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Fig. 1 in A new hypothesis on the evolution of the hybosorid beetle capacity to conglobate their bodies into a tight ball (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

Fig. 1 – Habitus of pill-scarabs (Ceratocanthinae), tribe Ceratocanthini; ventral view. A, Carinophilharmostes vadoni; B, Baloghianestes oribatidiformis; C, Germarostes sp., D, Aneilobolus sp. Four-digit numbers are specimen IDs. Images are to scale.

Fig. 5 – The herein sequenced specimen 10301 in A new hypothesis on the evolution of the hybosorid beetle capacity to conglobate their bodies into a tight ball (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

Fig. 5 – The herein sequenced specimen 10301 of Ivieolus pseudoscutellatus illustrating all 13 unambiguously optimized morphological apomorphic characters in support of the Ivieolini plus Scarabatermitini clade (character/state numbering follows Ballerio & Grebennikov 2016). Three of these characters (in square brackets and marked with a question mark) need critical re-assessment and perhaps rescoring.

Fig. 4 in A new hypothesis on the evolution of the hybosorid beetle capacity to conglobate their bodies into a tight ball (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

Fig. 4 – Heads and pronota of pill scarabs (Ceratocanthinae), tribes Ivieolini and Scarabatermitini. Images are not to scale.

Fig. 3 in A new hypothesis on the evolution of the hybosorid beetle capacity to conglobate their bodies into a tight ball (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

Fig. 3 – Habitus of pill-scarabs (Ceratocanthinae), all named species of the tribes Ivieolini (Ivieolus) and Scarabatermitini (the rest); left lateral view (except Scarabaeinus termitophilus imaged in dorsal view, with right elytron and hind wing removed, in transparent light on a permanent microscope slide in an unknown medium resembling Canada Balsam; note the long "lateral gland arising from the first abdominal segment" [Howden 1971] inwardly and parallel to left metatibiae; image and copyright Alberto Ballerio, used with permission). Images are to scale.

Fig. 2 in A new hypothesis on the evolution of the hybosorid beetle capacity to conglobate their bodies into a tight ball (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

Fig. 2 – Habitus of pill-scarabs (Ceratocanthinae), all named species of the tribes Ivieolini (Ivieolus) and Scarabatermitini (the rest); dorsal view. Scarabaeinus termitophilus image and copyright: Alberto Ballerio, used with permission. Images are to scale.

Fig. 6 in A new hypothesis on the evolution of the hybosorid beetle capacity to conglobate their bodies into a tight ball (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)

Fig. 6 – Maximum likelihood tree of pill scarabs (Ceratocanthinae), as reconstructed by RAxML from the three-fragment concatenated matrix. Two main clades are recognized, both with strong support: Ceratocanthinae and its subordinate clade consisting of pill scarabs with three different types of body architecture. Three types of body architecture are colour-coded and at least three of their changes marked with numbered starts. The exact position of the reversal from complete body conglobation to incomplete and/or straight body is ambiguous because of the lack of higher resolution with the newly pill scarab hypothesized clade. Habitus images are not to scale; four- or five-digit numbers are specimen IDs.

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FIG. 3. Hypothesis 3 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 3. Hypothesis 3, late Early Cretaceous Europe-Africa faunal exchange via the Apulian route. The green arrowed lines denote the approximate dispersal directions and dispersal routes; Solid lines denote paleogeography at 135 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.

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FIG. 7. Hypothesis 5 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 7. Hypothesis 5, North America-Asia vicariance event caused by the breakdown of the Bering land bridge during the early Late Cretaceous. The marine barrier between northeast Asia and northwest North America was re-established in the Cenomanian Stage. The red X denotes the approximate position of the hypothesized biogeographical barrier (Bering Strait); Dotted lines denote paleogeography at 110 Ma, while solid lines denote it at 90 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; AO, Atlantic Ocean; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.

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FIG. 1. Hypothesis 1 in Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers

FIG. 1. Hypothesis 1, Laurasia-Gondwana vicariance event during the Late Jurassic. The separation between Laurasia and Gondwana was established in the Kimmeridgian Stage. The red line denotes the approximate position of the hypothesized biogeographical barrier: the central Atlantic Ocean (cAO) and Tethys Ocean (TO); Dotted lines denote paleogeography at 170 Ma, while solid lines denote it at 150 Ma. Paleomap after (Matthews et al., 2016). Abbreviations: A, Asia; cAO, central Atlantic Ocean; E, Europe; F, Africa; I, India; M, Madagascar; N, North America; PO, Pacific Ocean; S, South America; T, Antarctica; TO, Tethys Ocean; U, Australia.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2015View details →

Fig. 1 in Sea otter health: Challenging a pet hypothesis

Fig. 1. Parasites that spillover from wildlife to sea otters. Top cycle: cats (like this bobcat) are the final host for the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, for which sea otters are normally a dead-end host. Opossums drive a similar cycle for Sarcosystis neurona. Although pet cats were once blamed as the primary source of toxoplasmosis in sea otters, new evidence shows stronger associations with locations where wild cats are common (Burgess et al., 2013). Bottom cycle: diving ducks (like this surf scoter) and shorebirds are the final hosts for acanthocephalans that use sand crabs as intermediate hosts. Otters become accidental hosts if they eat sand crabs. Although many papers and the popular press purport that human actions put sea otter health at risk, these parasites are a natural, long-standing problem for sea otters.

Fig. 3. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 3. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n. sp. from intestine of turquoise killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri Jubb. Dorsal view of ovarian complex. Mehlis' gland cells and eggs are omitted. Abbreviations: anterior testis, at; Laurer's canal, Lc; ovary, ov; oviduct, od; ootype, oo; posterior testis, pt; proximal uterus, pu; seminal receptacle, sr; vitelline follicle, vf; vitelline reservoir, vr.

Fig. 6 in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 6. Ventral view of Heterorchis cf. crumenifer from the intestine of the West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen). Abbreviations: caecum, c; cirrus, ci; cirrus sac, cs; dorsal opening to excretory bladder, do; distal portion of seminal vesicle, ds; distal uterus, du; excretory bladder, eb; excretory duct, ed; genital atrium, ga; genital pore, gp; left testis, lt; metraterm, m; ootype, oo; ovary, ov; pars prostatica, pp; proximal portion of seminal vesicle, ps; proximal uterus, pu; right testis, rt; seminal receptacle, sr; vitelline follicle, vf; vitelline reservoir, vr.

Fig. 7 in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 7. Dorsal view of excretory system of Heterorchis cf. crumenifer from intestine of the West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen). Abbreviations: cd; collection ducts, ep; excretory pore, ms; main stem of excretory bladder, ob; oval or elongated bladders, os; oral sucker, vs; ventral sucker.

Fig. 8 in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 8. Estimated phylogeny inferred from Bayesian analysis of aligned fragments of the lsrDNA sequences from 40 species of digeneans comprising the ingroup plus one outgroup taxon (Lissorchis kritskyi). Species names are followed by the GenBank accession number for the sequence. New sequences represented by the three studied species are in bold. Posterior probabilities are reported on branches. Scale bar indicates a 5% nucleotide difference.

Fig. 5. Masenia baroensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 5. Masenia baroensis n. sp. from the intestine of the globe fish, Tetraodon lineatus L. Anterior portion from a specimen having the ovary on the right side of the body. Abbreviations: aboral row of circumoral spines, ar; cirrus, ci; cirrus sac, cs; genital atrium, ga; genital pore, gp; metraterm, m; oral row of circumoral spines, or; oral sucker, os.

Fig. 2. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 2. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n. sp. from intestine of turquoise killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri Jubb. Dorsal view of anterior end. Note the caeca are surrounded by the vitelline follicles and the terminal genitalia run ventral relative to caeca. This specimen has the ovary on the left side of body. Abbreviations: caecum, c; cirrus, ci; distal portion of seminal vesicle, ds; distal uterus, du; egg, e; genital atrium, ga; genital pore, gp; prostatic bulb, pb; proximal portion of seminal vesicle, ps.

Fig. 4. Masenia baroensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 4. Masenia baroensis n. sp. from the intestine of the globe fish, Tetraodon lineatus L. Ventral view of holotype. Abbreviations: anterior testis, at; caeca, c; cirrus, ci; cirrus sac, cs; excretory bladder, eb; distal portion of seminal vesicle, ds; excretory pore, ep; genital atrium, ga; genital pore, gp; metraterm, m; ovary, ov; pars prostatica, pp; proximal portion of seminal vesicle, ps; posterior testis, pt; uterus (drawn with eggs omitted), u; vitelline follicle, vf.

Fig. 1. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n in Two new species of Cephalogonimidae Looss, 1899 (Digenea: Plagiorchioidea) from Africa (Mozambique and Guinea), including a new phylogenetic hypothesis for related plagiorchioids

Fig. 1. Emoleptalea mozambiquensis n. sp. from intestine of turquoise killifish, Nothobranchius furzeri Jubb. Ventral view of holotype. Eggs are omitted from uterus and outline of uterus does not show extensive coiling. Abbreviations: caecum, c; cirrus sac, cs; excretory bladder, eb.

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Fig. 3 in Review paper Stimulation of Plant Growth through Interactions of Bacteria and Protozoa: Testing the Auxiliary Microbial Loop Hypothesis

Fig. 3. Difference in growth responses of 16 cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in autoclaved soil and with a diverse soil bacterial filtrate reinoculated into the farmland soil in presence (black bars) and absence (white bars) of Acanthamoeba sp. Shoot dry weight (a), total root length (b), number of laterals at seminal root (c), and total nitrogen uptake (d). Vertical error bars represent standard deviation (n = 4–9). The symbols * and ** indicate a significant difference at P <0.05 and 0.01 by one way ANOVA, respectively. Data from Somasundaram et al. (2008).