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Figure 4 in Homoplasy and morphological stasis revealed through multilocus phylogeny of new myrmecophilous species in Armadillidiidae (Isopoda: Oniscidea)

Figure 4. Ancestral state reconstruction for the following characters: A, myrmecophily; B, schisma on pereon 1 epimera; and C, head morphology type. Reconstructions are shown on the species tree based on the multispecies coalescent implemented in *BEAST; highly supported nodes (posterior probabilities values ≥ 0.95) are marked with an asterisk.

Figure 5 in Homoplasy and morphological stasis revealed through multilocus phylogeny of new myrmecophilous species in Armadillidiidae (Isopoda: Oniscidea)

Figure 5. Scanning electron photomicrographs showing the general habitus of Iberiarmadillidium psammophilum (A), Iberiarmadillidium pinicola (B), Iberiarmadillidium sakura (C), Cristarmadillidium myrmecophilum (D) and Cristarmadillidium muricatum (E).

Figure 2 in Homoplasy and morphological stasis revealed through multilocus phylogeny of new myrmecophilous species in Armadillidiidae (Isopoda: Oniscidea)

Figure 2. Multilocus Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of Armadillidiidae, based on the full dataset and including the new taxa. Numbers at nodes correspond to posterior probabilities/maximum likelihood bootstrap values (values <0.7/50 are not shown). Symbols match those in Figure 1.

Figure 1 in Homoplasy and morphological stasis revealed through multilocus phylogeny of new myrmecophilous species in Armadillidiidae (Isopoda: Oniscidea)

Figure 1. Map showing the sampling localities of Iberiarmadillidium pinicola (black stars), I. psammophilum (purple stars), I. sakura (white star), Cristarmadillidium breuili (black circle), Cristarmadillidium muricatum (red circles) and C. myrmecophilum (yellow circles). Habitus in vivo: A, I. pinicola from Valdemaqueda, Madrid; B, I. psammophilum from El Pardo, Madrid; C, C. myrmecophilum from Casas de Don Antonio, Cáceres; D, C. muricatum from Punta de Benimaquia Cave, Alicante; and E, C. breuili from Bolumini Cave, Alicante.

FIGURE 46 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 46. Cleonini weevils, adults, ♀s, spermatheca. A: scheme; B: Adosomus (Adosomus) roridus; C: Ammocleonus aschabadensis; D: Asinocleonus taciturnus; E: Asproparthenis punctiventris; F: Coniocleonus (Angarocleonus) astragali; G: Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) crinipes; H: Conorhynchus pulverulentus; I: Leucochromus imperialis; J: Leucomigus candidatus; K: Neocleonus sannio; L: Pachycerus madidus; M: Porocleonus candidus; N: Pseudocleonus (Neopseudocleonus) grammicus; O: Surchania sijaZovi.

FIGURE 43 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 43. Cleonini weevils, adults, ♂s, endophallus, lateral view. A: Adosomus (Adosomus) roridus; B: Ammocleonus aschabadensis; C: Asproparthenis punctiventris; D: Bothynoderes affinis; E: Brachycleonus fronto; F: Chromonotus (Chromonotus) vittatus; G: Chromosomus fischeri; H: Cleonis japonica; I: Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) nigrosuturatus; J: Conorhynchus pulverulentus; K: Epexochus lehmanni; L: Eumecops kittaryi; M: Leucomigus candidatus; N: Liocleonus clathratus; O: Maximus strabus; P: Menecleonus lagopus; Q: Monolophus praeditus; R: Porocleonus candidus; S: Pseudocleonus (Pseudocleonus) cinereus; T: Scaphomorphus vibex; U: Stephanocleonus (Deracanthopsis) gemellus; V: Surchania sijaZovi; W: Temnorhinus (Temnorhinus) hololeucus; X: Xanthochelus eversmanni.

FIGURE 40 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 40. Scanning electron microscopy images of scales, dorsal surface of right elytron in basal third. A: Entymetopus (Entymetopus) lineolatus; B: Eumecops kittaryi; C: Liocleonus clathratus; D: Lixomorphus algirus; E: Mongolocleonus gobiensis; F: Prionorhinus canus; G: Tetragonothorax lyali; H: Trichocleonus leucophyllus.

FIGURE 37 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 37. Cleonini, adults, head, left maxilla, dorsal view. A: scheme; B: Adosomus (Adosomus) roridus; C: Asproparthenis punctiventris; D: Bothynoderes affinis; E: Brachycleonus fronto; F: Chromonotus (Chromonotus) vittatus; G: Chromonotus (Faustius) menetriesi; H: Chromosomus fischeri; I: Cleonis pigra; J: Coniocleonus (Borisocleonus) mesopotamicus; K: Georginus bellus; L: Isomerops fausti; M: Leucochromus imperialis; N: Leucomigus candidatus; O: Leucophyes pedestris; P: Liocleonus clathratus; Q: Maximus strabus; R: Neocleonus sannio; S: Pachycerus madidus; T: Terminasiania granosa; U: Trichocleonus leucophyllus.

FIGURE 36 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 36. Cleonini, adults, head, submentum, ventral view. A: Bothynoderes declivis; B: Chromonotus (Chromonotus) vittatus; C: Chromonotus (Faustius) menetriesi; D: Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) excoriatus; E: Georginus bellus; F: Glebius confluens; G: Leucophyes pedestris; H: Leurochromus imperialis; I: Menecleonus lagopus; J: Porocleonus candidus.

FIGURE 34 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 34. Cleonini, adults, head, fronto-dorsal view. A: Ammocleonus aschabadensis; B: Atactogaster Zebra; C: Calodemas errans; D: Cleonis pigra; E: Coniocleonus (Augustecleonus) turbatus; F: Conorhynchus pulverulentus; G: Gonocleonus margaritiferus; H: Koenigius palaestinus; I: Leucomigus candidatus; J: Leucophyes pedestris; K: Lixomorphus algirus; L: Monolophus praeditus; M: Neocleonus sannio; N: Pentatropis formosus; O: Prionorhinus canus; P: Stephanocleonus (Eremocleonus) gobianus; Q: Stephanocleonus (Stephanocleonus) colossus; R: Xenomacrus glacianus.

FIGURE 32 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 32. Cleonini genus-group taxa not represented in the analysis. A: Phaulosomus Faust, 1904 (non-type specimen of the type species Cleonus mus Kolbe, 1883; photo: Marc Srour; ©: MTD); B: Pseudeumecops Meregalli, 2004 (lectotype of the type species Cleonus lutulentus Fairmaire, 1888; photo: Antoine Mantilleri; ©: MNHN); C: Trichotocleonus Voss, 1959 (paratype of the type species Trichotocleonus longipilis Voss, 1959; photo: Martin Husemann; ©: ZMUH).

FIGURE 31 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 31. Cleonini genus-group taxa not represented in the analysis. A: Hemeurysternus Voss, 1960 (holotype of the type species Eurysternus bakvaensis Voss, 1960; photo: Christoffer Fägerström; ©: MZLU); B: Lixocleonus Marshall, 1923 (paratype of the type species Lixocleonus incanus Marshall, 1923; photo: Marc Srour; ©: MTD); C: Lixoglyptus Reitter, 1916 (non-type specimen of the type species Lixus spartii Olivier, 1807; photo: Antoine Mantilleri; ©: MNHN; type specimens could not be located in MNHN, email from Hélène Perrin on Jan. 6, 2017); D: Mesocleonus Faust, 1904 (syntype of the type species Cleonus implicatus Faust, 1885; photo: Marc Srour; ©: MTD); E: Nomimonyx Faust, 1904 (syntype of the type species Nomimonyx perturbans Faust, 1904; photo: Marc Srour; ©: MTD); F: Pajnisoodes Alonso-Zarazaga et Lyal, 2002 (paratype of the type species Dirodes flavomaculatus Pajni et Sood, 1982; photo: Vilayanoor V. Ramamurthy; ©: IARI).

FIGURE 30 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 30. Cleonini genus-group taxa not represented in the analysis. A: Aparotopus Faust, 1904 (syntype of the type species Pachycerus cribrosus Fairmair, 1896; photo: Marc Srour, ©: MTD); B: Arabocleonus Arzanov, 2009 (holotype of the type species Arabocleonus medvedevi Arzanov, 2009; photo: Andery M. Shapovalov, ©: ZIN); C: Bodemeyeria Reitter, 1913 (holotype of the type species Bodemeyeria plicata Reitter, 1913; photo: Tamás Németh; ©: HNHM); D: Centrocleonus Chevrolat, 1873 (non-type specimen of the type species Cleonus fallax Fåhraeus, 1842; Marc Srour; ©: MTD); E: Ephimeronotus Faust, 1904 (non-type specimen of the type species Cleonus miegii Fairmaire, 1855 from Adolphe Hoffmann's collection; photo: Antoine Mantilleri; ©: MNHN; type specimens could not be located in MNHN, email from Hélène Perrin on Jan. 6, 2017); F: Gibbostethus Anderson, 1988 (holotype of the type species Dinocleus hystrix Fall, 1913; photo: MCZ, ©: President and Fellows of Harvard College).

FIGURE 33 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 33. Cleonini, adults, head, left lateral view. A: Adosomus (Adosomus) roridus; B: Adosomus (Xeradosomus) samsonovi; C: Aplesilus ruginodis; D: Asproparthenis carinata; E: Bothynoderes affinis; F: Chromonotus (Chromonotus) vittatus; G: Coniocleonus (Coniocleonus) schoenherri; H: Conorhynchus pulverulentus; I: Cyphocleonus dealbatus; J: Entymetopus (Entymetopus) lineolatus; K: Glebius confluens; L: Koenigius palaestinus; M: Maximus strabus; N: Neocleonus sannio; O: Pleurocleonus sollicitus; P: Pseudocleonus (Pseudocleonus) cinereus; Q: Scaphomorphus vibex; R: Temnorhinus (Temnorhinus) hololeucus; S: Terminasiania granosa; T: Tetragonothorax senectus; U: Xenomacrus glacialis.

FIGURE 45 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 45. Cleonini weevils, adults, ♀s, hemisternite 9. A: Asproparthenis punctiventris; B: Coniocleonus (Angarocleonus) alpinus; C: Conorhynchus pulverulentus; D: Glebius confluens; E: Leucophyes pedestris; F: Microcleonus panderi; G: Pleurocleonus quadrivittatus; H: Stephanocleonus (Taeniocleonus) giganteus; I: Temnorhinus (Massimocleonus) elongatus; J: Xenomacrus glacialis.

FIGURE 35 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 35. Cleonini, adults, head, mouthparts removed, ventral view. A: Adosomus (Adosomus) roridus; B: Adosomus (Xeradosomus) samsonovi; C: Afghanocleonus haarloevi; D: Ammocleonus aschabadensis; E: Aplesilus ruginodis; F: Chromonotus (Chromonotus) vittatus; G: Eumecops kittaryi; H: Georginus bellus; I: Leucomigus candidatus; J: Leucophyes pedestris; K: Mecaspis alternans; L: Menecleonus lagopus; M: Microcleonus panderi; N: Mongolocleonus gobiensis; O: Neocleonus sannio; P: Pycnodactylopsis tomentosum; Q: Rhabdorrhynchus echii; R: Scaphomorphus pallasi; S: Stephanocleonus (Stephanocleonus) paradoxus; T: Tetragonothorax senectus; U: Trichocleonus leucophyllus.

FIGURE 38 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 38. Cleonini, adults, tarsus, dorsal view. A: Adosomus (Adosomus) roridus; B: Ammocleonus ganglbaueri; C: Aplesilus ruginodis; D: Bothynoderes affinis; E: Coniocleonus (Coniocleonus) schoenherri; F: Georginus bellus; G: Menecleonus virgatus; H: Pleurocleonus sollicitus; I: Surchania sijaZovi; J: Trachydemus rugosus.

FIGURE 42 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 42. Non-Cleonini weevils, adults, ♂s, endophallus, lateral view. A: Hylobius abietis; B: Hypolixus astrachanicus; C: Lepyrus palustris; D: Liparus tenebrioides; E: Minyops minutus rudis; F: Peribleptus sp.; G: Lachnaeus crinitus; H: Larinus obtusus; I: Larinus sturnus; J: Lixus albomarginatus; K: Lixus furcatus; L: Rhinocyllus conicus.

FIGURE 41 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 41. Cleonini, adult, ♂, generalized scheme of erected and inflated endophallus (=internal sack of aedeagus).

FIGURE 44 in Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) are monophyletic and flightless: tribe overview, rampant adult homoplasy and illustrated global diversity

FIGURE 44. Cleonini weevils, adults, ♀s, sternite 8. A: scheme; B: Adosomus (Adosomus) roridus; C: Afghanocleonus haarloevi; D: Asproparthenis punctiventris; E: Bothynoderes affinis; F: Cleonis pigra; G: Coniocleonus (Angarocleonus) cineritius; H: Coniocleonus (Coniocleonus) schoenherri; I: Glebius confluens; J: Leucomigus candidatus; K: Maximus strabus; L: Pseudocleonus (Pseudocleonus) cinereus; M: Stephanocleonus (Stephanocleonus) paradoxus.