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Figure 8 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 8 (continued on next page). Semi-schematic camera lucida drawings of a series of 10 μm half-horizontal sections through the prosoma of a fifth instar Phidippus johnsoni. In each drawing the midline or sagittal plane is shown at right. Numbers in rectangles (1-102) indicate the relative vertical position of each section in the series. These drawings illustrates the relative position of the CNS at various levels. Musculature in the plane of each section is shown in red, digestive diverticulae of the midgut in yellow. Nuclei of the unipolar neurons that surround the otherwise fibrous nerve masses are shown as small circles.

Figure 18 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 18. Oblique horizontal section through the anterior prosoma of a second instar Phidippus johnsoni. This was a 5 μm Epon section stained with Toluidine Blue, and thus very little shrinkage of structures occurred. Note the smooth pit and staircased (placed in multiple focal planes) receptors of layers I and II in the foveae of the AME, at center. The intrusive pigment at the margins of each AME eye tube is aligned with thin, membraneous structures within the clear matrix. Receptor layer I is most distinct, and nothing can be seen of receptor layers III and IV in this view.

Figure 7 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 7. Camera lucida drawings of parasagittal sections through the prosoma of Phidippus clarus at three different stages of development. Relative to body size, the CNS of the adult is relatively small. The prosoma of the adult is packed with midgut digestive diverticulae (highlighted in orange) above, below, and in front of the CNS. In the adult female, these supplement the diverticulae of the opisoma, as developing ova occupy an increasing portion of the opisomal volume. Recent studies have shown that adult and juvenile salticids have similar numbers of visual receptor cells, more tightly packed in the latter (GoteDet al. 2019). After Hill (1975, 2006).

Figure 15 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 15. Hypothetical wiring diagram depicting the connectivity of primary visual centers in the CNS of salticine jumping spiders. Based on studies of Hasarius adansoni (Nagata, Arikawa & Kinoshita 2019), Marpissa muscosa (Steinhoff et al. 2017, 2020), Phidippus (Hill 1975, 2006; Long 2016), Evarcha arcuata/Servaea vestita (Duelli 1980), and Salticus scenicus/Naphrys pulex (Oberdorfer 1977). In salticines, the unipolar receptor somata of the secondary eyes (ALE, PLE, with the possible exception of the PME) are located just outside of the respective eye cup as depicted here (Maddison & Hedin 2003). These synapse with interneurons in the highly convoluted cortex of the AL1 and PL2, and a separate, small PM1 neuropile. Secondary fibers of unipolar neurons with somata in the cortex of the CNS connect these to either the glomerular synapses (lame glomerulee) of the corpora pedunculata (with separate but adjacent AL2 and PL2 lobes as shown here), or to a less structured lateral neuropile (lenp, lateral eye neuropile). The bipolar sensory cells surrounding the retinal layers of the AME send a distal receptor process into the retina, and a proximal axon within the AME optic nerve, terminating in the synapses of the highly-structured AM1. Interneurons connect these to a less-structured, posterior neuropile (AM2). Heavy vertical bars at left indicate where fiber tracts continue into other parts of the CNS. Small neuropiles (PLx and ALx) connecting receptors of the respective lateral eyes to a lateral fiber tract may be either primary (as depicted here) or secondary. The PLx neuropile has only been documented in Marpissa (Steinhoff et al. 2017, 2019).

Figure 4 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 4. Camera lucida drawing of a parasagittal section through the prosoma of a second instar (emergent) Phidippus clarus. 1, At this stage, the CNS occupies nearly the entire medial volume of the prosoma. 2, Detail of inset from (1) showing a cluster of large neuron cell bodies in the cortex of the third and fourth leg ganglia, surrounded by smaller neurons. After Hill (1975, 2006).

Figure 14 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 14. Semi-schematic diagram of primary visual centers in the CNS of Phidippus (after Hill 1975, 2006). Dorsal view of the left side, based on examination of serial silver and Masson Trichrome sections. The first link between information received by the lateral eyes and the anterior medial eyes is in the protocerebrum. The solid black bars indicate groups of fibers entering the protocerebrum. Fibers leading from the primary neuropiles of the lateral eyes (AL1 and PL1) lead to either the synaptic layer (lame glomerulee) of the corpus pedunculatus (pedunculate body), or to the lateral eye neuropile and lateral eye tract. Large, distinctive fibers of the primary neuropile of the posterior medial eyes (PM1) join similar fibers originating with a small neuropile (ALx) associated with the primary neuropile of the anterior lateral eye (AL1). These large fibers enter the protocerebrum as a distinctive tract (lft). Several important groups of neuron somata are shown. A bridge (fiber tract) connects the left and right corpora pedunculata. See Figure 15 for a more current view.

Figure 3 in Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 3. Semi-schematic dorsal views of the CNS of a fifth instar Phidippus clarus, based on reconstruction from serial sections. 1, Protocerebrum and eyes (shown in section). Areas containing cell bodies of retinal photoreceptors are shown in purple. The tiered retinae of the AME are shaded in green. The optic nerve (on) associated with each eye leads to a respective first neuropile, where sensory neurons synapse with interneurons. For the lateral eyes, these neuropiles are folded or convoluted, increasing the surface area available for synapses. Neuropile I of each AME includes two concentric lobes, shown at center. 2, Preoral rostral and postoral segmental ganglia. The rigid esophagus (not shown) is surrounded by two lateral esophageal nerves, and a dorsal recurrent nerve, all orginating from the preoral rostral ganglion. In addition to the primary segmental nerves, each prosomal segment is associated with a small dorsal nerve (dn), and a postero-dorsal nerve (pdn) that joins the dorsal nerve of the next, posterior segment. After Hill (1975, 2006).

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Figure 4. Male Colonus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1901 in The Ecuadorean jumping spiders of Andreas Kay (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 4. Male Colonus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1901 (Tribe Gophonini) representing two different species. See Hill (2018) for information about this widely-distributed genus.

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Figure 1 in The Ecuadorean jumping spiders of Andreas Kay (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 1. Geography of Ecuador. 1, Equatorial position of Ecuador in northwestern South America (inset). 2, Major geographic regions of Ecuador. Tropical (evergreen) forest can be found in the ChocoCand Amazon Regions, separated by the high Andes. Many transitional ecoregions have also been identified (Hazzi et al. 2018; Noh et al. 2020). Map credits: 1, © Uwe Dedering, used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) license; 2, Public Domain.

Figure 7 in Spiders that prey on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 7. Wandering spiders preying on salticids. 1-3, Eutichurid spider of the genus Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch 1839 preying on a female salticid of the genus Epeus, in her nest. 4-6, Corinnid of the genus Corinnomma Karsch 1880 feeding on an adult male salticid, Myrmarachne plataleoides. 7, Corinnomma feeding on a salticid of the genus Asemonea O. Pickard- Cambridge 1869. Photo credits: 1-3, 7, Abhijith A. P. C.; 4-6, M. Jithesh Pai.

Figure 6 in Spiders that prey on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 6. Spiders preying on salticid spiders. 1, Thomisid spider of the genus Thomisus feeding on a female

Figure 2 in Spiders that prey on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 2. Theridiids of the genus Ariamnes feeding on various arthropods. 1, Feeding on another Ariamnes. 2, Feeding on a sparassid spider of the genus Gnathopalystes Rainbow 1899. 3, Feeding on a Green Tree Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina. 4, Feeding on a tetragnathid of the genus Leucauge White 1841. 5, Feeding on a tetragnathid of the genus Tetragnatha Latreille 1804. 6, Feeding on a thomisid of the genus Thomisus Walckenaer 1805. Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 2 in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 2 (continued on next page). Views of an adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura tending a series of broods within her nest. Broods, each comprised of 5-9 eggs or young, with either unhatched eggs (A), hatching eggs (B), hatched but undeveloped young or first instars (C), or mobile early second instars prior to emergence (D).

Figure 2 in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 2 (continued from previous page). Views of an adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura tending a series of broods within her nest.

Figure 4 in Spiders that prey on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 4. Theridiid spiders feeding on other spiders. 1-2, Rhomphaea feeding on a captured araneid spider of the genus Eriovixia Archer 1951. 3-4, Rhomphaea with a captured tetragnathid spider, Leucauge fastigata (Simon 1877). 5, Kleptoparasitic theridiid of the genus Argyrodes Simon 1864 that has been feeding on a salticid (below). Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 8 in Spiders that prey on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 8. Female oxyopid spider of the genus Hamadruas Deeleman-Reinhold 2009 feeding on a penultimate male salticid of the genus Hyllus. Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 10. Adult female Carrhotus viduus near Green Tree Ants. 1, Watching a in Ant associations of the jumping spider Carrhotus viduus in Karnataka, India (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticini)

Figure 10. Adult female Carrhotus viduus near Green Tree Ants. 1, Watching a column of ants at a distance.

Figure 9 in Ant associations of the jumping spider Carrhotus viduus in Karnataka, India (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticini)

Figure 9. Nests of Carrhotus viduus near a colony of Green Tree Ants. 1-3, Three views of Carrhotus nest containing pre-emergent second instar C. viduus. 4, Tape measure (20 inch extension) to indicate scale (nest shown by arrow at lower left). 5, Carrhotus (arrow) and nest (C) near Green Tree Ants (upper right). Note the nearby Myrmarachne plataleoides (O. Pickard Cambridge 1869) nests (M). M. plataleoides is a wellknown mimic of the Green Tree Ant. 6, Detail from (5), showing a male M. plataleoides tending to a female in her shelter (M, lower right). Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 8 in Ant associations of the jumping spider Carrhotus viduus in Karnataka, India (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticini)

Figure 8. Carrhotus viduus near Green Tree Ants as they tend aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) on Capsicum. Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

Figure 5 in Ant associations of the jumping spider Carrhotus viduus in Karnataka, India (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticini)

Figure 5. Association of Carrhotus viduus with an active colony of Green Tree Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina). 1, Immature C. viduus at upper left, near ant nest at upper right. 2-3, Two views of a C. viduus shelter (upper right) near Green Tree Ants. 4, Another C. viduus shelter (upper left) near Green Tree ants. Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.