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Figure 20 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 20. Arrangement of receptors in the tiered retina of the AME. 1, Anterior view of an adult female Colonus sylvanus (Hentz 1846), depicting the boomerang shape of the AME retinae (in green), and the alignment of respective fields of vision (outlined in yellow). White arrows depict the six directions in which each AME can be moved, to include left-right, up-down, and clockwise-counterclockwise rotation. Each of these directions corresponds to the contraction of a set of oculomotor muscles that position the long AME eye tube within the prosoma. After Hill 2018a. 2, Parasagittal diagram of the respective alignment of receptors in the four layers of the AME of Servaea vestita, near the center of the retina. The identity of the receptors shown in orange was not known. Red rectangles show the position of columns connecting layers I and 2. After Blest et al. 1981. 3-6, Diagrams of serial (proximal to distal) transverse sections through the retina of S. vestita, showing a cross section of individual receptors by layer (after Blest et al. 1981; Blest 1988). Lateral receptors of layers III-IV include groups 3a, 4a and 4c. Medial receptors of these layers include group 3b and 4b. Based on the findings of Nagata, Arikawa & Kinoshita (2019; see Figure 22:5), the separation of layer III and IV receptors into these lateral and medial groups may have more anatomic or functional significance than their relative position (or layer) along the axis of the eye.

Figure 18. Female Beata Peckham & Peckham 1895 in The Ecuadorean jumping spiders of Andreas Kay (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 18. Female Beata Peckham & Peckham 1895 (Dendryphantina). 4, With captured dolichopodid fly.

Figure 16 in The Ecuadorean jumping spiders of Andreas Kay (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 16. Male (1-3) and female (4-6) Parnaenus cf. cyanidens (C. L. Koch 1846), Dendryphantina. Although this genus has been revised (Scioscia 1997), differences between P. cyanidens and P. metallicus (C. L. Koch 1846) are not clear.

Figure 15. Fritzia muelleri O. Pickard-Cambridge 1879 in The Ecuadorean jumping spiders of Andreas Kay (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 15. Fritzia muelleri O. Pickard-Cambridge 1879 (Dendryphantina) in nest. Previously this species was reported only from Brazil and Argentina. Like many other Dendryphantina, these spiders build elaborate nests, often with multiple entrances. F. muelleri nests are built directly above the midrib of large leaves, positioned so that streaming rainfall flows directly over the top of the nest, with three (left, right, lower) entrances.

Figure 10 in The Ecuadorean jumping spiders of Andreas Kay (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 10. Female cf. Noegus (Tribe Amycini) with prey. This may be the same species as the male shown in Figure 9.

Figure 11. Female Matinta Ruiz & Maddison 2019 in The Ecuadorean jumping spiders of Andreas Kay (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 11. Female Matinta Ruiz & Maddison 2019, in Ruiz, Maddison & Galiano 2019 (Tribe Amycini).

Figure 8 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 8 (continued on next page). Semi-schematic camera lucida drawings of a series of 10 μm half-horizontal sections through the prosoma of a fifth instar Phidippus johnsoni. In each drawing the midline or sagittal plane is shown at right. Numbers in rectangles (1-102) indicate the relative vertical position of each section in the series. These drawings illustrates the relative position of the CNS at various levels. Musculature in the plane of each section is shown in red, digestive diverticulae of the midgut in yellow. Nuclei of the unipolar neurons that surround the otherwise fibrous nerve masses are shown as small circles.

Figure 18 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 18. Oblique horizontal section through the anterior prosoma of a second instar Phidippus johnsoni. This was a 5 μm Epon section stained with Toluidine Blue, and thus very little shrinkage of structures occurred. Note the smooth pit and staircased (placed in multiple focal planes) receptors of layers I and II in the foveae of the AME, at center. The intrusive pigment at the margins of each AME eye tube is aligned with thin, membraneous structures within the clear matrix. Receptor layer I is most distinct, and nothing can be seen of receptor layers III and IV in this view.

Figure 7 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 7. Camera lucida drawings of parasagittal sections through the prosoma of Phidippus clarus at three different stages of development. Relative to body size, the CNS of the adult is relatively small. The prosoma of the adult is packed with midgut digestive diverticulae (highlighted in orange) above, below, and in front of the CNS. In the adult female, these supplement the diverticulae of the opisoma, as developing ova occupy an increasing portion of the opisomal volume. Recent studies have shown that adult and juvenile salticids have similar numbers of visual receptor cells, more tightly packed in the latter (GoteDet al. 2019). After Hill (1975, 2006).

Figure 15 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 15. Hypothetical wiring diagram depicting the connectivity of primary visual centers in the CNS of salticine jumping spiders. Based on studies of Hasarius adansoni (Nagata, Arikawa & Kinoshita 2019), Marpissa muscosa (Steinhoff et al. 2017, 2020), Phidippus (Hill 1975, 2006; Long 2016), Evarcha arcuata/Servaea vestita (Duelli 1980), and Salticus scenicus/Naphrys pulex (Oberdorfer 1977). In salticines, the unipolar receptor somata of the secondary eyes (ALE, PLE, with the possible exception of the PME) are located just outside of the respective eye cup as depicted here (Maddison & Hedin 2003). These synapse with interneurons in the highly convoluted cortex of the AL1 and PL2, and a separate, small PM1 neuropile. Secondary fibers of unipolar neurons with somata in the cortex of the CNS connect these to either the glomerular synapses (lame glomerulee) of the corpora pedunculata (with separate but adjacent AL2 and PL2 lobes as shown here), or to a less structured lateral neuropile (lenp, lateral eye neuropile). The bipolar sensory cells surrounding the retinal layers of the AME send a distal receptor process into the retina, and a proximal axon within the AME optic nerve, terminating in the synapses of the highly-structured AM1. Interneurons connect these to a less-structured, posterior neuropile (AM2). Heavy vertical bars at left indicate where fiber tracts continue into other parts of the CNS. Small neuropiles (PLx and ALx) connecting receptors of the respective lateral eyes to a lateral fiber tract may be either primary (as depicted here) or secondary. The PLx neuropile has only been documented in Marpissa (Steinhoff et al. 2017, 2019).

Figure 4 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 4. Camera lucida drawing of a parasagittal section through the prosoma of a second instar (emergent) Phidippus clarus. 1, At this stage, the CNS occupies nearly the entire medial volume of the prosoma. 2, Detail of inset from (1) showing a cluster of large neuron cell bodies in the cortex of the third and fourth leg ganglia, surrounded by smaller neurons. After Hill (1975, 2006).

Figure 14 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 14. Semi-schematic diagram of primary visual centers in the CNS of Phidippus (after Hill 1975, 2006). Dorsal view of the left side, based on examination of serial silver and Masson Trichrome sections. The first link between information received by the lateral eyes and the anterior medial eyes is in the protocerebrum. The solid black bars indicate groups of fibers entering the protocerebrum. Fibers leading from the primary neuropiles of the lateral eyes (AL1 and PL1) lead to either the synaptic layer (lame glomerulee) of the corpus pedunculatus (pedunculate body), or to the lateral eye neuropile and lateral eye tract. Large, distinctive fibers of the primary neuropile of the posterior medial eyes (PM1) join similar fibers originating with a small neuropile (ALx) associated with the primary neuropile of the anterior lateral eye (AL1). These large fibers enter the protocerebrum as a distinctive tract (lft). Several important groups of neuron somata are shown. A bridge (fiber tract) connects the left and right corpora pedunculata. See Figure 15 for a more current view.

Figure 3 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 3. Semi-schematic dorsal views of the CNS of a fifth instar Phidippus clarus, based on reconstruction from serial sections. 1, Protocerebrum and eyes (shown in section). Areas containing cell bodies of retinal photoreceptors are shown in purple. The tiered retinae of the AME are shaded in green. The optic nerve (on) associated with each eye leads to a respective first neuropile, where sensory neurons synapse with interneurons. For the lateral eyes, these neuropiles are folded or convoluted, increasing the surface area available for synapses. Neuropile I of each AME includes two concentric lobes, shown at center. 2, Preoral rostral and postoral segmental ganglia. The rigid esophagus (not shown) is surrounded by two lateral esophageal nerves, and a dorsal recurrent nerve, all orginating from the preoral rostral ganglion. In addition to the primary segmental nerves, each prosomal segment is associated with a small dorsal nerve (dn), and a postero-dorsal nerve (pdn) that joins the dorsal nerve of the next, posterior segment. After Hill (1975, 2006).

Figure 4. Male Colonus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1901 in The Ecuadorean jumping spiders of Andreas Kay (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 4. Male Colonus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1901 (Tribe Gophonini) representing two different species. See Hill (2018) for information about this widely-distributed genus.

Figure 1 in The Ecuadorean jumping spiders of Andreas Kay (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 1. Geography of Ecuador. 1, Equatorial position of Ecuador in northwestern South America (inset). 2, Major geographic regions of Ecuador. Tropical (evergreen) forest can be found in the ChocoCand Amazon Regions, separated by the high Andes. Many transitional ecoregions have also been identified (Hazzi et al. 2018; Noh et al. 2020). Map credits: 1, © Uwe Dedering, used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) license; 2, Public Domain.

Figure 7 in Spiders that prey on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 7. Wandering spiders preying on salticids. 1-3, Eutichurid spider of the genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch 1839 preying on a female salticid of the genus Epeus, in her nest. 4-6, Corinnid of the genus Corinnomma Karsch 1880 feeding on an adult male salticid, Myrmarachne plataleoides. 7, Corinnomma feeding on a salticid of the genus Asemonea O. Pickard- Cambridge 1869. Photo credits: 1-3, 7, Abhijith A. P. C.; 4-6, M. Jithesh Pai.

Figure 6 in Spiders that prey on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 6. Spiders preying on salticid spiders. 1, Thomisid spider of the genus Thomisus feeding on a female

Figure 2 in Spiders that prey on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 2. Theridiids of the genus Ariamnes feeding on various arthropods. 1, Feeding on another Ariamnes. 2, Feeding on a sparassid spider of the genus Gnathopalystes Rainbow 1899. 3, Feeding on a Green Tree Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina. 4, Feeding on a tetragnathid of the genus Leucauge White 1841. 5, Feeding on a tetragnathid of the genus Tetragnatha Latreille 1804. 6, Feeding on a thomisid of the genus Thomisus Walckenaer 1805. Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 2 in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 2 (continued on next page). Views of an adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura tending a series of broods within her nest. Broods, each comprised of 5-9 eggs or young, with either unhatched eggs (A), hatching eggs (B), hatched but undeveloped young or first instars (C), or mobile early second instars prior to emergence (D).

Figure 2 in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 2 (continued from previous page). Views of an adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura tending a series of broods within her nest.