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5,794 results for “exposures”
Association Between Air Pollution Exposure and Respiratory Function Decline in Urban Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
<p>In our cross-sectional study examining the association between air pollution exposure and respiratory function decline in urban adults, we found compelling evidence of a significant relationship. Over a span of six months, we assessed respiratory function using spirometry measurements among 500 participants living in densely populated urban areas with varying levels of air pollution. Our results indicate a clear correlation between higher levels of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide exposure and decreased lung function parameters, such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). These findings underscore the critical impact of urban air quality on respiratory health, emphasizing the need for stringent air quality regulations and public health interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution on urban populations' respiratory well-being.</p>
Data from the exposure of M.tuberculosis H37Rv to usnic acid
<p>Metabolomic and transcriptomic data were collected after Mycobacterium tuberfculosis H37Rv exposure to usnic acid (<span>512 μg/mL) for </span>24h. Data were collected from test and control cultures. In metabolomic experiment the whole cells and extracellular fractions were analysed and lipids were annotated.</p>
CONTAM Project Files and Exposure Data for An In Silico Investigation of Activity-Related Physical, Chemical, and Biological Pollutant Exposure in Basements Using CONTAM
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Supplementary tables for the paper: "Comprehensive computational analysis via Adverse Outcome Pathways and Aggregate Exposure Pathways in exploring synergistic effects from radon and tobacco smoke on lung cancer."
<p><strong>Authors</strong>:<br>Thomas Jaylet, Vinita Chauhan, Laura Mezquita, <em>Nadia Boroumand</em><em>, </em>Olivier Laurent, <em>Karine Elihn</em><em>, Lovisa Lundholm</em><em>, </em>Olivier Armant, Karine Audouze</p>
Input data for the exposure assessment case study on air pollution and noise for the province of Utrecht, the Netherlands
<p>Input datasets for the case study described in the manuscript "A computational framework for agent-based assessment of multiple environmental exposures".<br>Use the free 7-Zip to uncompress. Uncompressed size ca 103 GiB.</p> <p>The datasets are licensed under a Creative Commons license (CC-BY 4.0). Contact: o.schmitz@uu.nl</p>
Inter-Chemical Correlation results for the study: HHEARx2017-2121 (The Dynamics of Exposure, Phthalates and Asthma in a Randomized Trial (DEPART))
Title: The Dynamics of Exposure, Phthalates and Asthma in a Randomized Trial (DEPART) <br>Species: Homo sapiens <br>Number of samples: 281 <br>Number of named analytes: 30 <br>Datasource url: https://hheardatacenter.mssm.edu/PublicFile/ViewPublicFile?projectid=41 <br>
D1.3 - Map and report of baseline exposure and vulnerability
<p>This document primarily describes the methodology and summarises the results and conclusions of Task 1.3 – Mapping of coastal cities exposure and vulnerability to climate effects and sea level rise. Itis part of the work included in WP1, whose final objective is to produce a high-level baseline risk map of extreme climate impacts and sea-level rise based on a semi-quantitative assessment of exposure and vulnerability for the ten CCLLs.</p>
Inter-Chemical Correlation results for the study: HHEARx2016-1431 (Sex-Specific Omics Profiles Related to Toxicant Exposures in Children)
Title: Sex-Specific Omics Profiles Related to Toxicant Exposures in Children <br>Species: Homo sapiens <br>Number of samples: 887 <br>Number of named analytes: 8 <br>Datasource url: https://hheardatacenter.mssm.edu/PublicFile/ViewPublicFile?projectid=4 <br>
Data from: Effects of prior exposure to antibiotics on bacterial adaptation to phages
Understanding adaptation to complex environments requires information about how exposure to one selection pressure affects adaptation to others. For bacteria, antibiotics and viral parasites (phages) are two of the most common selection pressures and are both relevant for treatment of bacterial infections: increasing antibiotic resistance is generating significant interest in using phages in addition or as an alternative to antibiotics. However, we lack knowledge of how exposure to antibiotics affects bacterial responses to phages. Specifically, it is unclear how the negative effects of antibiotics on bacterial population growth combine with any possible mutagenic effects or physiological responses to influence adaptation to other stressors such as phages, and how this net effect varies with antibiotic concentration. Here, we experimentally addressed the effect of pre-exposure to a wide range of antibiotic concentrations on bacterial responses to phages. Across 10 antibiotics, we found a strong association between their effects on bacterial population size and subsequent population growth in the presence of phages (which in these conditions indicates phage-resistance evolution). We detected some evidence of mutagenesis among populations treated with fluoroquinolones, quinolones and β-lactams at sub-lethal doses, but these effects were small and not consistent across phage treatments. These results show that, although stressors such as antibiotics can boost adaptation to other stressors at low concentrations, these effects are weak compared to the effect of reduced population growth at inhibitory concentrations, which in our experiments strongly reduced the likelihood of subsequent phage-resistance evolution.
Association of Cataract and Sun Exposure in geographically diverse populations of India: The CASE study. First Report of the ICMR-EYE SEE Study Group
<p><b>Purpose:</b> To determine the prevalence of cataract and its association with sun exposure and other environmental risk factors in three different geographically diverse populations of India.</p> <p><b>Design:</b> Population based cross sectional study during 2010-2016</p> <p><b>Participants:</b> People aged <u>></u> 40 years residing in randomly sampled villages were enumerated (12021) and 9735 (81%) underwent ophthalmic evaluation from plains, hilly and coastal regions (3595, 3231, 2909 respectively)</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> A detailed questionnaire-based interview about outdoor activity in present, past and remote past, usage of sun protective measures, exposure to smoke, and detailed ophthalmic examination including assessment of uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity, measurement of intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination, lens opacities categorization using LOCS III and posterior segment evaluation was done. Lifetime effective sun exposure was calculated using Melbourne formula and expressed as quantiles. These were supplemented with physical environmental measurements.</p> <p><b>Main outcome measures: </b>Lifetime sun exposure hours, smoking, indoor kitchen smoke exposure and their association with cataract and subtypes. Prevalence of cataract calculated based on lens opacities or evidence of cataract surgery.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Cataract was identified in 3231 (33.3%) participants. Prevalence of cataract in males (32.3%) and females (34.1%) was similar. Nuclear cataract was the commonest sub-type identified in 94.7% of affected eyes. Sun exposure had a significant association with cataract with odds ratio (OR) increasing from 1.6 (95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 1.4, 1.9) in 3<sup>rd</sup> quantile, to 2.6 (CI: 2.2, 3.1) in 4<sup>th</sup> quantile and 9.4 (CI: 7.9, 11.2) in 5<sup>th</sup> quantile (p<0.0001). Cataract also showed a significant association with smoking (OR: 1.4, CI: 1.2, 1.6) and indoor kitchen smoke exposure (OR: 1.2, CI: 1.0-1.4). Nuclear cataract showed a positive association with increasing sun exposure in 3<sup>rd </sup>(β coefficient 0.5, CI:0.2-0.7), 4<sup>th </sup>(β: 0.9, CI: 0.7-1.1) and 5<sup>th</sup> (β: 2.1, CI:1.8-2.4) quantiles of sun exposure, smoking (β: 0.4, CI: 0.2-0.6) and indoor kitchen smoke exposure (β: 0.3, CI: 01-0.5) while cortical cataract showed a positive association with sun exposure only in 5<sup>th</sup> quantile (β: 2.6, CI:1.0-4.2). Posterior subcapsular cataract was not associated with any of the risk factors.</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> Cataract is associated with increasing level of sun exposure, smoking and exposure to indoor kitchen smoke.</p>
Data from: Ecological drift and local exposures drive gastrointestinal bacterial community differences among Galápagos iguana populations
Diet strongly influences the intestinal microbial communities through species sorting. Alternatively, these communicates may differ because of chance variation in local microbial exposures or species losses among allopatric host populations (i.e. ecological drift). We investigated how these forces shape enteric communities of Galápagos marine and land iguanas. Geographically proximate populations shared more similar communities within a host ecotype, suggesting a role for ecological drift during host colonization of the islands. Additionally, evidence of taxa sharing between proximate heterospecific host populations suggests that contemporary local exposures also influence the gut community assembly. While selective forces such as host-bacterial interactions or dietary differences are dominant drivers of intestinal community differences among hosts, historical and contemporary processes of ecological drift may lead to differences in bacterial composition within a host species. Whether such differences in community structure translate into geographic variation in benefits derived from these intimate microbial communities remains to be explored.
Baby cry recognition is independent of motherhood but improved by experience and exposure
Neurobiological changes affecting new mothers are known to support the development of the mother-infant relationship (the "maternal brain"). However, which aspects of parenting are actually mother-specific and which rely on general cognitive abilities remains debated. For example, refuting earlier findings, a recent study demonstrated that fathers identify their own baby from their cries just as well as mothers. Here we show that this performance is not only independent of sex, but also of parenthood status. We found that mothers' ability to recognize their newborn from their cries increased rapidly within few days postpartum, with highly multiparous mothers performing better. However, both male and female nonparents could similarly recognize an assigned baby, even after a very short exposure. As in mothers, both the initial amount of experimental exposure to the baby's cries (learning opportunity) and prior experience of caring for infants (auditory expertise) affected participants' performance. We thus suggest that, rather than being female-specific or motherhood-dependent, the ability to recognise a baby from their cries derives from general auditory and learning skills. By being available to nonparents of both sexes it may contribute to the caregiving flexibility required for efficient cooperative breeding in humans.
Data from: Exposure to opposing temperature extremes causes comparable effects on Cardinium density but contrasting effects on Cardinium-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility
Terrestrial arthropods, including insects, commonly harbor maternally inherited intracellular symbionts that confer benefits to the host or manipulate host reproduction to favor infected female progeny. These symbionts may be especially vulnerable to thermal stress, potentially leading to destabilization of the symbiosis and imposing costs to the host. For example, increased temperatures can reduce the density of a common reproductive manipulator, Wolbachia, and the strength of its crossing incompatibility (cytoplasmic incompatibility, or CI) phenotype. Another manipulative symbiont, Cardinium hertigii, infects ~ 6-10% of Arthropods, and also can induce CI, but there is little homology between the molecular mechanisms of CI induced by Cardinium and Wolbachia. Here we investigated whether temperature disrupts the CI phenotype of Cardinium in a parasitic wasp host, Encarsia suzannae. We examined the effects of both warm (32°C day/ 29°C night) and cool (20°C day/ 17°C night) temperatures on Cardinium CI and found that both types of temperature stress modified aspects of this symbiosis. Warm temperatures reduced symbiont density, pupal developmental time, vertical transmission rate, and the strength of both CI modification and rescue. Cool temperatures also reduced symbiont density, however this resulted in stronger CI, likely due to cool temperatures prolonging the host pupal stage. The opposing effects of cool and warm-mediated reductions in symbiont density on the resulting CI phenotype indicates that CI strength may be independent of density in this system. Temperature stress also modified the CI phenotype only if it occurred during the pupal stage, highlighting the likely importance of this stage for CI induction in this symbiosis.
Monte-Carlo simulations of aerosol-based exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a shop/bar
<p>Data from new Monte-Carlo simulations of aerosol-based exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in shop and bar environments. For background and previous results see V. Vuorinen et al. Safety Science 130 (2020): 104866.</p> <p>The files are collected to a tar file that includes all data files used for analysis (binary files with NumPy data type .npy) and a readme.</p>
Field-realistic antidepressant exposure disrupts group foraging dynamics in mosquitofish
<p></p><p> Psychoactive pollutants, such as antidepressants, are increasingly detected in the environment. Mounting evidence suggests that such pollutants can disrupt the behaviour of non-target species. Despite this, few studies have considered how the response of exposed organisms might be mediated by social context. To redress this, we investigated the impacts of two environmentally realistic concentrations of a pervasive antidepressant pollutant, fluoxetine, on foraging behaviour in fish (Gambusia holbrooki), tested individually or in a group. Fluoxetine did not alter behaviour of solitary fish. However, in a group setting, fluoxetine exposure disrupted the frequency of aggressive interactions and food consumption, with observed effects being contingent on both the mean weight of group members and the level of within-group variation in weight. Our results suggest that behavioural tests in social isolation may not accurately predict the environmental risk of chemical pollutants for group-living species and highlight the potential for social context to mediate the effects of psychoactive pollutants in exposed wildlife. </p><p></p>
High rates of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in California Barred Owls
<p>Pesticide use is pervasive and the exposure of non-target wildlife has been well documented over the past half century. Among pesticides, anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) have emerged as a particularly important threat in forests of the western United States, with exposure and mortality reported for several species of conservation concern. To further quantify this threat, we collected specimens of Barred Owls (<i>Strix varia</i>) and Barred Owl x Spotted Owl hybrids from the Klamath and Cascade Mountains and Sierra Nevada in California, USA to use as indicator species for environmental contamination with AR and to infer exposure of closely related and ecologically similar Northern and California Spotted Owls (<i>S. occidentalis caurina, and S. o. occidentalis, </i>respectively). We tested 115 Barred Owl and 12 Barred Owl x Spotted Owl hybrid livers for eight AR compounds and found high rates of exposure (62%) across our study area, and greater than previous studies in the Pacific Northwest. In addition, we sampled seven ovaries from seven females and 100% tested positive for AR. Female Barred Owls were more likely than males to be exposed (78% and 50%, respectively). Unlike previous studies, we found no clear link between illegal cannabis cultivation and AR exposure. However, Barred Owls sampled in proximity to the wildland-urban interface (WUI) were more likely to be exposed to AR. Though the exact source (e.g., cannabis cultivation or application around human dwellings) and location is unknown, the association of AR exposure with the WUI was supported from GPS data from Barred Owls, Northern and California Spotted Owls, and hybrids using the WUI for foraging. The high rate of AR exposure in Barred Owls and hybrids provides mounting evidence of an additional stressor that ARs may pose to Spotted Owls – including the first evidence for California Spotted Owls – and fauna native to western forest ecosystems.</p>
Data for manuscript:"Chronic exposure to sublethal levels of pesticides has significant effects on fitness and morphology in the ant, Cardiocondyla obscurior"
<p>All data used in analysis for manuscript "<strong>Chronic exposure to sublethal levels of pesticides has significant effects on fitness and morphology in the ant, <em>Cardiocondyla obscurior"</em></strong></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Cell size, chlorophyll fluorescence and cadmium bioaccumulation between wild-type and mutant strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon exposure to cadmium
<p>Heavy metal contamination presents a constant threat to biological systems. Simultaneously, heavy metals have become one of the major contaminants in the aquatic ecosystem. In this regard, the investigation of heavy metal-tolerance genes in algae is relevant. <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i> is a unicellular green alga, and an excellent model organism used in heavy metal studies. In <i>C. reinhardtii</i>, a novel gene designated as Cia7, was hypothesized to play a role in heavy metal homeostasis due to CIA7's conserved cysteine-residue motif. This study compared two strains of <i>C. reinhardtii</i>, cc4425, the wild-type possessing the functional CIA7 protein and cc5013, the mutant strain possessing the disrupted cia7- gene. The hypothesis was that the expression of Cia7 contributes to an increased cadmium (Cd)-tolerance in <i>C. reinhardtii</i>. The Cd-tolerance would be described by physiological markers of microalgae health, and by intracellular accumulation of the metal. Methods: The objectives of this study were (1) to compare chlorophyll fluorescence and cell size in cc4425 and cc5013 exposed to Cd<sup>2+</sup>, and (2) to compare Cd<sup>2+</sup> bioaccumulation in cc4425 and cc5013 strains in different growth media. Flow cytometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis were performed. Results: There was no significant statistical difference in Cd<sup>2+</sup> bioaccumulation between the two strains, cc4425 and cc5013, regardless of growth media. However, a statistically significant difference in Cd<sup>2+</sup> bioaccumulation (p<0.0001) was determined between the media (with acetate and without acetate). The cia7- mutant, cc5013 was found to be more susceptible to a Cd<sup>2+</sup>-induced decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence and had a reduced cell size compared to cc4425, the wild-type strain. Conclusions: These observed differences between the strains suggest that CIA7's biological activity could play a direct or indirect role in increasing Cd tolerance in <i>C. reinhardtii</i>.</p>
Targeted lipidomics yields changes in both arachidonic acid and linoleic acid pathways observed in C57BL/6J mice compared to KitW-sh mice after nitrogen mustard exposure
<p>Sulfur mustard (SM) has been widely used as a chemical warfare agent including most recently in Syria. Mice exposed to SM exhibit an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by immune cell infiltration in the lung, however, the mechanisms leading to these inflammatory responses has not been completely elucidated. Mast cells are one of the first responding innate immune cells found at the mucosal surfaces of the lung and have been reported to be activated by SM in the skin. Therefore, we hypothesized that nitrogen mustard (NM: a surrogate for SM) exposure promotes activation of mast cells causing chronic respiratory inflammation. To assess the role of mast cells in NM-mediated pulmonary toxicity, we compared the effects of NM exposure between C57BL/6 and B6.Cg-KitW-sh/HNihrJaeBsmJ (Kit<sup><em>W-s</em></sup><sup>h</sup>; mast cell deficient) mice. Lung injury was observed in C57BL/6J mice following NM exposure (0.125 mg/kg) at 72 h, which was significantly abrogated in Kit<sup><em>W-s</em></sup><sup>h</sup> mice. Although both strains exhibited damage from NM, C57BL/6J mice had higher inflammatory cell infiltration and more elevated prostaglandin D<sub>2</sub> (PGD<sub>2</sub>) present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with Kit<sup><em>W-s</em></sup><sup>h</sup> mice. Additionally, we utilized murine bone marrow-derived mast cells to assess NM-inducedearly and late activation. Although NM exposure did not result in mast cell degranulation, we observed an upregulation in PGD<sub>2</sub> and IL-6 levels following exposure to NM. Results suggest that mast cells play a prominent role in lung injury induced by NM and may contribute to the acute and potentially long-term lung injury observed caused by SM.</p>
Parasite exposure and host susceptibility jointly drive the emergence of epidemics
Parasite transmission is thought to depend on both parasite exposure and host susceptibility to infection; however, the relative contribution of these two factors to epidemics remains unclear. We used interactions between an aquatic host and its fungal parasite to evaluate how parasite exposure and host susceptibility interact to drive epidemics. In six lakes, we tracked the following factors from pre-epidemic to epidemic emergence: 1) parasite exposure (measured observationally as fungal spores attacking wild-caught hosts), 2) host susceptibility (measured experimentally as the number of fungal spores required to produce terminal infection), 3) host susceptibility traits (barrier resistance and internal clearance, both quantified with experimental assays), and 4) parasite prevalence (measured observationally from wild-caught hosts). Tracking these factors over six months and in almost 7,000 wild-caught hosts provided key information on the drivers of epidemics. We found that epidemics depended critically on the interaction of exposure and susceptibility; epidemics only emerged when a host population's level of exposure exceeded its individuals' capacity for recovery. Additionally, we found that host internal clearance traits (the hemocyte response) were critical in regulating epidemics. Our study provides an empirical demonstration of how parasite exposure and host susceptibility interact to inhibit or drive disease in natural systems and demonstrates that epidemics can be delayed by asynchronicity in the two processes. Finally, our results highlight how individual host traits can scale up to influence broad epidemiological patterns.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.