studies. Serum samples were analyzed from untreated individuals with HIV-1 at approximately 6 months (n = 166) and 3 years (n = 382) post-seroconversion (post-SC). A Luminex antibody Fc array was used to profile 15 different Fc features for serum antibodies against 20 different HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein antigens and the resulting data was also compared with data on neutralization breadth. </span></p> <p><span>We found that high HIV-1 specific IgG1 levels and low IgG2 and IgG4 levels at 3 years post-SC were associated with delayed disease progression. Moreover, delayed disease progression was associated with a broad and polyfunctional antibody response. Specifically, the capacity to interact with all Fc γ receptors (FcγRs) and C1q, and in particular with FcγRIIa, correlated positively with delayed disease progression. There were strong correlations between antibody Fc features and neutralization breadth and several antibody features that were associated with delayed disease progression were also associated with the development of broad and potent antibody neutralization. </span></p> <p><span>In summary, we identified a strong association between broad, polyfunctional antibodies and delayed disease progression. These findings contribute new information for the fight against HIV-1, especially for new antibody-based therapy and cure strategies. </span></p>
Fig. 3 in Phylogeny, Phenology, and Foraging Breadth of Ashmeadiella (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Fig. 3. Flight periods and bipartite network showing bee–host plant associations, visualized from specimen information of museum collections data. All bee records are ordered according to the Ashmeadiella phylogeny on the left. In the center are distributions of seasonality of databased bee records. On the right is the bipartite network.This network shows all Ashmeadiella species with flower data (male and female data were not separated; sex was rarely reported) on the left, and all host plant records at the family level on the right. Bee species boxes are colored by clade: orange = Clade I: subgenus Isosmia, green = Clade II: subgenera Arogochila, Chilosima, and Cubitognatha, and blue = Clade III: subgenus Ashmeadiella. Thickness of connection links between bees and host plant families denote the number of association records between them. See Supp Figs. 4 and 5 [online only] for complete records.
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny, Phenology, and Foraging Breadth of Ashmeadiella (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Fig. 1. Phylogeny of Ashmeadiella.The phylogeny is a maximum likelihood analysis of three concatenated genes: COI, CAD, and OPS. Branch support is shown by ultrafast bootstrap values. Roman numerals indicate the three major clades of Ashmeadiella, which mostly align to subgeneric groupings. The 'GB' after Ashmeadiella tip names indicates those sequences were from GenBank. All non-Ashmeadiella genera are GenBank specimens.The images on the left show a representative from each of the five described subgenera.The position of A. femorata as sister to the majority of Ashmeadiella is only found in the concatenated dataset analyses and the opsin gene tree analysis; COI and CAD gene tree analyses produce a nested placement of this species (see Supp Figs. 1–3 [online only]).
Fig. 2. Reduced phylogeny from Fig. 1 in Phylogeny, Phenology, and Foraging Breadth of Ashmeadiella (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Fig. 2. Reduced phylogeny from Fig. 1 (left), and Michener and Sokal's (1957) dendrogram (right; modified from their Fig. 15) based on 122 characters in a pilot study of the numerical taxonomic method. Tip names follow current classification. The phylogeny from Fig. 1 has been reduced to one tip per species, and Roman numerals indicate the three major clades: Clade I) Ashmeadiella (Isosmia) [species colored in yellow and orange], Clade II) A. (Arogochila) + A. (Chilosima) + A. (Cubitognatha) [species colored in greens and browns], and Clade III) Ashmeadiella s. str. [species colored in blues and purples]. Ashmeadiella (Ash.) femorata and A. (Ash.) rufitarsis have differing placements in individual gene tree analyses and are not assigned clade membership. Asterisks indicate a species was not included in the Michener and Sokal dendrogram.The dendrogram at the right is colored according to corresponding species in our phylogeny, with no color for species that have no match in our dataset. Michener and Sokal (1957) treated Atoposmia and Isosmia as subgenera of Anthocopa.
Data on "The relationship between body size and diet breadth in non-web building spiders"
<p>The dataset contains four sheets: 1) niche width, 2) mean prey size, 3) range, max, min prey size, and 4) SD prey size. </p> <p>In all sheets, the "species" stands for spider species. The "Body_size" stands for body length of spiders (mm). The "ph1-ph20" stands for the codes to build phylogenetic trees of the spider species. </p> <p>In the sheet <em>niche width</em>, the "richness_est", "shannon_est", and "simpson_est" stand for the estimated measures of diet breadth, namely: diet richness, Shannon index of diversity, and Simpson index of equitability.</p> <p>In the sheet <em>mean prey size</em>, the "Mean" stands for the mean body length of prey (mm) utilized by the spider species.</p> <p>In the sheet <em>range, max, min prey size</em>, the "Range", "Max", and "Min" stand for the range of prey length, maximum prey length, and minimum prey length (mm) utilized by the spider species. </p> <p>In the sheet <em>SD prey size</em>, the "SD" stands for the standard deviation of prey length utilized by the spider species. </p>
Data from: The many dimensions of diet breadth: phytochemical, genetic, behavioral, and physiological perspectives on the interaction between a native herbivore and an exotic host
From the perspective of an herbivorous insect, conspecific host plants are not identical, and intraspecific variation in host nutritional quality or defensive capacity might mediate spatially variable outcomes in plant-insect interactions. Here we explore this possibility in the context of an ongoing host breadth expansion of a native butterfly (the Melissa blue, Lycaeides melissa) onto an exotic host plant (alfalfa, Medicago sativa). We examine variation among seven alfalfa populations that differed in terms of colonization by L. melissa; specifically, we examined variation in phytochemistry, foliar protein, and plant population genetic structure, as well as responses of caterpillars and adult butterflies to foliage from the same populations. Regional patterns of alfalfa colonization by L. melissa were well predicted by phytochemical variation, and colonized patches of alfalfa showed a similar level of inter-individual phytochemical diversity. However, phytochemical variation was a poor predictor of larval performance, despite the fact that survival and weight gain differed dramatically among caterpillars reared on plants from different alfalfa populations. Moreover, we observed a mismatch between alfalfa supporting the best larval performance and alfalfa favored by ovipositing females. Thus, the axes of plant variation that mediate interactions with L. melissa depend upon herbivore life history stage, which raises important issues for our understanding of adaptation to novel resources by an organism with a complex life history.
Data from: Specialized avian Haemosporida trade reduced host breadth for increased prevalence
Parasite specialization on one or a few host species leads to a reduction in the total number of available host individuals, which may decrease transmission. However, specialists are thought to be able to compensate by increased prevalence in the host population and increased success in each individual host. Here, we use variation in host breadth among a community of avian Haemosporida to investigate consequences of generalist and specialist strategies on prevalence across hosts. We show that specialist parasites are more prevalent than generalist parasites in host populations that are shared between them. Moreover, the total number of infections of generalist and specialist parasites within the study area did not vary significantly with host breadth. This suggests that specialists can infect a similar number of host individuals as generalists, thus compensating for a reduction in host availability by achieving higher prevalence in a single host species. Specialist parasites also tended to infect older hosts, whereas infections by generalists were biased towards younger hosts. We suggest that this reflects different abilities of generalists and specialists to persist in hosts following infection. Higher abundance and increased persistence in hosts suggest that specialists are more effective parasites than generalists, supporting the existence of a trade-off between host breadth and average host use among these parasites.
A social niche breadth score reveals niche range strategies of generalists and specialists
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Generalists can survive in many environments whereas specialists are restricted to a single environment. Although a classical concept in ecology, niche breadth has remained challenging to quantify for microbes because it depends on an objective definition of the environmental conditions. Here, by defining the environment of a microbe as the community it resides in, we integrated information from over 22 thousand environmental sequencing samples to derive a quantitative measure of the niche, which we call ‘social niche breadth’. At the level of genera, we explored niche range strategies throughout the prokaryotic tree of life. We found that social generalists include opportunists that stochastically dominate local communities, while social specialists are stable but low in abundance. Social generalists have a more diverse and open pan genome than social specialists, but we found no global correlation between social niche breadth and genome size. Instead, we observed two distinct evolutionary strategies, where specialists have relatively small genomes in habitats with low local diversity, but relatively large genomes in habitats with high local diversity. Together, our analysis shines data-driven light on microbial niche range strategies.</p> <p><strong>Inside this repository</strong></p> <p>This is the directory structure and code used to generate all data and figures in the paper "A social niche breadth score reveals niche range strategies of generalists and specialists" by F. A. Bastiaan von Meijenfeldt, Paulien Hogeweg, and Bas E. Dutilh. The code was made by F. A. Bastiaan von Meijenfeldt.</p> <ul> <li>The code inside the ./MGnify directory was used to download the MGnify data.</li> <li>The code inside the ./niche_breadth directory was used to generate all other data and uses the MGnify data.</li> <li>The code inside the ./figures directory was used to generate all figures.<br> </li> <li>Each directory in ./MGnify and ./niche_breadth contains a commands.sh that if run, and if source files are present, will generate all content in that directory. No files are written outside the directory. For example running ./MGnify/commands.sh will generate all files within ./MGnify. The generated files are source files for some of the scripts in ./MGnify/2019-08-20_extra and ./MGnify/2019-08-20_extra/commands.sh can now be run to generate all files within. Source files for the ./niche_breadth subdirectories can be from the ./MGnify directory or from other subdirectories within ./niche_breadth.</li> <li>The ./figures directory and its subdirectories contain *.ipynb Jupyter Notebook files that if run, and source files are present, will generate the vector files that were used as raw input for the final figures.<br> </li> <li>The file ./figures/mappings.Figure_to_Notebook.txt contains the mapping of the figure to the notebook that was used to generate the figure. In some cases only part of the notebook output was used in the final figures.</li> </ul>
Fig. 5 in To design, or not to design? Comparison of beetle ultraconserved element probe set utility based on phylogenetic distance, breadth, and method of probe
Fig. 5. Phylogenetic trees of Scarabaeidae generated using UCEs; node values indicate bootstrap support. A)The tree produced with the Scarab 3kv1 probe set. B) The topology produced with the Adephaga 2.9kv1 probe set.
Fig. 1 in To design, or not to design? Comparison of beetle ultraconserved element probe set utility based on phylogenetic distance, breadth, and method of probe
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships based on McKenna et al. (2019) among select Coleoptera taxa relevant to or included in UCE probe design. Color (online),
Fig. 3 in To design, or not to design? Comparison of beetle ultraconserved element probe set utility based on phylogenetic distance, breadth, and method of probe
Fig. 3. UCE loci recovery during in silico testing plotted against different metrics: A) average genetic distance estimated based on common gene fragments used in phylogenetics; B) average genetic distance estimated using BUSCO genes; C) N50 assembly metrics; and D) BUSCO S values.
Fig. 2 in To design, or not to design? Comparison of beetle ultraconserved element probe set utility based on phylogenetic distance, breadth, and method of probe
Fig. 2. Schematical overview of the workflow for the present study.Workflow proceeds from left to right and top to bottom.The tablets correspond to the three broader segments of the study: genomic resource generation, probe design, and in silico testing; within tablet boundaries can be found associated taxon sets, data, experimentation, and results. Arrows indicate the flow of data, associated results, and the location results can ultimately be found. Color corresponds to membership within a taxon set or probe set.The red boxes around Hydro 2.7kv1 and Scarab 3kv1 denote final optimized, tailored probe set design tailored for Hydrophiloidea and Scarabaeidae based on the results of this study. Length of 75CM box corresponds to alignment length. Abbreviations used: NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information; 75CM, 75% complete matrix; AMAS, alignment manipulation and summary statistics (Borowiec 2016); R-F, Robinson– Foulds distance (Robinson and Foulds 1981).
Macroecological patterns in European butterflies unveil strong interrelations between larval diet breadth, latitudinal range size, and voltinism
<p>Diet breadth is one of the fundamental species traits of an herbivorous insect, as it strongly determines its ecological niche and, at the same time, its ability to cope with changing environmental conditions. To what extent this trait is associated with other characteristics that may influence a species' ability to respond to environmental changes, however, is yet poorly understood. Using European butterflies as a model group of holometabolous insect herbivores, we here tested whether larval diet breadth is positively related with latitudinal range size (i.e., north-south extent of global distribution), voltinism, and adult body size. We further investigated whether range size, voltinism, and body size are associated with each other. In order to test for these relationships, we based our analyses on a solid, time-calibrated butterfly phylogeny as well as on an updated host plant database that reflects interactions between butterfly larvae and their food plants in a yet unparalleled breadth and depth. We further calculated two measures to reflect the fundamental dietary niche of a species: taxonomic diet breadth and phylogenetic diet breadth. Irrespective of diet breadth measure, we found that diet breadth increases with latitudinal range size. We further found an overall higher diet breadth for species that are capable of realising multiple broods per year (i.e., multivoltine species) compared to obligatorily univoltine species. Contrary to expectation, our results indicated a negative relationship between larval diet breadth and adult body size. Regarding our explorative analyses, we observed a positive link between voltinism and latitudinal range size, while neither one of these variables was associated with body size. Taken together, our study shows that larval diet breadth, latitudinal range size, and voltinism are positively linked in European butterflies, and we argue that these interrelationships are important in determining a species' overall potential to cope with changing environmental conditions.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.