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1,808 results for “flower plantings”
Minuartia yukonensis (Caryophyllaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Minuartia yukonensis (Caryophyllaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Abundance of Oxythyrea sp. and Tropinota sp. Flower Chafer Beetles on Various Plant Species in Northern Mallorca
<p>The relevant study investigated the habitat preferences of beetles belonging to the <em>Oxythyrea</em> and <em>Tropinota</em> genera in Northern Mallorca, with a particular focus on flowering species as host plants. A total of 838 observational results were collected throughout field surveys. Key findings indicated that <em>Oxythyrea </em>sp. and <em>Tropinota </em>sp. beetles predominantly inhabited areas with dense populations of flowering <em>Galactites </em>sp. and <em>Asphodelus </em>sp. plants in this region.</p>
Agroecological farming, flowering phenology and the pollinator-herbivore-parasitoid nexus regulate non-crop plant reproduction
<p>Agroecological farming uses crop and non-crop plant biodiversity to promote beneficial insects supplying pollination and biocontrol services to crops. Non-crop plants (sown or weeds) are integral to supporting these beneficial insect species interactions. How the uplift of biotic complexity by agroecological management (crop diversification, ecological infrastructure) influences mutualistic and antagonistic insect interactions regulating the reproduction of non-crop plants remains less understood. </p> <p>Using a pesticide-free farm-scale (125 ha) agroecological experiment, we tested how the individual reproduction of pollinator-dependent, non-crop plant species with different flowering phenology (<em>Cyanus segetum, Centaurea jacea</em>) and their mutualistic (pollinator) and antagonistic (seed herbivore–parasitoid) insect interactions were affected by agroecological practices. </p> <p>Seed set and species interactions of replicate <em>C. segetum</em> and <em>C. jacea</em> randomly introduced to field margins was correlated with floral resource heterogeneity at focal plant (e.g., flower display size), local community (floral richness/abundance driven by sown wildflower or grass margins), and local landscape (crop diversification, area of semi-natural habitat or mass flowering crops) scales. </p> <p>At the seasonal peak of non-crop floral diversity and abundance, antagonistic interactions weakly regulated <em>C. segetum</em> seed set with gains from pollinator activity predominating. Conversely, <em>C. jacea</em>, which flowered past the peak of non-crop floral diversity/abundance benefited from the promotion of seed herbivore parasitism and pollinator activity by the local landscape cover of semi-natural habitat and mass flowering crops.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications. Agroecological management produced spatial and-temporal gradients in crop and non-crop floral resources that interacted to modify pollinator or seed herbivore-parasitoid interactions and seed set of <em>Cyanus segetum</em> and <em>Centaurea jacea</em> plants. The degree of phenological overlap between <em>C. segetum</em> and <em>C. jacea</em> flowering and floral resources in the local community or landscape dictated the type and level of exposure to insect interactions influencing reproduction. Design of agroecological practices to deliver pollination and biocontrol services must consider how effects will vary with species traits and the ensemble of mutualistic (pollination) and antagonistic (herbivory, parasitism) interactions governing non-crop plant reproduction. Agroecological management supporting beneficial insect interactions may feedback to help restore functional non-crop plant populations and associated biodiversity, potentially reducing the frequency of management interventions (e.g., re-sowing wildflower strips). </p>
Flower plantings support wild bee reproduction and may also mitigate pesticide exposure effects
<p>1. Sustainable agriculture relies on pollinators, and wild bees benefit yield of multiple crops. However, the combined exposure to pesticides and loss of flower resources, driven by agricultural intensification, contribute to declining diversity and abundance of many bee taxa. Flower plantings along the margins of agricultural fields offer diverse food resources not directly treated with pesticides.</p> <p>2. To investigate the potential of flower plantings to mitigate bee pesticide exposure effects and support bee reproduction, we selected replicated sites in intensively farmed landscapes where half contained flower plantings. We assessed solitary bee <em>Osmia lignaria</em> and bumble bee <em>Bombus vosnesenskii</em> nesting and reproduction throughout the season in these landscapes. We also quantified local and landscape flower resources and used bee-collected pollen to determine forage resource use and pesticide exposure and risk.</p> <p>3. Flower plantings, and their local flower resources, increased <em>O. lignaria</em> nesting probability. <em>Bombus vosnesenskii</em> reproduction was more strongly related to landscape than local flower resources.</p> <p>4. Bees at sites with and without flower plantings experienced similar pesticide risk, and the local flowers, alongside flowers in the landscape, were sources of pesticide exposure particularly for <em>O. lignaria</em>. However, local flower resources mitigated negative pesticide effects on <em>B. vosnesenskii</em> reproduction.</p> <p>5. <em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Bees in agricultural landscapes are threatened by pesticide exposure and loss of flower resources through agricultural intensification. Therefore, finding solutions to mitigate negative effects of pesticide use and flower deficiency is urgent. Our findings point towards flower plantings as a potential solution to support bee populations by mitigating pesticide exposure effects and providing key forage. Further investigation of the balance between forage benefits and added pesticide risk is needed to reveal contexts where net benefits occur.</p>
Flower color and flowering phenology mediate plant-pollinator interaction assembly in a diverse co-flowering community
<p>Uncovering the role of competition and facilitation in community assembly is central for developing a predictive understanding of the forces that organize biodiversity. Standard trait-based approaches however rely on detection of only one assembly mechanism (competition or facilitation) along a single trait even though pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions can be structured along multiple phenotypic, phenological and ecological traits. We evaluated plant species distribution along multiple phenotypic and ecological traits (flower color, flowering time, pollinator sharing) and described an entire co-flowering community as a set of modules with unique patterns of assembly, to test predictions regarding the relative contribution of competition and facilitation to the assembly of a diverse co-flowering community. We show a modular pattern of flower color assembly. Flower color modules differ in their spectral reflectance patterns including color hue and saturation. Within modules, however, species are differentially assembled along phenological and ecological traits (pollinator sharing) depending on the main pollinator group visiting plant species within each module. Results suggest different trait assembly patterns within individual trait-modules in the same co-flowering community and that different trait-patterns can result from the same type of ecological interaction. This study reveals empirical evidence of community assembly along multiple axes of trait differentiation and raises caution when interpreting assembly patterns based on a single trait.</p>
Database of plant-flower visitor interactions from Ireland
<p><span>Beneficial insects provide valuable services upon which we rely, including pollination. Pollinator conservation is a global priority, and a significant concern in Ireland, where over half of extant bee species have declined significantly in recent decades. As flower-visiting insects rely on flowering plants, one way to conserve and promote pollinator populations is to protect high-quality habitat. We analysed the structure of </span><span>insect-flower interactions</span><span> from multiple habitat categories in a large database of interactions from Ireland. Our primary goals were to compare spatial and temporal variation in Irish network structures, compare Irish networks to published networks from other countries, and provide evidence-based recommendations for pollinator conservation in Ireland by identifying well-visited plant species that may promote high pollinator diversity, abundance, and functional complementarity. Habitat types within Ireland differed substantially: semi-natural grasslands had the highest pollinator species richness and largest number of unique pollinator species, while intensively-managed habitats exhibited negative asymmetry (more plant than pollinator species). This negative asymmetry is notable because most plant-pollinator networks exhibit a positive asymmetry. Within intensively-managed habitats, agricultural and urban habitats differed. Urban habitats had the highest number of non-native plant species while agricultural habitats had the lowest pollinator species richness. We also found Irish networks varied across the growing season, where July had the highest plant and insect species richness. When comparing Irish networks to published networks from other countries, we found Irish networks had a higher ratio of plant species to pollinator species, and that this difference was most evident in agricultural habitats. This ratio means the typical network asymmetry (more pollinator than plant species) was flipped (more plant than pollinator species) in the Irish network. We conclude that conserving semi-natural grasslands in Ireland will be an essential component of pollinator conservation and identify thirty-five plant species important for restoring semi-natural habitats.</span></p>
Asarum canadense (Aristolochiaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Asarum canadense (Aristolochiaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Packera glabella (Asteraceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Packera glabella (Asteraceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Trillium flexipes (Liliaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Trillium flexipes (Liliaceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Smallanthus uvedalia (Asteraceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Image of Smallanthus uvedalia (Asteraceae) - whole plant - in flower - general view
Landscape simplification leads to loss of plant-pollinator interaction diversity and flower visitation frequency despite buffering by abundant generalist pollinators
<p>Global change, especially landscape simplification, is a main driver of species loss that can alter ecological interaction networks, with potentially severe consequences to ecosystem functions. Therefore, understanding how landscape simplification affects the rate of loss of plant-pollinator interaction diversity (i.e., number of unique interactions) compared to species diversity alone, and the role of persisting abundant pollinators, is key to assess the consequences of landscape simplification on network stability and pollination services. We analysed 24 landscape-scale plant-pollinator networks from standardised transect walks along landscape simplification gradients in three countries. We compared the rates of species and interaction diversity loss along the landscape simplification gradient and then stepwise excluded the top 1-20% most abundant pollinators from the data set to evaluate their effect on interaction diversity, network robustness to secondary loss of species, and flower visitation frequencies in simplified landscapes. Interaction diversity was not more vulnerable than species diversity to landscape simplification, with pollinator and interaction diversity showing similar rates of erosion with landscape simplification. We found that 20% of both species and interactions are lost with an increase of arable crop cover from 30 to 80% in a landscape. The decrease in interaction diversity was partially buffered by persistent abundant generalist pollinators in simplified landscapes, which were nested subsets of pollinator communities in complex landscapes, while plants showed a high turnover in interactions across landscapes. The top 5% most abundant pollinator species also contributed to network robustness against secondary species loss, but could not prevent flowers from a loss of visits in simplified landscapes. Although persistent abundant pollinators buffered the decrease in interaction diversity in simplified landscapes and stabilised network robustness, flower visitation frequency was reduced, emphasising potentially severe consequences of further ongoing land-use change for pollination services.</p>
Selection favors high spread and asymmetry of flower opening dates within plant individuals
<p>Natural selection on traits expressed repeatedly by individuals is usually investigated with a focus on mean values, although within-individual trait distributions often differ also in other aspects, such as their spread and shape. In plants producing multiple flowers during a season, there might not be a single optimal flowering time, but rather an optimal distribution of flower opening dates. This optimal distribution might depend on both resource allocation patterns and interactions with the abiotic and biotic environment.</p> <p>In this study, we quantified mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of 495 individual flowering schedules (5287 flowers) over three years, and assessed phenotypic selection on these aspects of the within-individual distribution of opening dates in the perennial herb <em>Lathyrus vernus</em>. We also explored how selection on within-individual variation in flowering schedules was related to effects on two fitness components: fruit set and the proportion of seeds escaping pre-dispersal predation.</p> <p>Within-individual variation in phenology was larger than, or at least similar to, among-individual variation in all years. We found phenotypic selection on several aspects of individual flowering schedules. In one year, selection favoured plants with higher variance in opening dates, and this coincided with a higher fruit set in plants with an increased spread of the flowering schedule. In two of the study years, selection favoured a higher asymmetry of the flowering schedule, and plants with more right-skewed distributions had higher fruit set and higher proportions of seeds escaping predation. Both fruit set and seed predation increased with an earlier mean flowering, resulting in no net selection on mean flowering date.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. Our results suggest that phenotypic selection on the spread and shape of flower opening date distributions might be at least as important as selection on the mean flowering date. In a broad sense, this implies that we should consider the entire trait distribution if we aim to understand the evolution of traits that are expressed multiple times within individuals.</p>
Flower position within plants influences reproductive success both directly and via phenology
<div> <p>This data set includes data from recordings of 5883 individual flowers of the perennial herb <em>Lathyrus vernus</em> belonging to 558 flowering events (i.e. one plant individual flowering in one year) over three years (1987-1989). It includes data on phenology, reproductive succress and seed predation of individual flowers, as well as data on the position of the flower within the raceme, and of the raceme within the plant. The data wree collected in a population of<em> L. vernus</em> located in a deciduous forest in southeast Sweden (58.9496 N, 17.6097 E). </p> <p> </p> </div>
Expression data of the flowering time genes in chickpea, extracted from Ridge et al. (2017). Plant Physiology 175, 802-815.
<p>This data is supplementary to the following paper: Gursky, V.V., Kozlov, K.N., Nuzhdin, S.V., and Samsonova, M.G. (2018) Dynamical Modeling of the Core Gene Network Controlling Flowering Suggests Cumulative Activation from the <em>FLOWERING LOCUS T </em>Gene Homologs in Chickpea. <em>Frontiers in Genetics</em>. 9:547. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00547</p> <p>The data was obtained by digitizing Figure 5 of the following paper: Ridge, S., Deokar, A., Lee, R., Daba, K., Macknight, R. C., Weller, J. L., and Tar'an, B. (2017). The chickpea Early flowering 1 (Efl1) locus is an ortholog of arabidopsis ELF3. <em>Plant Physiology </em>175, 802-815. doi:10.1104/pp.17.00082</p> <p>The archive contains files (in csv format) with the expression data of each of the following ten genes: <em>FTa1</em>, <em>FTa2</em>, <em>FTa3</em>, <em>FTb</em>, <em>FTc</em>, <em>AP1</em>, <em>FD</em>, <em>TFL1a</em>, <em>TFL1c</em>, and <em>LFY</em>, for the cultivars CDC Frontier and ICCV 96029 and for two growth conditions (long day, LD, and short day, SD). Each file is named according to the following scheme: <Gene name>_<Cultivar name>_<Growth conditions>.csv. Each file contains values in the following three columns (separated by commas): time (in days after sowing), relative transcription level (%ACTIN), and standard error. In the case of the genes <em>AP1</em>, <em>FD</em>, <em>TFL1a</em>, <em>TFL1c</em>, and <em>LFY</em>, the standard error was assumed equal to the size of the points in the figure when the actual error range was smaller than that size (and, thus, not visible in the figure). In the case of the genes <em>FTa1</em>, <em>FTa2</em>, <em>FTa3</em>, <em>FTb</em>, and <em>FTc</em>, the standard error was recorded as 0 for such points (the error for these genes was not used in the study).</p> <p>The data was extracted with the help of the web-based tool <em>WebPlotDigitizer</em> (https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer).</p>
Data from: Genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci controlling important plant and flower traits in petunia using an interspecific recombinant inbred population of Petunia axillaris and Petunia exserta
A major bottleneck in plant breeding has been the much limited genetic base and much reduced genetic diversity in domesticated, cultivated germplasm. Identification and utilization of favorable gene loci or alleles from wild or progenitor species can serve as an effective approach to increasing genetic diversity and breaking this bottleneck in plant breeding. This study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) in wild or progenitor petunia species that can be used to improve important horticultural traits in garden petunia. An F7 recombinant inbred population derived between Petunia axillaris and P. exserta was phenotyped for plant height, plant spread, plant size, flower counts, flower diameter, flower length, and days to anthesis, in Florida in two consecutive years. Transgressive segregation was observed for all seven traits in both years. The broad-sense heritability estimates for the traits ranged from 0.20 (days to anthesis) to 0.62 (flower length). A genome-wide genetic linkage map consisting 368 single nucleotide polymorphism bins and extending over 277 cM was searched to identify QTL for these traits. Nineteen QTL were identified and localized to five linkage groups. Eleven of the loci were identified consistently in both years; several loci explained up to 34.0% and 24.1% of the phenotypic variance for flower length and flower diameter, respectively. Multiple loci controlling different traits are co-localized in four intervals in four linkage groups. These intervals contain desirable alleles that can be introgressed into commercial petunia germplasm to expand the genetic base and improve plant performance and flower characteristics in petunia.
Data for: Using environmental DNA to investigate avian interactions with flowering plant
<p>Animal pollination is an important and highly valued ecosystem function and the role of birds as pollinators is increasingly acknowledged. However, such interactions can be challenging to document and often require extensive field programs. Over the last decade, environmental DNA (eDNA) has been analysed from several different contemporary sample types such as water, soil, flowers, and air. The applications of these studies include biodiversity monitoring, detection of endangered species, community compositions, and, more recently, flower-arthropod interactions. However, it remains unknown whether flower-eDNA is applicable to other taxonomic groups interacting with plants, as well as the deposition and degradation of eDNA on flowers. Here, we test whether eDNA from flowers can be used for detecting bird pollinators. In a controlled environment (an aviary with great tits [<em>Parus major</em>]), we show that birds leave significant traces of DNA on the flowers without observed visits (airborne eDNA). We further show that when birds had been in contact with the flowers, DNA concentrations increased to levels significantly higher than airborne background DNA. Subsequently, we sampled five clusters of wild flowers in Papua New Guinea and detected four species of birds, two of which are nectar-feeders, and one that is an insectivorous species known to visit flowers. These four bird species were regularly seen in the area and caught in mist-nets in the days prior to sampling of the flowers. In total, 29 bird species were recorded (18 mist-netted) in the area and of these eight are nectarivorous. Our quantitative approach suggests that it is possible to distinguish airborne background bird DNA deposited on flowers from actual flower visits of birds in the wild, although this might be highly context specific. Our findings are of broad interest within research on ecosystem functioning, biotic interactions, and plant-animal mutualism.</p>
Insights into species delimitation of selected species in the flowering plant genus Medicago section Buceras (Leguminosae)
<p>The genus <em>Medicago</em> (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) contains about 90 species including the important forage crop alfalfa <em>Medicago sativa</em> and the genomic model <em>Medicago truncatula</em>. Despite intensive research on the genus because of its agricultural importance, there is a relative lack of information about chromosome number and genome size in some <em>Medicago</em> species, especially those from section <em>Buceras</em> that were formerly placed in the sister genus <em>Trigonella</em>, and are paraphyletic to the remainder of the genus <em>Medicago</em>. Past studies revealed that previous species delimitations did not conform well with complex patterns of morphological or genetic variation. Some published chromosome numbers, e.g., 2n = 28 and 2n = 44, differ from those of the rest of the genus, which are mostly 2n = 16 or polyploids thereof, although some cases of aneuploid reduction or dysploidy (e.g., 2n = 14) do exist. Here we estimated phylogenetic relationships of 42 accessions corresponding to 14 currently recognized <em>Medicago</em> species that are paraphyletic to the remainder of <em>Medicago</em> with a focus on <em>Medicago monantha</em>; for a number of those accessions, we obtained estimates of genome size (39) and chromosome number (14). We can confirm the delimitation of two species within section <em>Buceras</em>, and our data suggest that there are at least two entities with distinct geographic distributions within the currently recognized species <em>M. monantha,</em> which differ in chromosome number and genome size. Our data also suggest that polyploidy and post-polyploid descending dysploidy played a significant role in genome evolution within section <em>Buceras.</em> Our data provide a strong foundation for whole-genome sequencing projects and further in-depth research of these paraphyletic lineages.</p>
Patterns of frequency and density dependence are highly variable in diverse annual flowering plant communities
<p>Applications of ecological theory to natural communities often assume that competitive, negative density-dependent processes are the only type of interaction important for diversity maintenance. Recent advances suggest that positive interactions within trophic levels (e.g. plant-plant) may also affect plant coexistence. Though positive plant-plant interactions theoretically might result in positive or nonmonotonic frequency or density dependence (FD/DD), less is known about how commonly these patterns occur, or which ecological processes might result in such patterns in natural plant communities. In this study, we test for signals of variable frequency and density dependence in annual flowering plant communities in Western Australia and search for evidence that interactions among plants during flowering might induce positive or nonmonotonic FD/DD in flowering plants. Using four common annual wildflower species, we ask if plant fecundity exhibits positive or nonmonotonic FD/DD and if pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions during flowering change patterns of FD/DD relative to pollinator-independent plant interactions. Three species exhibited nonmonotonic (hump-shaped) density dependence, and only one species experienced strictly negative density dependence. Each species exhibited a different pattern of frequency dependence (positive, negative, weakly nonmonotonic, and no detectable frequency dependence). Pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions during flowering induced both nonmonotonic density dependence and negative frequency dependence in one species. Importantly, the extent of variation in FD/DD observed in our study brings into question the dominance of negative density and frequency dependence in theory, suggesting instead that demographic responses of plants to their communities fall along a continuum of possible density- and frequency-dependent patterns.</p>
Tropical plant–hummingbird interactions withstand short-term experimental removal of a common flowering plant
<p>In this study, we simulated the extirpation of a hummingbird-pollinated understory plant, <em>Heliconia tortuosa</em>, from tropical forest fragments using a replicated Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) experimental design while quantifying hummingbird space use, foral visitation rates, and plant pollination success. Each response variable was measured during each experimental period (pre and post) in sites with and without <em>H. tortuosa </em>removal (treatment and control).</p>
A dataset of nectar sugar production for flowering plants found in urban greenspaces
<ol> <li>Nectar and pollen are floral resources that provide food for insect pollinators, so quantifying their supplies can help us to understand and mitigate pollinator declines. However, most existing datasets of floral resource measurements focus on native plants found in rural landscapes, so cannot be used effectively for estimating supplies in urban green spaces, where non-native ornamental plants often predominate.</li> <li>We sampled floral nectar sugar in 225 plant taxa found in UK residential gardens and other urban green spaces, focussing on the most common species. The vast majority (94%) of our sampled taxa are non-native, filling an important research gap and ensuring these data are also relevant outside of the UK.</li> <li>Our dataset includes values of daily nectar sugar production for all 225 taxa and nectar sugar concentration for around half (102) of those sampled. Nectar extraction was conducted according to published methods, ensuring our values can be combined with other datasets.</li> <li>We anticipate that the two main uses of these data are (1) to estimate the nectar production of habitats and landscapes, and (2) to identify high-nectar plants of conservation importance. To increase the utility of our data we provide guidance for scaling nectar values up from single flowers to floral units, as is commonly done in field studies.</li> </ol>
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