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Fig. 5 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 5. Lower teeth of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China), right c–m6 in lingual (A1) and occlusal (A2) views (with the dentary bone segmented away) and in posterobuccal view (A5), left p5–m6 in buccal (A3) and occlusal (A4) views. See also Figs. 3 and 7.

Fig. 3 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 3. CT-rendered lower jaws and dentitions of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053), from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A1–A3, left upper and lower dentition and dentary in medial (only teeth), lateral, and occlusal views, respectively. A4–A6, right upper and lower dentition and dentary in lateral, medial, and occlusal views, respectively. Note: angular end is not the mandibular condyle (see Fig. 6); coronoid tubercle, mis-labelled as "cp" in Han and Meng (2016: fig. 10). Upper and lower teeth in A1, A2, A4, A5 are in the original position that were preserved. Arrows in A2, A4 point to mental foramina (note the difference between the two mandibles). Question mark in A5 points to a faint groove that is not the Meckelian groove (compared to that of Origolestes lii in Fig. 6B).

Fig. 1 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 1. New specimen of Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Partial skeleton in dorsal view that is preserved in the main slab. B. CT rendered partial skull; mostly ventral portion with teeth in dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views and mainly the skull roof in dorsal (B3) and ventral (B4) views.

Fig. 7 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 7. Comparison of molars between of Origolestes and Lactodens. A. Origolestes lii Mao, Hu, Li, Wang, Chase, Smith, and Meng, 2020 (IVPP V13604) from Lower Cretaceous Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation of the Lujiatun locality, Beipiao County, Liaoning Province, China; upper molars (M1–M2) in buccal (A1) and occlusal (A2) views; lower molars (m1–m3) in occlusal (A3) and lingual (A4) views (modified from Mao et al. 2020). B. Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China; upper molars (M1–M4) in buccal (B1) and occlusal (B2) views; lower molars (m1–m4) in occlusal (B3) and lingual (B4) views. Image in B1 has been vertically reversed for convenience of comparison. The lower teeth (m1–m4) in B3 and B4 were composite from better preserved left m2–m3 (reversed) and right dentitions (m1, m4). The angular lines indicate the symmetrical (O. lii) and asymmetrical (L. sheni) crown outline and the embrasure.

Fig 6 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig 6. Comparison of the mandibular morphologies of Origolestes and Lactodens. A. Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (holotype, HG-M016) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Shangheshou area, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China; posterior portion of the right mandible in buccal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. Origolestes lii Mao, Hu, Li, Wang, Chase, Smith, and Meng, 2020 (IVPP V13604) from Lower Cretaceous Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation of the Lujiatun locality, Beipiao County, Liaoning Province, China; right mandible in buccal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. The mandible in B was slightly displaced at the crack (marked with the arrow) and has been digitally restored (see Mao et al. 2020).

Fig. 2 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 2. CT-images of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016, from Aprian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Holotype (HG-M016) from Shangheshou area; A1, virtual skull remains with the lingual side of the right mandible exposed (see Han and Meng 2016: fig. 1); A2, virtual skull remains with the lateral side of the right mandible exposed (this side of the skull is embeded in the matrix and not visible except for the part of cheek teeth that were needle-prepared from the back side of the slab (Han and Meng 2016: figs. 1, 5); A3, a CT-slice showing the contrast of bone and matrix and revealing the roots of some teeth. B. ZGY0053 from Dapingfang, a CT-section through the skull (showing the root conditions). Note there is no tooth germ under any cheek teeth in both specimens in A3 and B.

Fig. 6 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 6. SEM and SRXTM images of the indeterminate alga; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN103-361; A1, SEM image; A2, A3, A4, close-up views of polygonal cells. B. ELISN111-78; B1, SEM image; B3, 3D rendering; B4, B6, B7, virtual sections; B5, B8, close-up views of B4 and B7 (respectively). Intervals between cells, white arrowheads (A4, B2, B5); cell clumps, white arrows (B1, B4, B6); intervals between cell and membrane, black arrowheads (B2, B8).

Fig. 4 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 4. Measurements of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. and concave opening. A. Histogram of maximal length and width of bowl-shaped fossils. B. Histogram of maximal length and width of concave opening. C. Scatter diagram indicating a linear relationship between the maximal length and width of C. irregulatus. D. A linear relationship between the maximal length and width of the concave opening.

Fig. 3 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 3. SEM images of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. with a deep central concavity; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN72-52, holotype; A1, front view; A2, back view. B. ELISN163-729; B1, front view; B2, back view. C. ELISN133-60. D. ELISN163-339. Cell clumps, white arrows (A, C, D); gaps between cell clumps, black arrows (A, B1). Fossils are arranged in order of size, suggesting a possible sequence of growth and development.

Fig. 2 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 2. SEM images of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. with a shallow central concavity; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN80-91; A1, front view; A2, back view. B–D. ELISN85-39, ELISN163-455, ELISN164-15, respectively. E. ELISN164-271; E1, front view; E2, close-up view. Cell clumps, white arrows (A, C, D); gaps between cell clumps, black arrows (B, E); external membrane, equilateral arrowheads (B, C, D). The specimens are selected and arranged in order of size so as to indicate a possible sequence of growth and development.

Fig. 1 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 1. Geological map (A; modified from Han et al. 2016), stratigraphic column (B), and typical fossils (C–E) from Cambrian the Shizhonggou section in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. C. Carinachitid Carinachites spinatus Qian, 1977. D. Anabaritid Anabarites trisulcatus Missarzhevsky in Voronova and Missarzhevsky, 1969. E. Olivooid Olivooides multisulcatus Qian, 1977.

Fig. 5 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 5. Internal structure of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. revealed by Micro-CT; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN72-52, holotype; A1, SEM image; A2, 3D rendering; A3, A5, virtual sections; A4, A6, close-up views. B. ELISN164-15; B1, SEM image; B2, 3D rendering; B3, B4, B7, virtual sections; B5, B6, close-up views. Gap between cell clumps, black arrows (A4, B6, B7); gaps between cells, white arrowhead (A4); interval between polygonal cells, white arrowhead (B5); interval between cells and clumps, black arrowheads (A6, B5, B6); cell clumps, white arrows (B3, B7); external membrane, equilateral arrowhead (B6).

Fig. 2 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 2. Upper dentition (anterior to the left) of hegetotheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A, B. "Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich, 1932)". A. MCNAM-PV 5076, left P1–M3 in occlusal view. B. MCNAM-PV 5086, right maxillary fragment with P4–M1 (reversed), in occlusal (B1) and labial (B2) views. C. "Prohegetotherium cf. P. schiaffinoi", MCNAM-PV 4982, right maxillary fragment with M1–M3 (reversed) in occlusal (C1) and labial (C2) views. D, E. Hegetotheriinae indet. D. MCNAM-PV 4185, left M1 or M2 in occlusal view. E. MCNAM-PV 4612, left P4 or M1 in occlusal view. F, G. Prosotherium garzoni Ameghino, 1897. F. MCNAM-PV 4991, right maxillary fragment with M1–M2 (reversed) in occlusal view. G. MCNAM-PV 5016, right maxillary fragment with P2–M1 (reversed) in occlusal view.

Fig. 5 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 5. Dental remains (anterior to the left, except for D) of interatheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A–K. Argyrohyrax proavus Ameghino 1897. A. MCNAM-PV 4962, right maxillary fragment with DP1–DP4–M1, occlusal view reversed). B. MCNAM-PV 4961, maxillary fragments with left C–M2 in occlusal view (B1), see erupting C in SOM 1: fig. S5A, B and right P2–M2 in occlusal view (B2). C. MCNAM-PV 4986, left maxillary fragment with M1–M2 in occlusal view. D. MCNAM-PV 4245, mandibular symphysis with broken teeth in rostral view. E. MCNAM-PV 4646, right mandibular fragment with broken dp1–p2–p3 in occlusal view. F. MCNAM-PV 5082, right mandibular fragment with p2–m1 in occlusal view. G. MCNAM-PV 4963, right mandibular fragment with dp3–p4–m2 and separated m3 in occlusal G1, G2) and lingual (G3, G4) views. H. MCNAM-PV 4308, right lower molar (unerupted m3?) in occlusal view. I. MCNAM-PV 4622, left m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. J. MCNAM-PV 4623, right m3 in occlusal view. K. MCNAM-PV 5081, left m1 or m2 (reversed) in occlusal view. L. Interatheriidae indet. MCNAM-PV 4724, right upper molar in occlusal (reversed) (L1) and opposite (L2) views.

Fig. 1 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 1. Hegetotheriid notoungulate "Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich, 1932)" from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. MCNAM-PV 5076, skull in ventral (A1, A2), dorsal (A3, A4), left lateral (A5, A6), and occipital (A7, A8) views. White and gray areas indicate well-preserved bone or teeth and broken bone or teeth respectively; black areas indicates foramina, sulci and other natural depresions while striped areas indicate matrix. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A7) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, A6, A8).

Fig. 4 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 4. Dental remains (anterior to the left) of the archaeohyracid notoungulate Archaeohyrax suniensis Billet, Patterson, and de Muizon, 2009, from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A. MCNAM-PV 4357, rostrum and palate with right P2–M3 and left P2– M2 in dorsal (A1), palatal (A2), and right lateral (reversed) (A3) views. B. MCNAM-PV 4379, palate with left DC and both series DP2–DP4–M1–M2 in occlusal view. C. MCNAM-PV 3983, right DP3 (C1) and DP4 (C2) (reversed) of the same individual in occlusal view. D. MCNAM-PV 4204, left DP4 in occlusal (D1) and posterior (D2) views. E. MCNAM-PV 4605, left mandibular fragment with remnants of c–p1 and p2–p4 in labial (E1) and occlusal E2) views. F. MCNAM-PV 4719, left mandibular fragment with p4–m3 in occlusal view. G. MCNAM-PV 4721, right mandibular fragment with m1– m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. H. MCNAM-PV 4199, left mandibular fragment with alveoli of anterior teeth and fragments of p2–p3 in occlusal view H1), and associated left m3 in occlusal-labial view (H2). I. MCNAM-PV 4231, left mandibular fragment with p3–p4 in occlusal view. J. MCNAM-PV 4608, left mandibular fragment with m1–m2 in occlusal view. K. MCNAM-PV 4794, associated right premolars (reversed), possible p2 (K1), p3 (K2), and m3 (K3).

Fig. 3 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 3. Lower dentition (anterior to the left) of hegetotheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A–F. "Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich, 1932)". A. MCNAM-PV 5076, mandible with left and right p1–m3 in occlusal (A1), ventral (A3), and left labial (A4) views, occlusal detail of left p1–m3 (A2). B. MCNAM-PV 5086, right mandibular fragment with p3–m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. C. MCNAM-PV 5018, left mandibular fragment with p4–m3 in occlusal (C1) and lingual (reversed) (C2) views. D. MCNAM-PV 5019, left mandibular fragment with p4–m3 in occlusal view. E. MCNAM-PV 5083, left mandibular fragment with p3–m3 in occlusal view. F. MCNAM-PV 5022, left mandibular fragment with p4–m2 in occlusal view. G. Hegetotheriopsis sulcatus Kramarz and Paz, 2013, MCNAM-PV 3852, left premolar (p4?) in occlusal view. H, I. Prosotherium garzoni Ameghino, 1897. H. MCNAM-PV 5017, right mandibular fragment with p4–m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. I. MCNAM-PV 4992, right mandibular fragment with p4–m1 (reversed) in occlusal view.

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Fig. 1. The acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta Brotzen, 1934. A in New cranial material of the acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta from the Lower Devonian of Podolia-phylogenetic and taxonomic significance

Fig. 1. The acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta Brotzen, 1934. A. Reconstruction of the skull roof of P. vasta based on specimen ZPALAg. V/1 from the middle Lochkovian of Vynohradne, Podolia, Ukraine. B. Reinterpretation of NRM.P.5003 from the middle Lochkovian of Dobrivlyany, Podolia, Ukraine (based on the photograph of the specimen in Stensiö 1944: pl. 1). C. Original interpretation based NRM.P.5003 (redrawn from Stensiö 1944: fig. 1, Stensiö's labels in italics). B, C, not to scale. Abbreviations: d.end.e, external opening for the endolymphatic duct; eth.sh, ethmoidal dermal capsule; ioc, infraorbital sensory line groove; lc, cephalic part of the main lateral sensory line groove; M, marginal plate; m.cr, median crest of the nuchal plate; N, nuchal plate; occ, occipital cross commissure; orb, orbit; pmc, postmarginal sensory line groove; PaN.a, anterior paranuchal plate; PaN.m, median paranuchal plate; PaN.p, posterior paranuchal plate; ppl, posterior pitline; PRM, premedian plate; PrO, preorbital plate; PtO, postorbital plate; RoNa, rostronasal capsule; soc, supraorbital sensory line groove; vdl, "probable position of a ventrally descending lamina of dermal bone which formed the posterior boundary of the ethmoidal caspule".

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Fig. 2 in New cranial material of the acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta from the Lower Devonian of Podolia-phylogenetic and taxonomic significance

Fig. 2. Incomplete skull of the acanthothoracid placoderm Palaeacanthaspis vasta Brotzen, 1934 (ZPAL Ag. V/1) from the middle Lochkovian of Vynohradne, Podolia, Ukraine, in ventral (A1), left (A3) and right (A2) lateral, dorsal (A4), and anterior (A5) views. Abbreviations: a.pop, anterior postorbital process; a.pr.br, articular facet for the dorsal elements of the branchial basket; av.myo, anteroventral myodome; c.VI, canal for the abducens nerve; c.VII, canal for the (main trunk of the) facial nerve; c.VIII, canal for the acoustic nerve; c.IX, canal for the glossopharyngeal nerve; c.pit.v, canal for the pituitary vein; c.X, canal for the vagus nerve; cc.a.g, common carotid artery groove; d.end.e, external opening for the endolymphatic duct; d.myo, dorsal myodome; e.c, cranial cavity; e.s, eyestalk; ehy+op.art, articular facet for the epihyal and opercular cartilages; f.III.1–2, foramina for the oculomotor nerves; f.IV, foramen for the trochlear nerve; f.V.1, foramen for the first branch of the trigeminal nerve; f.V.2–3, foramen for the second and third branches of the trigeminal nerve; f.VI, foramen for the abducens nerve; f.VII.hm, foramen for the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve; f.X, foramen for the vagus nerve; f.ic.a, foramen for the internal carotid artery; f.j.v, foramen for the jugular vein; f.pit.v, foramen for the pituitary vein; g.II, groove for the optic nerve; g.V.2–3, groove for the second and third branches of the trigeminal nerve; g.ac.v, groove for the anterior cerebral vein; g.eff.a, groove for the efferent artery; g.ehy.a, groove for the epihyal artery; g.ic.a, groove for the internal carotid artery; g.op.a, groove for the opercular artery; g.rn.cap, groove for the insertion of the ventral part of the rostronasal capsule; ins.rn.cap, insertion slit for the dorsolateral portion of the rostronasal caspule; ioc, infraorbital sensory line groove; lc, cephalic part of the main lateral sensory line groove; mpt.art, articulation facet for the metapterygoid; occ, occipital cross commissure; pmc, postmarginal sensory line groove; p.pop, posterior postorbital process; pfc, profundus sensory line groove; pmc, postmarginal sensory line groove; ppl, posterior pitline; pv.myo, posteroventral myodome; sac, saccula of the inner ear; soc, supraorbital sensory line groove; v.myo, ventral myodome; VII.pal.c, canal for the palatine ramus of the facial nerve.