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opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Data for "A Surface-Promoted Redox Reaction Occurs Spontaneously on Solvating Inorganic Aerosol Surfaces"

Dataset for "A Surface-Promoted Redox Reaction Occurs Spontaneously on Solvating Inorganic Aerosol Surfaces"

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Data from: Functional and phylogenetic diversity promotes litter decomposition across terrestrial ecosystems

Aim: Litter decomposition is a vital process of carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite rapid declines in plant diversity worldwide, the plant diversity effects on litter decomposition, along with the factors driving their directions and magnitudes, remain uncertain. Location: Globe. Time period: 1985-2018. Major taxa studied: Plants. Methods: By synthesizing 492 paired observations of leaf litter mixtures and monocultures from 110 studies, we conducted a global meta-analysis of the effects of litter mixtures on litter decomposition rates, which were calculated as k coefficients from mt/m0 =e-kt, where mt/m0 was litter mass remaining proportion corresponding to time t. Results: Litter mixtures on average increased litter decomposition rates by 5.6% (95% confident intervals, 3.0%-8.1%), and the effects of litter mixtures increased with litter species richness, the functional diversity of chemical traits (leaf C, N, P contents and C:N ratio) and phylogenetic diversity consistently across terrestrial ecosystems. The decomposer abundance and function, including soil fauna abundance, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme activities were positively associated with litter mixture effects on decomposition rates. The structural equation models accounted for 48.6% of the global variation in litter decomposition rates and revealed that the positive effects of litter functional diversity on decomposer abundance and function led to increased litter decomposition rates, while litter phylogenetic diversity had a direct effect on litter decomposition rates. Main conclusions: The functional diversity of the chemical traits and phylogenetic diversity, both as indicators for complementarity effects, are important drivers for increasing litter mixture effects on decomposition. The positive litter diversity effects on decomposition rates are mechanistically linked with soil fauna abundance, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme activities. Our results suggest that plant diversity, especially functional and phylogenetic diversity, increases decomposer abundance and function, and thus plays a key role in the carbon and nutrient cycling across terrestrial ecosystems.

FIGURE 7 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes

FIGURE 7. Example of how a strict application of the hybrid viability criterion to define genera threatens stability. The trees are a simplification of the phylogeny of the family Bufonidae (Van Bocxlaer et al. 2009, 2010). "Generalized" large toads are arranged paraphyletically along a main branch of Eurasian and African taxa, together with several genera of distinct morphological, ecological and life history adaptations that have traditionally been considered as distinct genera (symbolized by blue and green color). Following a phylogenetic classification, also all other separate clades are to be considered as genera. As soon as hybridization among members of two of these phenotypic groups is detected (such as the real case, Bufo bufo and Pseudepidalea viridis) these two genera (as well as all genera in their respective sister clades) should be included in a single genus, including those morphologically highly divergent taxa that have typically been considered separate genera in bufonids (e.g., Ansonia and Pedostibes). However, as soon as hybridization is later on demonstrated between one member of this newly defined genus and a more basal one, generic allocation of all included taxa again needs to be revisited. Note that many of these genera are species-rich, and evidence for (captive or natural) hybridization will only occasionally be found, leading to a longterm instability of the generic arrangement.

FIGURE 1 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes

FIGURE 1. Changes of genus-level taxonomy summarized for European amphibians and reptiles. The graph shows the percentage of species that changed genus from one monographic work to the other, standardized per year. After a rather continuous rate of change from 1834–1978, almost no genus-level changes occured between 1978 and 1997, whereas in the 1997–2010 period the increase was higher than ever before. Black bars indicate values for all pairwise comparisons between the taxon lists of the respective monographs, gray bars show the same trend only for those taxa that already were included in the very first works by Duméril and Bibron and/or Boulenger (with an overall lower rate of change since these early described species comprise several type species of well established genera). Species lists were extracted from the following publications: Duméril and Bibron (1834–1854); Boulenger (1882a,b, 1885a,b, 1887, 1889, 1896a,b); Schreiber (1912); Hellmich (1962); Arnold and Burton (1978); Gasc (1997); Speybroeck et al. (2010).

FIGURE 4 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes

FIGURE 4. Non-exhaustive series of examples of the outcome of tests of monophyly of a certain taxon. The upper row indicates the main analyses that indicate paraphyly of genus 2 (G2), based on the Maximum Parsimony optimality criterion and non-parametric bootstrapping. Clade stability for a reclassified genus 2 (marked with a black circle, including species 2, 3, and 4), rises with increasing clade support in the main analysis (upper series of trees). Clade stability for this reclassified taxon furthermore depends on the congruence with a second analysis method (here as example, Bayesian inference, middle series of trees) and with a second, largely independent set of characters (lower series of trees). Note that the trees do not represent different reanalyses of the same data; each set of trees (I–VI) is just an example of which kind of evidence a researcher could face when deciding on reclassifying genera 1 and 2.

FIGURE 6 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes

FIGURE 6. Pros and cons of the time banding criterion as exemplified in two related reptile genera with radically different patterns of temporal diversification. Both the African Bradypodion and the Malagasy Brookesia are well diagnosable and clearly monophyletic units. While Bradypodion diversified in the Miocene-Pliocene, Brookesia dates back to the Cretaceous. Several morphologically extremely similar sister species of miniaturized Brookesia, such as B. tuberculata and B. tristis have an age almost doubling that of the entire genus Bradypodion. Attempts of adapting classification on the basis of age would mean an extreme oversplitting of Brookesia with numerous non-diagnosable genera, or merging Bradypodion into a larger unit of unstable monophyly and low diagnosability. Within Brookesia, arguments might in the future be brought forward that the B. nasus group (light blue) should be recognized as a distinct genus and the two sister clades would obtain the rank of genus (light and dark blue dots). This decision would bring an even more stable monopyhly and better diagnosability. However, such a splitting would still leave units of much older age than Bradypodion. Abbreviations: Cret = Cretaceous; Pal = Paleocene; Eo = Eocene; Oli = Oligocene; Mio = Miocene; Pl = Piocene + Pleistocene + Quaternary. Timetrees redrawn after Tolley et al. (2006) and Townsend et al. (2009, 2011).

FIGURE 2 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes

FIGURE 2. Schematic graph showing the Linnaean rank and phylogenetic hierarchy for three categories (species, genus, and family). All components of the genus category have the same rank in the Linnaean system, although the respective clades (nodes) are not equivalent in the hierarchy delimited by the asymmetric phylogenetic tree. For instance, the genus Pan is in the genus category, but has hierarchical level 4 in the phylogeny, whereas Pongo is also in the genus category, but has hierarchical level 2. This same hierarchical level 2 also applies to its sister group, i.e., the clade containing the genera Gorilla, Homo, and Pan. In the terminology used herein, assuming that the tree correctly reconstructs the evolutionary relationships among the organisms included, all clades can be considered as taxa, but we mostly use the term taxon to refer to Linnaean taxa, i.e., those clades that actually correspond to a Linnaean category and are named accordingly. Note that historically, a taxon was just any group of organisms that received a name in a taxonomy, without necessarily being monophyletic, but herein we use the term explicitly in its definition as corresponding to a clade in the phylogeny of life.

FIGURE 5 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes

FIGURE 5. Examples for various kinds of diagnosability of a taxon. G stands for genus, symbols and colors for particular character states in one or several characters used for diagnosis.

FIGURE 9 in To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes

FIGURE 9. Suggested workflow for taxonomists working on supraspecific classification of organisms. We suggest that any revision starts with an explicit phylogenetic hypothesis (a tree), and if polyphyletic or paraphyletic groupings are suggested by the tree, a stepwise procedure should be followed to devise alternative classification schemes reflecting evolutionary history, and choosing among the alternative schemes on the basis of first priority Taxon Naming Criteria, and then the secondary and accessory TNCs.

Fig. 1 in Habitat Association Promotes Diversity of Histerid Beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in Neotropical Ecosystems

Fig. 1. Serra de S~ ao José conservation unit limits (right) (44°9ʹ46.14ʹʹW, 21°5ʹ14.54ʹʹS) and its location in South America (left).

Fig. 5 in Habitat Association Promotes Diversity of Histerid Beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in Neotropical Ecosystems

Fig. 5. Multidimensional scaling (MDS). A) Ordering of the samples collected in four habitat types, B) Ordering of the samples collected in the three bait types. Stress = 0.11.

Fig. 3 in Habitat Association Promotes Diversity of Histerid Beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in Neotropical Ecosystems

Fig. 3. Rank-abundance of histerid beetle communities in four habitats in the Serra de S~ ao José, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Fig. 2 in Habitat Association Promotes Diversity of Histerid Beetles (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in Neotropical Ecosystems

Fig. 2. Main habitats in the Serra de S~ ao José, Minas Gerais, Brazil. a) Mountain semideciduous forest, b) Cerrado, c) Rupestrian field, d) Introduced pasture.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

RNA sequencing of PET127 mutants overexpressed using the galactose inducible promoter

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PET127 is a mitochondrial RNA exonuclease known to interact with the mitochondrial RNA polymerase RPO41. The nature of the interaction between PET127 and RPO41 is unclear. Here, we overexpressed different PET127 mutants for five hours utilizing the galactose inducible promoter on high-copy plasmids, collected samples, and performed RNA sequencing to understand the mitochondrial RNA landscape in each condition. The mutants tested were PET127 lacking the nuclease activity (pet127-nd) and two truncated forms of PET127: either lacking the RPO41 binding region (pet127∆(48-215)), or only containing the RPO41 binding region (pet127(1-215)).

openother-openOct 2021View details →

Respons Pengguna Instagram Terhadap Periklanan Paid Promote di Instagram: Final

Dataset Survey Respon Pengguna Instagaram terhadap Paid Promote Instagram

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Dead wood diversity promotes fungal diversity

Dead wood is a source of life as it provides habitat and substrate for a wide range of fungal species. A growing number of studies show an important role of wood quality for fungal diversity, but in most cases for a limited number of wood traits or tree species. In this study, we evaluate how abiotic and biotic factors affect the fungal diversity and composition during dead wood decomposition. For 10 common European tree species, fresh similar-sized logs were incubated simultaneously in two Dutch forests. Annual surveys of fungal fruiting bodies were made for an 8-year period. For each tree species, 20 fresh stem traits were measured that are important for chemical and physical defence and for nutritional quality. Throughout 8 years, 4,644 fruiting bodies belonging to 255 species and 90 genera were recorded on the logs of 10 tree species. Fungal frequency and richness were higher for Angiosperms than for Gymnosperms, both for individual tree species and as a group, and higher for tree species with more acquisitive stem trait strategies (i.e., high nutritional value and low physical defence). Differences in fungal communities were strongly driven by phylogenetic group (Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms), stem traits, decay time and forest sites, together explaining 23% of the variation. Fungal communities in sandy site diverged early in the decay process but converged later because of substrate homogenization. Of the 128 fungal species included in the analyses, 41% showed a preference for specific tree species and 34% for a specific successional year. In conclusion, dead wood quality, determined by tree species and decay stage, is an important driver of fungal diversity. For forest management, promoting a wide array of dead tree species (especially angiosperm species), a range of stem trait values and decay stages will increase fungal and, thereby, forest biodiversity.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Open forest successional stages and landscape heterogeneity promote wild bee diversity in temperate forests

Recent studies have emphasized forests as crucial habitat for wild bees. In Europe, most forests are managed following the principles of close‐to‐nature silviculture, which combine timber production and nature conservation. However, open late and early successional stages within these forests are largely missing, which could be important for wild bees. This highlights that close‐to‐nature silviculture alone might not be sufficient to conserve bees within temperate forests. Open structures such as canopy gaps and road verges in forests could improve habitat for bees. To provide management recommendations for wild bee conservation in temperate forests, we analyzed how components of bee beta diversity varied between forest management types and tested how open structures, namely clear‐cuts, canopy gaps, and forest road verges influenced bee abundance, richness, and diversity. In addition, we analyzed the abundance and percent of red‐listed bee species at different scales. Bees were sampled using 90 pan traps on 45 (1 ha) plots in 2019 and 2020 in the Black Forest, Germany. Plots were selected in 15 triplets each consisting of three management types related to different successional stages: unmanaged, close‐to‐nature, and small clear‐cut. Beta diversity was not consistently nested highlighting the importance of different management and successional stages within the landscape to support bees in forests. Abundance, species richness, and Shannon diversity of bees were highest on clear‐cuts, compared to unmanaged‐ and close‐to‐nature plots. At landscape scale, wild bee abundance increased with canopy openness while wild bee diversity increased with landscape heterogeneity. Abundance‐ and percent of red‐listed bee species increased with the length of forest road verges. We advocate creating habitats at local scales which offer flowering and nesting resources by providing canopy gaps. At landscape scale, heterogeneity created through different forest successional stages is needed to conserve the entire community of wild bees.

opencc-byNov 2022View details →

Dataest of CSV and excel related to paper "Village Potential to Promote Halal Tourism Sectors in Indonesia: A Bibliometric Study"

These were dataset related to the study. they were a CSV file of papers form scopus used for samples of bibliometric study and excel file used for literature review study

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

HBV X protein induces p16 gene promoter methylation through up-regulating DNA methylation transferases DNMT1 and DNMT3A

Supplementary Table S1. Kruskal-Wallis test results. Supplementary Table S2. Dunn-test with Bonferroni adjustment as post-hoc comparison results Supplementary Table S3. Mann-Whitney U test results