Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

Data from: Long-term grazing intensity by reindeer alters the response of the soil micro-food web to simulated climate change in subarctic tundra

Top-down control by nematodes over soil microorganisms – considered stronger over bacteria than fungi - may dampen microbial responses to global changes in tundra. To test whether large grazers alter the responses of belowground trophic networks to global changes, we employed factorial warming and nitrogen fertilization treatments in adjacent sites with different reindeer grazing intensities for the past 50 years. Lightly grazed tundra is dominated by dwarf shrubs and a more fungal-based microbial community, while in heavily grazed tundra, high reindeer densities during autumn migration have induced shift into graminoids and more bacterial-based microbial community. We analysed the soil micro-food web, i.e., the nematode density, trophic structure, and species composition as well as fungal, bacterial and total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) after four growing seasons of warming and fertilization both before and during reindeer migration. We predicted that bacterivore densities are higher and fungivore densities lower under heavy than light grazing (i.e., nematode populations before migration reflect grazing effects via the base of food web), whereas reindeer migration induces negative impact on nematode densities under heavy grazing (i.e., disturbance by trampling is the driving factor). We further predicted that nematodes negate treatment effects on microbial biomass to a stronger extent in the bacterial-based heavily grazed than the fungal-based lightly grazed tundra. Fungivore densities were higher under light than heavy grazing, but nematodes did not respond to trampling. Warming increased fungivores and the fungal PLFAs irrespective of grazing and timing, but under heavy grazing, increased bacterivores while the bacterial PLFAs remained steady. Fertilization increased carnivores and influenced nematode species composition, diversity and maturity interactively with warming. Our data suggest that large grazers affect tundra soil nematodes via bottom-up effects through microbial community composition and biomass, which in turn may alter the strength of their top-down control soil bacteria under climate warming.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2013View details →

Figure 2 in A phylogenetic analysis of the grape genus (Vitis L.) reveals broad reticulation and concurrent diversification during neogene and quaternary climate change

Figure 2 (See legend on next page.)

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Dataset for terrestrial climate and vegetation change in the western Tasmanian region from the late Eocene to late Oligocene

Datasets accompanying Terrestrial climate and vegetation change in the western Tasmanian region from the late Eocene to late Oligocene by Amoo et al. Supplementary table S1: Raw palynomorph assemblage data, total counts, ODP Site 1168  Supplementary table S2: Sporomorph-based climate estimates including MAT, WMMT, CMMT and MAP  Supplementary table S3: Sporomorph diversity indices Supplementary table S4: Nearest living relatives, botanical affinity, and climate range of individual taxa.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Data for: The start of frozen dates over northern permafrost regions with the changing climate

The soil freeze-thaw cycle in the permafrost regions has a significant impact on regional surface energy and water balance. Although increasing efforts have been made to understand the responses of spring thawing to climate change, the mechanisms controlling the global interannual variability of the start date of permafrost frozen (SOF) remain unclear. Using long-term SOF from the combinations of multiple satellite microwave sensors between 1979–2020, and analytical techniques, including partial correlation, ridge regression, path analysis, and machine learning, we explored the responses of SOF to multiple climate change factors, including warming (surface and air temperature), start date of permafrost thawing (SOT), soil properties (soil temperature and volume of water), and the snow depth water equivalent (SDWE). Overall, climate warming exhibited the maximum control on SOF, but SOT in spring was also an important driver of SOF variability; among the 65.9% significant SOT and SOF correlations, 79.3% were positive, indicating an overall earlier thawing would contribute to an earlier frozen in winter. The machine learning analysis also suggested that apart from warming, SOT ranked as the second most important determinant of SOF. Therefore, we identified the mechanism responsible for the SOT-SOF relationship using the SEM analysis, which revealed that soil temperature change exhibited the maximum effect on this relationship, irrespective of the permafrost type. Finally, we analyzed the temporal changes in these responses using the moving window approach and found an increased effect of soil warming on SOF. Therefore, these results provide important insights into understanding and predicting SOF variations with future climate change.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Data in support of "Declining cost of renewables and climate change curb the need for African hydropower expansion"

Data and scripts to replicate the results and the figures presented in "Declining cost of renewables and climate change curb the need for African hydropower expansion"

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

Data for article "Waterborne virus transport and risk assessment in Lake Geneva under climate change"

Radiation_2019_Aigle contains the daily global radiation measurement data at Station Aigle for the year of 2019. Radiation_yearly contains the historical yearly mean global radiation measurement data at Station Aigle. Virus concentration_measurement contains sewage virus measurement data. Code_and_simulation_files contain files used for hydrodynamic and water quality simulations as well as risk assessment.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Climate change is altering the physiology and phenology of an arctic hibernator

Climate warming is rapid in the Arctic, yet impacts to biological systems are unclear because few long-term studies linking biophysiological processes with environmental conditions exist for this data-poor region. In our study spanning 25 years in the Alaskan Arctic, we demonstrate that climate change is affecting the timing of freeze-thaw cycles in the active layer of permafrost soils and altering the physiology of arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii). Soil freeze has been delayed and, in response, arctic ground squirrels have delayed when they up-regulate heat production during torpor to prevent freezing. Further, the termination of hibernation in spring has advanced 4 days per decade in females but not males. Continued warming and phenological shifts will alter hibernation energetics, change the seasonal availability of this important prey species, and potentially disrupt intraspecific interactions.

The Impact of Climate Change on Extreme Winds over Northern Europe According to CMIP6: data and codes

Data and codes for the paper submitted to WES "The Impact of Climate Change on Extreme Winds over Northern Europe According to CMIP6" Data: 1. U50*.nc: 50-year wind with spectral correction method from 18 CMIP6 models 2. annual_max*.nc: annual wind maxima from 18 CMIP6 models 3. spe*.dat: example of power spectrum from the original wind speed time series from a CMIP6 model and power spectrum with spectral correction Codes: 1. AnnualMax*.py : calculate extreme winds from 18 CMIP6 models 2. XFuture-code-sharing.nb: Mathematca code for analysis of data on the effect of climate change, and pack data for plotting using MATLAB 3. *.m: MATLAB codes for plotting figures on climate change

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Conservation of Chinese Theaceae species under future climate and land use changes

Aim: Climate and land use changes are two major pervasive and growing global causes of rapid changes in the distribution patterns of biodiversity, challenging the future effectiveness of protected areas (PAs), which were mainly designed based on a static view of biodiversity. Therefore, evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas for protecting the species threatened by climate and land use change is critical for future biodiversity conservation. Location: China Methods: Here, using distributions of 200 Chinese Theaceae species and ensemble species distribution models, we identified species threatened by future climate and land use change (i.e. species with predicted loss of suitable habitat ≥ 30%) under scenarios incorporating climate change, land use change and dispersal. We then estimate the richness distribution patterns of threatened species and identify priority conservation areas and conservation gaps of the current PA network. Results: Our results suggest that 36.30%-51.85% of Theaceae species will be threatened by future climate and land use conditions, and that although the threatened species are mainly distributed at low latitudes in China under both current and future periods, the mean richness of the threatened species per grid cell will decline by 0.826-3.188 species by the 2070s. Moreover, we found that these priority conservation areas are highly fragmented and that the current PA network only covers 14.21%-20.87% of the 'areas worth exploring' and 6.91%-7.91% of the 'areas worth attention'. Main conclusions: Our findings highlight the necessity of establishing new protected areas and ecological corridors in priority conservation areas to protect the threatened species. Moreover, our findings also highlight the importance of taking into consideration the potential threatened species under future climate and land use conditions when designating priority areas for biodiversity conservation.

Individual and collective school-students' self-efficacy on climate change. Raw data set.

The dataset comprises 12 items on the topic of "self-efficacy on climate change" and additionally some items on person-related information. The items were developed with individual self-efficacy (8 items, iSE1 to iSE8) and collective self-efficacy (4 items, coSE1 to coSE4) in mind. The instruction was: "How do you think about yourself? Please tick to what extent the following statements apply to you" [translated from German]. A six-point Likert-type scale was used as response scale, headed with numbers from 1 to 6, only the ends of the response scale were verbally labelled (1 = "strongly disagree" to 6 = "strongly agree" [translated from German]). The items were used in German. The English translations were added to the dataset in square brackets. Data collection took place at German "Gymnasien" (equivalent to grammar schools) in 2022. The data set includes N = 163 school-students.

Individual and collective university students' self-efficacy on climate change. Raw data set.

The dataset comprises 12 items on the topic of "self-efficacy on climate change" and additionally some items on person-related information. The items were developed with individual self-efficacy (8 items, iSE1 to iSE8) and collective self-efficacy (4 items, coSE1 to coSE4) in mind. The instruction was: "How do you think about yourself? Please tick to what extent the following statements apply to you" [translated from German]. A six-point Likert-type scale was used as response scale, headed with numbers from 1 to 6, only the ends of the response scale were verbally labelled (1 = "strongly disagree" to 6 = "strongly agree" [translated from German]). The items were used in German. The English translations were added to the dataset in square brackets. Data collection took place at a German university in 2022. The data set includes N = 145 university students studying to become geography teachers.

Ocean iron fertilisation may amplify climate change pressures on marine animal biomass for limited climate benefit

Model output to support Global Change Biology paper: Ocean iron fertilisation may amplify climate change pressures on marine animal biomass for limited climate benefit

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Gray wolf range in the western Great Lakes region under forecasted land use and climate change

Land use and climate alter species distributions worldwide, and detecting and understanding how species ranges shift can facilitate conservation planning and action. Following extirpation from most of the contiguous USA, gray wolves (Canis lupus) have partially recolonized former range in the western Great Lakes region, but it is unknown how land use and climate change may alter amounts of wolf habitat. Using wolf observation data collected during winters 2017–2020 in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, we created ensemble models to predict how land use and climate change may affect the amount of wolf habitat within these states. A projection model for the western Great Lakes region suggested three of four scenarios of land use and climate change will lead to 9–35% increases in wolf habitat, while a solely climate-based projection model supported our expectation that changes in climate, in isolation, will have limited effect on current wolf range. Our results support stable or increasing amounts of wolf habitat in the western Great Lakes region during the 21st century, suggesting limited or no adverse effects on the current distribution or further recolonization of wolves. Our findings can inform policy development regarding wolf conservation, and identify areas where recolonization is plausible, thus where promoting human-wolf co-existence is most pertinent.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Sequencing data for: Tracking climate-change induced biological invasions over 4 decades by metabarcoding archived natural eDNA samplers

In a time of unprecedented global environmental change, understanding the response of biodiversity is paramount. However, our knowledge of anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems is limited by a lack of standardized retrospective biomonitoring data. Here, we use four-decade time series of archived blue mussels to trace spatiotemporal biodiversity change in coastal ecosystems. The filter-feeding mussels can serve as natural eDNA samplers, carrying an imprint of the surrounding aquatic community at the time of sampling. By sequencing the preserved DNA, we characterize highly diverse mussel-associated communities and reconstruct the invasion trajectory of an invasive species to the detriment of native taxa uncovering repeated population collapses and reinvasions after cold winters. Time series of natural eDNA samplers provide highly resolved temporal data on community assembly and global warming-driven invasion processes and overcome critical shortfalls in our understanding of biodiversity change in the Anthropocene.

Data for: Increases in functional diversity of mountain plant communities is mainly driven by species turnover under climate change

Warming in mountain regions is projected to be three times faster than the global average. Pronounced climate change will likely lead to species reshuffling in mountain plant communities and consequently change ecosystem resilience and functioning. Yet, little is known about the role of inter- versus intraspecific changes of plant traits and their consequences for functional richness and evenness of mountain plant communities under climate change. We performed a downslope translocation experiment of intact plant-soil mesocosms from an alpine pasture and a subalpine grassland in the Swiss and Austrian Alps to simulate an abrupt shift in climate and removal of dispersal barriers. Translocated plant communities experienced warmer and dryer climatic conditions. We found a considerable shift from resource conservative to resource acquisitive leaf-economy in the two climate change scenarios. However, shifts in leaf-economy were mainly attributable to species turnover, namely colonization by novel lowland species with trait expressions for a wider range of resource use. We also found an increase in vegetative height of the warmed and drought-affected alpine plant community, while trait plasticity to warming and drought was limited to few graminoid species of the subalpine plant community. Our results highlight the contrast between the strong competitive potential of novel lowland species in quickly occupying available niche space and native species' lack of both the intraspecific trait variability and the plant functional trait expressions needed to increase functional richness under warming and drought. This is particularly important for the trailing range of many mountain species (i.e. subalpine zone) where upward moving lowland species are becoming more abundant and abiotic climate stressors are likely to become more frequent in the near future. Our study emphasizes mountain plant communities' vulnerability to novel climates and biotic interactions under climate change and highlights graminoid species as potential winners of a warmer and dryer future.

Advancing and retreating fronts in a changing climate: a percolation model of range shifts

Climate change causes considerable shifts in the geographic distribution of species worldwide. Most data on range movements, however, derive from relatively short periods, within which it is difficult to distinguish directional shifts from random fluctuations. For detecting a shift, it is indispensable to delineate the range precisely. We propose a new method for delineation based on percolation theory. We suggest marking the boundary between the connected and fragmented occurrence of the species (the hull). We demonstrate the advantages of this connectivity-based method on simulated examples in which a metapopulation is advancing vs. retreating along an environmental gradient with different velocities. The simulations show that the hull is a fractal and has the same dimension (7/4) even when the front is advancing or retreating relatively fast, compared to the generation time. It is particularly robust in the retreating (trailing) edge. Accordingly, we propose marking the range edge at the mean position of the hull, the 'connectivity limit' of the species. Theoretical considerations suggest that the position of the connectivity limit is statistically more reliable than those limits that are delineated according to the outermost occurrences, and the connectivity-based method is broadly applicable to real-life data.

Data from: Regional variation in climate change alters the range-wide distribution of colour polymorphism in a wild bird

According to Gloger's rule animal colouration is expected to be darker in wetter and warmer climates. Such environmental clines are predicted to occur in colour polymorphic species and to be shaped by selection if colour morphs represent adaptations to different environments. We studied if the distribution of the colour polymorphic tawny owl (Strix aluco) morphs (a pheomelanic brown and a pale grey) across Europe follow the predictions of Gloger's rule and if there is a temporal change in the geographical patterns corresponding to regional variations in climate change. We used data on tawny owl museum skin specimen collections. First, we investigated long-term spatiotemporal variation in the probability of observing the colour morphs in different climate zones. Second, we studied if the probability of observing the colour morphs was associated with general climatic conditions. Third, we studied if weather fluctuations prior the finding year of an owl explains colour morph in each climate zone. The brown tawny owl morph was historically more common than the grey morph in every studied climate zone. Over time the brown morph has become rarer in the temperate and Mediterranean zone, whereas it has first become rarer but then again more common in the boreal zone. Based on general climatic conditions winter and summer temperature were positively and negatively associated with proportion of brown morph, respectively. Winter precipitation was negatively associated with proportion of brown morph. The effects of five-year means of weather on the probability to observe a brown morph differed between climate zones, indicating region dependent effect of climate change and weather on tawny owl colouration. To conclude, tawny owl colouration does not explicitly follow Gloger's rule, implying a time and space dependent complex system shaped by many factors. We provide novel insights in how the geographic distribution of pheomelanin-based colour polymorphism is changing.

Effects of land use and climate change on functional and phylogenetic diversity of terrestrial vertebrates in a Himalayan biodiversity hotspot

Aim: Land use and climate change interact to impact functional and phylogenetic diversity globally, but this pattern is largely unknown in the eastern Himalayas. We aim to discern the response of community diversity and structure of terrestrial mammals and birds to anthropogenic land use and climate change in this hitherto understudied landscape. Location: Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, Bhutan Methods: We used camera trap and point-count transect data to estimate taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity while accounting for detectability. We calculated the abundance-weighted standardised effect sizes (ses) of mean pairwise distance and mean nearest taxon distance. The ses metrics were regressed against land use (agriculture and forest) and climate (temperature and precipitation) variables using linear mixed effect models. Results: Community diversity declined with agriculture in both groups. Mammal diversity was higher farther from the settlement but birds remained indifferent. Temperature and precipitation were positively associated with mammal diversity, but birds displayed a mixed response: negative with temperature and positive with precipitation. Agriculture had a strong negative effect on the functional structure of birds but not mammals. The functional and phylogenetic structure declined farther from the settlement for mammals but increased for birds. Except for the functional structure, all other metrics increased with temperature and precipitation for mammals. Except for the positive relationship between functional structure and temperature, other metrics showed a mixed response to climate in birds. Main conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that land use rather than climate has an imminent effect in shaping local and regional patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in a Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. Climate effects, although weak, may reduce functional traits and consequently diminish functional roles. Species that can persist in human-modified environments are clustered within a phylogeny, suggesting possible loss of phylogenetic diversity.

Geographical trends of soil-associated biodiversity changes due to tree plantations in South America: biome and climate constraints revealed through meta-analysis

Aim Evaluate the interaction between climate and biome structure when explaining changes in species richness of soil-associated communities due to tree plantations developed in different biomes. Compare the response of plants, soil invertebrates, and soil microorganisms, and test whether they should be considered sensitive-coupled biotas. Location Continental South America. Time period 1996–2023 Major taxa studied Plants, soil invertebrates and soil microorganisms Methods Through a meta-analysis, the change in species richness (i.e., response ratio) associated with tree plantations was evaluated in 127 points of study across South America, considering soil-associated communities of plants, invertebrates and microorganisms. The influence of biome structure (open vs. closed habitats) on the response ratio and its interaction with the actual evapotranspiration (AET) and temperature seasonality was evaluated. Differentiated responses of different taxa were tested by comparing models with and without an interaction term referring to the taxon studied. The regional agricultural cover and plantation age were considered as anthropogenic variables. Results Models containing the AET were better at explaining the trend of change in species richness than those with temperature seasonality. The response to the change in species richness was oppositely related to the AET in open and closed biomes. Plants presented a higher loss in species richness than soil invertebrates and microorganisms. The three taxa were positively associated with AET, while seasonality was not relevant in any case. Both anthropogenic variables significantly lessened the change in species richness in all models. Main conclusions The structural contrast between the anthropogenic habitat and the biome where it is developed is a key factor influencing the response of soil-associated communities to tree plantations. Nevertheless, its influence must be assessed together with climatic and anthropogenic variables given that their interaction can explain different geographical trends in the change in species richness across regions.

MAgPIE model runs csv for plotting: Climate change-driven global land-use system adaptation under CMIP6-based crop model projections

This .zip file contains the data used to create the figures for the paper. It includes .csv files and .nc files for maps. This version includes additional files like the mapping between countries and MAgPIE're economic regions.