Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

A Systematic Mapping of the Classification of Open Educational Resources for Computer Science Education in Digital Sources (Data)

Data from a Systematic Mapping of the classification of Open Educational Resources for Computer Science Education. Content: <ul> <li>Studies selected</li> <li>Digital sources used to classify Open Educational Resources for Computer Science Education</li> <li>Computer Science domains explored by Open Educational Resources</li> <li>Approaches for the classification of Open Educational Resources for Computer Science Education</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

DIALLS Dataset of evaluations of Open Educational Resources – The Cultural Literacy Learning Programme resources

This dataset was used to support the development of the DIALLS project’s (Dialogue and Argumentation for cultural Literacy Learning in Schools, www.dialls2020.eu/) teaching and learning materials as open access online educational resources (OER). It consists of quantitative data (i) evaluating the three OER (i.e., professional development (PD) materials, lesson plans (LP), Scale of Progression for Cultural Literacy Learning (SPCLL)) and (ii) assessing the discussion forum as a platform for building a DIALLS community of practice.  N = 140 teachers from Germany, UK, Portugal, and Israel participated in the surveys over the course of six months (September 2020 to February 2021).  For each country, there are four datasets from the surveys. For data collection, the surveys have been translated into the partner countries’ language, open feedback is translated from the respective languages and now in English (i.e., Translation from German, English, Portuguese, Hebrew).  Based on Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick’s (2006) evaluation model and the Value Creation Framework (VCF) (Wenger et al., 2011), the surveys have been developed and the discussion forum designed. From this, items regarding the materials’ application, content, design, and value were included in the assessment of the quality of PD materials, lesson plans, and SPCLL. The quality of the discussion forum was assessed regarding its motivation, participation, topic, and value.  Considering the context, the dataset is relevant to the following areas of research: Communities of Practice, OER, Teachers’ professional development.  The dataset is organised in 1 file (merged quantitative data from all four surveys and all four partners). A detailed description of the dataset can be accessed in a PDF file. Further, the provided codebook in the "variable view window" in SPSS explains the variables and values.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Data from: Seasonality of floral resources in relation to bee activity in agroecosystems

The contribution of wild insects to crop pollination is becoming increasingly important as global demand for crops dependent on animal pollination increases. If wild insect populations are to persist in agricultural landscapes, there must be sufficient resources over time and space. The temporal, within‐season component of floral resource availability has rarely been investigated, despite growing recognition of its likely importance for pollinator populations. Here, we examined the visitation rates of common bee genera and the spatiotemporal availability of floral resources in agroecosystems over one season to determine whether local wild bee activity was limited by landscape floral resource abundance, and if so, whether it was limited by the present or past abundance of landscape floral resources. Visitation rates and landscape floral resources were measured in 27 agricultural sites in Ontario and Québec, Canada, across four time periods and three spatial scales. Floral resources were determined based on species‐specific floral volume measurements, which we found to be highly correlated with published measurements of nectar sugar mass and pollen volume. Total floral volume at varying spatial scales predicted visits for commonly observed bee genera. We found Lasioglossum and Halictus visits were highest in landscapes that provided either a stable or increasing amount of floral resources over the season. Andrena visits were highest in landscapes with high floral resources at the start of the season, and Bombus visits appeared to be positively related to greater cumulative seasonal abundance of floral resources. These findings together suggest the importance of early‐season floral resources to bees. Megachile visits were negatively associated with the present abundance of floral resources, perhaps reflecting pollinator movement or dilution. Our research provides insight into how seasonal fluctuations in floral resources affect bee activity and how life history traits of bee genera influence their responses to food availability within agroecosystems.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Fraxinus excelsior genotype data for "Genetic resources of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Poland"

The data set contains microsatellite genotypes (3 chloroplast + 10 nuclear loci) of Fraxinus excelsior trees, together with the information about sampling sites.

opencc-by-sa-3.0Oct 2022View details →

The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2e: streamflow calibration and evaluation data basis

The data collection covers the streamflow data used for calibrating and validating the global water use and availability model WaterGAP v2.2e. The collection is a result of a data selection, assessment and merge effort from three data sources (GRDC, GSIM, ADHI) for in total 1509 stations. The stations are co-registered to the DDM30 (Döll & Lehner 2002) according their best hydrological fit. Please see the readme.md for details. Version 1.1 contains now the shapefiles as a zip instead single files which makes downlad more convenient.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data from: Resource availability affects seasonal trajectories of population-level learning

Environmental effects on learning are well known, such as cognition that is mediated by nutritional consumption. Less known is how seasonally variable environments affect phenological trajectories of learning. Here, we test the hypothesis that nutritional availability affects seasonal trajectories of population-level learning in species with developmentally plastic cognition. We test this in bumble bees (Apidae: Bombus), a clade of eusocial insects that produce individuals at different time points across their reproductive season and exhibit organ developmental plasticity in response to nutritional consumption. To accomplish this, we develop a theoretical model that simulates learning development across a reproductive season for a colony parameterized with observed life history data. Our model finds two qualitative seasonal trajectories of learning: (1) an increase in learning across the season and (2) no change in learning across the season. We also find these two qualitative trajectories revealed by empirical learning data; the proportion of workers successfully completing a learning test increases across a season for two bumble bee species (Bombus auricomus, Bombus pensylvanicus), but does not change for another three (Bombus bimaculatus, Bombus griseocollis, Bombus impatiens). This study supports the novel consideration that resources affect seasonal trajectories of population-level learning in species with developmentally plastic cognition.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Data for "Resource use divergence facilitates the evolution of secondary syntopy in a continental radiation of songbirds (Meliphagoidea): insights from unbiased co-occurrence analyses"

These two files contain data needed to replicate analyses in the associated article. AUTHOR of data files: Vladimir Remes CONTACT: vlad.remes/at/gmail,com AUTHORS of the article: V. Remes, L. Harmackova DATE CREATED: 8 November 2022 ARTICLE: published in Ecography   The file named "data_syntopy.xlsx" has two sheets: "data": contains the data "legend": contains explanations of data columns The file was saved in MS Excel for Mac 16.65. The file named "tree_Mel.tre" is the phylogenetic tree in the parenthetic format used for the analyses. It has been pruned from the tree published by Marki et al. (2017) Mol Phyl Evol 107, 516–529. It was saved using the write.nexus function from the "ape" package for R software.

Lianas have a faster resource acquisition strategy than trees: belowground evidence from root traits, phylogeny, and the root economics space

1. The competitive advantage of lianas over trees has been widely documented in studies of their leaf functional traits across diverse habitats; however, the relative contribution of root functional traits to the competitive superiority of lianas over trees has not yet been evaluated. The aim of this study was to explore the root functional traits, phylogenetic structure of these traits, and root trait dimensions of lianas to clarify why lianas can outperform trees. 2. We sampled 69 liana species from tropical and temperate forests in China and measured nine key functional traits of first-order roots of each species, including morphological, architectural, anatomical, and chemical traits, as well as the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. Data on these traits were then compared with similar data of 127 tree species from the same biome obtained from the Global Root Traits (GRooT) database and our previous studies. 3. Liana roots had lower construction costs and could acquire resources more rapidly compared with tree roots. Significant differences were observed in most tree root traits between tropical and temperate sites. However, no significant differences were observed in any of the liana root traits between tropical and temperate sites, apart from the root branching ratio. 4. Lianas showed much weaker phylogenetic conservatism in their root traits than trees when species were pooled across sites. Phylogenetic constraint was lower for nearly all root traits of both temperate lianas and trees compared with those of tropical lianas and trees. 5. The root economics space of lianas and trees had two orthogonal dimensions with "conservation" and "collaboration" axes. However, lianas occupied the trait space with higher root nitrogen concentration and greater specific root length, showing "fast" resource acquisition strategy, while trees placed opposite space and exhibited relatively "slow" strategy. 6. Synthesis. The ability of lianas to outcompete trees in harsh environments might be explained by their faster resource acquisition strategy and the lower phylogenetic constraint in root traits. Generally, lianas might play an increasingly important role in the structure and function of forest ecosystems in the future with ongoing habitat fragmentation and climate change.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Strategies for and Barriers to Collaboratively Developing Anti-racist Policies and Resources as Described by Geoscientists of Color Participating in the Unlearning Racism in Geoscience (URGE) Program

The Unlearning Racism in Geosciences (URGE) program guides groups of geoscientists as they draft, implement, and assess anti-racist policies and resources for their workplace. Some participating Geoscientists of Color (GoC) shared concerns about microaggression, tokenism, and power struggles within their groups. These reports led us to collect and analyze data that describe the experiences of GoC in URGE. The data are from five discussion groups and two surveys. Our analyses revealed that participating GoC want to continue working with White colleagues on anti-racist work. GoC want White colleagues not to shy away from doing anti-racist work. Instead, GoC want White colleagues (1) to create and adhere to robust behavioral codes of conduct, (2) to focus discussions on anti-racism, (3) to act on anti-racism initiatives, (4) not to prompt GoC to educate them or reveal trauma, and (5) to refrain from microaggressions and tokenism. These desired outcomes were achieved in some groups with varying degrees of success. Correcting a history of mistrust relating to racism and anti-racism action is key to implementing and assessing effective anti-racist policies and resources. This requires leadership support, following through on anti-racism action, and deepening relationships between GoC and White colleagues. Future anti-racist programs should spend a substantial amount of time on and demonstrate the importance of training participants how to discuss racism effectively and how to create and adhere to robust behavioral codes of conduct. Future programs should also explore developing a robust program-wide code of conduct that includes a policy for reporting offenses.

Efficient Real-Time Selective Genome Sequencing on Resource-Constrained Devices

This dataset contains the curated nanopore raw signal data in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-01147-4">BLOW5 format </a>used to benchmark <a href="https://github.com/beebdev/HARU/">Hardware Accelerated Read Until (HARU)</a>. This dataset was created by using the publicly available datasets: <a href="https://community.artic.network/t/links-to-raw-fast5-fastq-data-for-artic-protocol/17">SARS-CoV-2 SP1</a> (1.382M reads) and <a href="https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/SRX11368475">NA12878 PromethION subset</a> (500,000 reads). The tarball when extracted will have the following directory structure: haru-data ├── na12878-rfc1 │   ├── blow5-rawsignal │   │   ├── na12878_dna_0.blow5 │   │   ├── na12878_dna_100.blow5 │   │   ├── na12878_dna_101.blow5 │   │   ├── na12878_dna_102.blow5 │   │   ├── ... │   └── reference │       └── rfc1.fa └── SARS-CoV-2-sp1     ├── blow5-rawsignal     │   ├── readgroup0     │   │   ├── reads_0_0.blow5     │   │   ├── reads_0_10.blow5     │   │   ├── reads_0_11.blow5     │   │   ├── reads_0_12.blow5     │   │   ├── ...     │   └── readgroup1     │       ├── reads_1_0.blow5     │       ├── reads_1_10.blow5     │       ├── reads_1_11.blow5     │       ├── ....     └── reference         └── nCoV-2019.reference.fasta nCoV-2019.reference.fasta is the SARS-CoV-2 MN908947.3 reference genome. rfc1.fa is the genomic region hr4:39262456-39391375 extracted from hg38 human genome.

Data for: Determinants of resource use in lizard assemblages from the Neotropical semiarid Caatinga

Non-sessile animals could partition the use of resources in different axes, reducing the effects of competition and allowing coexistence. Here, we investigated the spatial and trophic niche dimensions in four lizard assemblages in the Neotropical semiarid Caatinga to investigate the determinants of resource use and the extent which lizards partition their niches. We sampled each lizard assemblage once, for ten days, in the dry season of 2017 and 2018. In two lizard assemblages, we detected non-random niche overlap patterns that were higher or lower than expected by chance. The high niche overlap patterns suggests that either there is intense current competition for available microhabitats or an abundance of microhabitats. The lower niche overlap may be influenced by the presence of species adapted to sandy habitats (psamophilous), suggesting that spatial partitioning detected has historical basis, which is supported by the pPCA results and by the lack of patterns in the realized niche distribution of species across niche space. We detected trophic niche partitioning in three lizard assemblages. In one assemblage, we discovered random spatial and trophic niche overlap patterns, revealing that competition is not a determining factor in the structure of that assemblage. In fact, phylogenetic effects were predominantly the main determinants of resource use in the four studied lizard assemblages. Arid and semiarid habitats cover about one third of land surface of the world. Comparisons between our findings and those from other regions of the world may aid identify general trends in the lizard ecology of dry environments.

Data for the article: Coupling of leaf elemental traits with root fungal community composition reveals a plant resource acquisition strategy in a desert ecosystem

Purpose: Plant-associated microbes enhance nutrient access and stress tolerance of the host species, and therefore, are crucial for plant traits and resource strategies. However, the links between aboveground plant traits and belowground microbes related to plant resource strategies under stressful conditions remain poorly understood. Methods: We tested the relationships between leaf traits linked to water (carbon isotopic composition, δ13C) and nutrient use (elemental concentrations and stoichiometry) with microbial compositions in roots and rhizospheres of two dominant species (Artemisia ordosica and Leymus secalinus) in the Mu Us Desert, northern China. Results: L. secalinus exhibited higher Mg and Mn concentrations, N:P ratios, stoichiometric flexibility, and root fungi:bacteria ratios, but lower foliar K and Ca concentrations and δ13C values than A. ordosica. The leaf N:P of L. secalinus increased with the root fungi:bacteria ratios, whereas the leaf N:P of A. ordosica decreased with the root fungi:bacteria ratios. The plant elemental levels (P, N, K, Ca, Mn, and δ13C) of L. secalinus but not A. ordosica were significantly related to their root fungal composition. Additionally, the random forest model identified four key fungal families in predicting leaf elemental traits for both plant species. Conclusion: The results suggested tight coupling and coordination between leaf elemental traits and root microbial compositions (especially fungal communities) related to plant resource acquisition strategies. By regulating aboveground and belowground feedback loops through trait flexibility and root microbial compositions, the studied plant species can sustain their resource strategies under stressful environmental conditions.

Fluctuations in resource availability shape the competitive balance among non-native plant species

Fluctuating resource availability plays a critical role in determining non-native plant invasions by mediating the competitive balance between non-native and native species. However, the impact of fluctuating resource availability on interactions among non-native species remains largely unknown. This represents a barrier to understanding invasion mechanisms, particularly in habitats that harbor multiple non-native species with different responses to fluctuating resource availability. To examine the responses of non-native plant species to nutrient fluctuations, we compared the growth of each of 12 non-native species found to be common in local natural areas to nutrients supplied at a constant rate or supplied as a single large pulse in a pot experiment. We found that seven species produced more biomass with pulsed nutrients compared to constant nutrients (hereafter 'benefitting species'), while the other five species did not differ between nutrient enrichment treatments (hereafter 'non-benefitting species'). To investigate how nutrient fluctuations influence the interactions among non-native plant species, we established experimental non-native communities in the field with two benefitting and two non-benefitting non-native species. Compared with constant nutrient supply, the single large pulse of nutrients did not influence community biomass, but strongly increased the biomass and cover of the benefitting species and decreased those of the non-benefitting species. Furthermore, the benefitting species had higher leaf N content and greater plant height when nutrients were supplied as a single large pulse than at a constant rate, whereas the non-benefitting species showed no differences in leaf N content and were shorter when nutrients were supplied as a single large pulse than at a constant rate. Our results add to the growing evidence that the individual responses of non-native species to nutrient fluctuation are species-specific. More importantly, benefitting species were favored by nutrients coming in a pulse, while non-benefitting ones were favored by nutrients coming constantly when they grew together. This suggests that nutrient fluctuations can mediate the competitive balance among non-native plants and may thus determine their invasion success in a community harbouring multiple non-native plant species.

Data for: A new GTSeq resource to facilitate multijurisdictional research and management of walleye Sander vitreus

Conservation and management professionals often work across jurisdictional boundaries to identify broad ecological patterns. These collaborations help to protect populations whose distributions span political borders. One common limitation to multijurisdictional collaboration is consistency in data recording and reporting. This limitation can impact genetic research which relies on data about specific markers in an organism's genome. Incomplete overlap of markers between separate studies can prevent direct comparisons of results. Standardized marker panels can reduce the impact of this issue and provide a common starting place for new research. Genotyping-in-thousands (GTSeq) is one approach used to create standardized marker panels for non-model organisms. Here we describe the development, optimization, and early assessments of a new GTSeq panel for use with walleye (Sander vitreus) from the Great Lakes region of North America. High genome-coverage sequencing conducted using RAD-capture provided genotypes for thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). From these markers, SNP and microhaplotype markers were chosen that were informative for genetic stock identification (GSI) and kinship analysis. The final GTSeq panel contained 500 markers, including 197 microhaplotypes and 303 SNPs. Leave-one-out GSI simulations indicated that GSI accuracy should be greater than 80% in most jurisdictions. The false positive rates of parent-offspring and full-sibling kinship identification was found to be low. Finally, genotypes could be consistently scored among separate sequencing runs >94% of the time. Results indicate that the GTSeq panel that we developed should perform well for multijurisdictional walleye research throughout the Great Lakes region.

Male diversity matters: Genetic structuring of insular male date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) revealed valuable breeding and conservation resources

Most male date palms available for pollinating different female cultivars have mainly originated from seed propagation resulting in many different local males that represent a source of genetic diversity. Favorable fruit production is related to quality of pollen and its compatibility with a certain female variety. Therefore, the genetic characterization of the male pollen as a superior one for each female cultivar should be the first step to establish an intensive program to produce superior males through different procedures. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 72 male date palm accessions were investigated using 15 microsatellite loci. A total number of 125 alleles was detected with an average of 8.33 alleles per locus. Bayesian model-based clustering analysis indicated the presence of two differentiated endemic male date palm genetic clusters, continental and insular, with the presence of introduced accessions originating from the Middle East. The diversity analysis in the insular region of Tunisia, which had never been performed before, revealed that this germplasm enclosed valuable endemic resources supporting the hypothesis of the presence of wild material. These findings are crucial for identifying interesting genotypes that can be integrated into international coordinated actions of Phoenix dactylifera L. breeding programs as well as for the protection and conservation of valuable resources.

Resource competition drives an invasion-replacement event among shrew species on an island

Invasive mammals are responsible for the majority of native species' extinctions on islands. While most of these extinction events will be due to novel interactions between species (e.g. exotic predators and naive prey), it is more unusual to find incidences where a newly invasive species cause the decline/extinction of a native species on an island when they normally coexist elsewhere in their overlapping mainland ranges. We investigated if resource competition between two insectivorous small mammals was playing a significant role in the rapid replacement of the native pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus) in the presence of the recently invading greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula) on the island of Ireland. We used DNA metabarcoding of gut contents from >300 individuals of both species to determine each species' diet and measured the body size (weight and length) during different stages of the invasion in Ireland (before, during, and after the species come into contact with one another) and on a French island where both species have long coexisted (acting as a natural 'control' site). Dietary composition, niche width, and overlap, and body size were compared in these different stages. The body size of the invasive C. russula and the composition of its diet change between when it first invades an area and after it becomes established. During the initial stages of the invasion, individual shrews are larger and consume larger-sized invertebrate prey species. During the later stages of the invasion, C. russula switch to consuming smaller prey taxa that are more essential for the native species. As a result, the level of interspecific dietary overlap increases from between 11–14% when they first come into contact with each other to between 39–46% after the invasion. Here we show that an invasive species can quickly alter its dietary niche in a new environment, ultimately causing the replacement of a native species. In addition, the invasive shrew could also be potentially exhausting the local resources of larger invertebrate species. These subsequent changes in terrestrial invertebrate communities could have severe impacts further downstream on ecosystem functioning and services.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Data from: Temporal change in floral availability leads to periods of resource limitation and affects diet specificity in a generalist pollinator

Generalist species are core components of ecological networks and crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity. Generalised species and networks are expected to be more resilient, therefore understanding the dynamics of specialisation and generalisation in ecological networks is a key focus in a time of rapid global climate change. Whilst diet generalisation is frequently studied, our understanding of how it changes over time is limited. We explore temporal variation in diet specificity in the honeybee (Apis mellifera), using pollen DNA metabarcoding of honey samples, through the foraging season, over two years. We find that overall, honeybees are generalists that visit a wide range of plants, but there is temporal variation in the degree of specialisation. Temporal specialisation of honeybee colonies corresponds to periods of resource limitation, identified as a lack of honey stores. Honeybees experience a lack of preferred resources in June when switching from flowering trees in spring to shrubs and herbs in summer. Investigating temporal patterns in specialisation can identify periods of resource limitation that may lead to species and network vulnerability. Diet specificity must therefore be explored at different temporal scales in order to fully understand species and network stability in the face of ecological change.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Space resource utilization of dominant species integrates abundance- and functional-based processes for better predictions of plant diversity dynamics

Sustainable ecosystem management relies on our ability to predict changes in plant diversity and to understand the underlying mechanisms. Empirical evidence demonstrates that abundance- and functional-based processes simultaneously explain the loss of plant diversity in response to human activities. Recently, a novel indicator based on percent cover (CoverD) and maximum height (HeightD) of the dominant plant species – Space Resource Utilization (SRUD) – has proven to give robust and better predictions of plant diversity dynamics than community biomass. Whether the superior predictive ability of SRUD is due to its capacity to simultaneously capture abundance- and functional-based processes remains unknown. Here, we tested this hypothesis by quantifying mechanistic links between changes in SRUD and biodiversity in response to nutrients and herbivores. Furthermore, we assessed the relative contribution of dominant, intermediate, and rare species to reduced density of individuals by combining null model analysis with field experiments. We found that SRUD successfully captured changes in ground-level light availability and changes in the number of individuals to predict plant diversity dynamics, and each of CoverD and HeightD partly and independently contributed to both processes. Comparative results from null model analysis and field experiments confirmed that individual losses of dominant, intermediate, and rare species followed non-random processes. Specifically, compared with random loss process, rare species lost proportionally more individuals and thus disproportionately contributed to species loss, while dominant and intermediate species lost less. Our results demonstrate that SRUD captures both abundance- and functional-based processes thus explaining why SRUD provides more accurate predictions of changes in species diversity. Given that rare species can play an important role in shaping community structure, resisting against invasion, impacting higher trophic levels, and providing multiple ecosystem functions, reducing the SRU of dominant species could alleviate the risk of exclusion of rare species by mitigating abundance- and functional-based competition processes.

opencc-by-4.0May 2019View details →

Data sources for the manuscript on groundwater stress indicators published in Water Resources Research

We computed seven global-scale groundwater stress indicators at the 0.5° grid-cell level and for transboundary aquifers> 20,000 km². All indicators were calculated for current conditions (1981-2010 or 2001-2010) based on a homogenized version of the concatenated WATCH Forcing Data ERA-40 (WFD) and WFD ERA-Interim data sets (WFDEI). In addition, four of the indicators were computed for the 2050s (2041-2070) under the worst-case greenhouse gas emissions scenario RCP8.5 applying ten climate and irrigation scenarios. The scenarios were derived by combining two irrigation scenarios (“AAI constant” and “AAI LandSHIFT”) with model output from the five global climate models GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2 -ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, and NorESM1-M. Here, we provide the WaterGAP model output used to compute the groundwater stress indicators. A description of the indicators and the underlying data can be found in the reference below. Moreover, a table with coordinates and grid-cell area [km²] used in WaterGAP is provided for the conversion of units. The model output comprises: 1. Monthly groundwater recharge (GWR and GWRswb) 1981-2010 and 2041-2070 [mm/month, km³/month] 2. Monthly groundwater withdrawals (WWg) 1981-2010 (constWU, transWU) and 2041-2070 (constWU) [m³/month] 3. Monthly net abstractions from groundwater (NAg) 1981-2010 (constWU, transWU) and 2041-2070 (constWU) [m³/month] 4. Monthly groundwater discharge (“gwrunoff”) 2001-2010 from a model run with human water use (transWU) [mm/month] 5. Monthly groundwater discharge (“gwrunoff”) 2001-2010 from a model run without human water use (NAT) [mm/month] 6. Monthly groundwater storage 2001-2010 from a model run with human water use (transWU) [mm] 7. Monthly groundwater storage 2001-2010 from a model run without human water use (NAT) [mm]