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opennotspecifiedMay 2020View details →

Fig. 5 in Alkaloid and iridoid glucosides from Palicourea luxurians (Rubiaceae: Palicoureeae) indicate tryptamine- and tryptophan-iridoid alkaloid formation apart the strictosidine pathway

Fig. 5. Two possible pathways (a and b), both leading to javaniside (4) by a cyclization which is related to the Pictet-Spengler reaction. In pathway (a) tryptamine is oxidized to 2-oxo- tryptamine prior to enamine formation of the amine function with secologanin. In the following Pictet-Spengler reaction comparable rearrangement the spiro-cyclic system as well as the five membered ring are formed according to the mechanism described by Bailey (1987). Alternatively in the similar pathway (b) the enamine is formed prior to the Pictet Spengler-like reaction (Bailey, 1987). Subsequent the imine moiety is oxidized to gain the five membered lactam ring. The intermediate resulting from both possible pathways (a and b) is finally trans- formed to javaniside (4) by saponification and formation of the lactam ring. As no strictosidine or follow-up products have been detected in Palicourea luxurians, the enamine possibly occurring in pathway (b) has barely or not been accepted in a classic Pictet-Spenglerase catalyzed reaction, as indicated in hampered pathway c. Electron pair shifts and formations of new bonds are indicated with red arrows. For structure of the residue "R" see the box in Fig. 6. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opennotspecifiedApr 2020View details →

Fig. 5. Compound 2 induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway. A in Bufadienolides from the whole plants of Helleborus foetidus and their cytotoxicity

Fig. 5. Compound 2 induced apoptosis through a mitochondria-dependent pathway. A, Mitochondrial membrane morphology of HL-60 cells treated with 2. HL-60 cells were stained with MitoCapture™ reagent after treatment with either 0.5 μM of 2 or 33 μM of cisplatin for 10 h and observed under a fluorescence microscope. B, Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria of HL-60 cells treated with 2. HL-60 cells were treated with either 0.5 μM of 2 or 33 μM of cisplatin for 6 h, and the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm was evaluated by Western blot analysis.

Fig. 7 in Triterpenoids from Liquidambar Fructus induced cell apoptosis via a PI3KAKT related signal pathway in SMMC7721 cancer cells

Fig. 7. Effects of compounds 5, 7 and 8 on expression of apoptosis related genes in SMMC7721 cells. (A). Representative Western blot results. *P <0.05 vs control. (B) RT-qPCR results of three independent experiments. *P <0.05 vs control.

Fig. 5 in Triterpenoids from Liquidambar Fructus induced cell apoptosis via a PI3KAKT related signal pathway in SMMC7721 cancer cells

Fig. 5. Induction of apoptosis by compounds 5, 7 and 8 in SMMC7721 cancer cells at 36 h *P <0.05 vs control.

Fig. 9 in Triterpenoids from Liquidambar Fructus induced cell apoptosis via a PI3KAKT related signal pathway in SMMC7721 cancer cells

Fig. 9. Expression changes of PI3K-AKT signal pathway related genes. (A) Representative Western blot results of compounds 5, 7 and 8 inducing expression changes of PI3K-AKT signal pathway related proteins in SMMC7721 cells; (B) Statistical analysis of protein expression levels in (A). The results shown were representative of three independent experiments. *P <0.05 vs control.

Fig. 8 in Triterpenoids from Liquidambar Fructus induced cell apoptosis via a PI3KAKT related signal pathway in SMMC7721 cancer cells

Fig. 8. Effects of compounds 5, 7 and 8 on expression of PI3K-AKT pathway related genes on SMMC7721 cell. The RT-qPCR results shown were representative of three independent experiments. *P <0.05 vs control.

Fig. 7 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 7. Formation of 3-benzyl-4-hydroxy-2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (12) from benzylisothiocyanate (11) in mammals.

Fig. 1 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 1. Formation of isothiocyanates (ITCs) from glucosinolates (GLCs) via Lossen type rearrangement is mediated by myrosinases in plants of the order Brassicales.

Fig. 10 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 10. Proposed pathways for transformation of rapalexin A (1) to N-acetyl-S-(8-methoxy-4H-thiazolo[5,4-b]indol-2-yl)-L-cysteine (5, tR = 7.1 min) and 4-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (9, tR = 3.4 min) mediated by Colletotrichum dematium and C. higginsianum and degradation of 9; two arrows indicate more than one step; square brackets indicate potential intermediate; Ea = electron acceptor.

Fig. 3 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 3. Selected HMBC correlations of N-acetyl-S-(8-methoxy-4H-thiazolo[5,4- b]indol-2-yl)cysteine (5, tR = 7.1 min).

Fig. 2 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 2. Detoxification of the cruciferous phytoalexin brassinin (2) to indolyl-3-methanamine (4) and indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3) by the plant fungal pathogens Alternaria brassicicola (A. b.) and Leptosphaeria maculans (L. m.), respectively.

Fig. 6 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 6. Selected HMBC correlations and rotamers of 4-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (9) (tR = 3.4 min) and proposed decomposition of 9 to 1 and β-mercaptopyruvic acid.

Fig. 9 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 9. Synthesis of 4-hydroxy-3-benzyl-2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (12), ethyl 3-benzyl-4-hydroxy-2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (17), 3-benzyl-2- thioxo-2,3-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid (16), and 4-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (9).

Fig. 5 in Unveiling fungal detoxification pathways of the cruciferous phytoalexin rapalexin A: Sequential L-cysteine conjugation, acetylation and oxidative cyclization mediated by Colletotrichum spp.

Fig. 5. Progress curves for formation of compounds with tR = 3.4 min (9) and tR = 7.1 min (5) in cultures of Colletotrichum higginsianum containing rapalexin A (1) (and) or rapalexin A (1) and L-Cys (and).

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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Hot stops: Timing, pathways, and habitat selection of migrating Eastern Whip-poor-wills

Although miniaturized data loggers allow new insights into avian migration, incomplete knowledge of basic patterns persists, especially for nightjars. Using GPS data loggers, this study examined migration ecology of the Eastern whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus), across three migration strategies: flyover, short-stay, and long-stay. We documented migration movements, conducted hotspot analyses, quantified land cover within 1-km and 5-km buffers at used and available locations, and modeled habitat selection during migration. From 2018-2020 we captured breeding whip-poor-wills from three study sites in Massachusetts and programmed GPS tags to collect data during fall and spring migration periods. Across 19 individual males (nine of them with repeated years of data), GPS tags collected 479 locations, where 30% were classified as flyover points, 33% as short-stays, and 37% as long-stay locations. We documented seasonal flexibility in migration duration, routes, and stopover locations among individuals and between years. Analyses identified hotspot clusters in fall and spring migration in the Sierra de Tamaulipas in Mexico. Land cover at used locations differed across location types at the 5-km scale, where closed forest cover increased and crop cover decreased for flyover, short-stay, and long-stay locations, and urban cover was lowest at long-stay locations. Discrete choice modeling indicated that habitat selection by migrating whip-poor-wills differs depending on the scale and migration strategy. For example, at the 5-km scale birds avoided urban cover at long-stay locations and selected closed forest cover at short-stay locations. We suggest that whip-poor-wills may use land cover cues at large spatial scales, like 5-km, to influence rush or stay tactics during migration.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

On the pathways of wind-driven coastal upwelling: nonlinear momentum flux and baroclinic instability

The data that support the findings in "On the pathways of wind-driven coastal upwelling: nonlinear momentum flux and baroclinic instability"

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Datasets for 'Emission pathways and mitigation options for achieving complementary consumption-based climate targets in Sweden'

Results from the scenario analysis as well as the concordance table, as used and shown in the paper: Morfeldt, Larsson, Andersson, Johansson, Rootzén, Hult and Karlsson, 2023. Emission pathways and mitigation options for achieving consumption-based climate targets in Sweden. Communications Earth and Environment. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01012-z">10.1038/s43247-023-01012-z</a>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

Colloidal pathways of amorphous calcium carbonate formation lead to distinct water environments and conductivity

Experimental data associated with Gindele et al. Colloidal pathways of amorphous calcium carbonate formation lead to distinct water environments and conductivity, Nature Communications.