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Fig. 15 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 15. Coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0001); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. Arm hooks with basal parts longer than shafts saving in-life paired arrangement along the arms.

Fig. 12. The comparative ultrastructural data. A in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 12. The comparative ultrastructural data. A. The hypothesized "beaks of Phragmoteuthis bisinuata" (GBW 2006/011/0009, lower Carnian, Upper Triassic; Cave del Predil, NE Italy). B. Chitin of the lower beak of Lunzoteuthis schindelbergensis Doguzhaeva, Summesberger, and Mutvei, 2006 (NHMW 2005z0005/0001, lower Carnian, Upper Triassic; Schindelberg, Lower Austria). C. A cartilage of the cranial capsule of Loligo vulgaris (Lamarck, 1798) ( Recent; North Sea); C1, C2, a matrix containing the collagen fibers showing a banding pattern. SEM images, except C1 which is taken with photomicroscope. Dockery III, and Ciampaglio, 2010, from the Mississippi, USA (Weaver et al. 2011). The fin-supporting cartilages of the middle Olenekian (early Triassic) squid of Idahoteuthis parisiana (Decabrachia: Myopsida) from Idaho, USA, are ones of the as yet known oldest fossilized cartilaginous structures (Doguzhaeva et al. 2018). We also revealed that the site of the "beaks of P. bisinuata" (at the tip of a proostracum) may be occupied with another structures of similar size. These are the gladius and arm crown imprint (Figs. 2B, 14). They apparently represent the remains of another prey of P. bisinuata, also held by its handle hooks. This find points out an as yet unknown teuthid resembling the early Permian Glochinomorpha stifeli Gordon, 1971 (see Doguzhaeva and Mapes 2015: figs. 1A–H, 2, 3). Thus, in the light of new ultrastructural and geochemical data on the "beaks of P. bisinuata", morphological data on the upper beak of the reported Anisian (Middle Triassic) coleoid beak from Italy, and previously observed lower beak of co-occurring Lunzoteuthis schindelbergensis, P. bisinuata had hardly differed by its beaks from other coleoids. The discussed black structures associated with the proostraca of the early Carnian P. bisinuata, previously con- Fig. 13. Coleoid cephalopod Lunzoteuthis schindelbergensis Doguzhaeva, sidered to be the "beaks of P. bisinuata" (Figs. 2A, 2C, 3A), Summesberger, and Mutvei, 2006 (holotype, NHMW 2005z0005/0001); 1 lower Carnian, Upper Triassic; Schindelberg, Lower Austria. SEM image are known by seven specimens from the Cave del Predil lo- of a fractured lower beak in a contact with the phragmocone. Abbreviations: cality, although the number of specimens with other non-bio- il, inner lamella of the lower beak; ol, outer lamella of the lower beak; ph, mineralized structures, like ink sacs and arm hooks, is about phragmocone; r, rostrum of the lower (ventral) beak; w, wing of the beak. the same in both localities. The fish beds of Cave del Predil

Fig. 11 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 11. The ultrastructure of the hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A1, an imprint of a bone-like nanostructure showing "nano-porosity" and three rounded openings left by missing processes (enlarged detail of Fig. 10A1); A2, a semi-ring structure with thin processes ended by swollen rounded part; A3, a deep imprint of a swollen bone-like nano-structure which left two openings of the assumed processes (enlarged detail of A2 marked in the left bottom corner); A4, a mangy skin like micro-lamination and micro-porosity of the matrix.

Fig. 8 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 8. Hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009), lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A fracture of the "beak". A1, a dimpled outer surface of the "beak" coated by a shale; A2, "glassy" structureless matrix and whitish fractured compressed bone-like nanostructure; A3, dense wall of bone-like nanostructure; A4, a dimpled outer surface of the wall of the bone-like nanostructure.

Fig. 9. A in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 9. A fracture of the hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A1, "nano-porosity" of the matrix of the hypothesized "beak"; A2, A3, bone-like structures (light grey) in the matrix (dark grey) (enlargements of Fig. 8A1, A2); A4, enlarged detail of Fig. 8A3 to show a smooth surface of dense bone-like structure.

Fig. 7 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 7. Coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859), lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Schindelberg, Lower Austria. EDS data on geochemical composition of shale and fossilized remains. A. NHMW 2006z0235/0007, silicified shale. B. NHMW 2006z0235/0012, calcified proostracum. C. NHMW 2006z0235/0010, high content of Ba and S in the shale in intimate contact with black sheet on a top of proostracum, indicative a life time organic material. D. NHMW 2006z0235/0010, carbonized black sheet (mantle) on a top of proostracum. E. NHMW 2006z0235/0007, carbonized ink sac content.

Fig. 10 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 10. The ultrastructure of the hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A1, A2, a fracture of the structureless matrix containing bone-like nanostructures or their imprints; A3, a complex bone-like structure within the matrix; A4, a warty outer surface of the bone-like structure; the longest warts leave a "micro-porosity" of the imprints left by bone-like nanostructures.

Fig. 4 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 4. Coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy; GBW 2006/011/0001; overview of the "beaks" and arm hooks (enlargement of Fig. 2C2). Abbreviations: ah, arm hook; tp, "tubercle-like processes" of the hypothesized "beak of P. bisinuata. The "beaks" structures are interpreted herein as the cartilagenous vertebrate remains of a prey of P. bisinuata which most likely belonged to juvenile fish.

Fig. 5 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 5. The isolated upper beak and arm hooks of unknown coleoid (GM-P393) from the Buchenstein Formation, uppermost Anisian, Middle Triassic, Seceda Mountain, Gardena Valley, NE Italy. A1, an overview of the specimen; A2, enlarged arm hook; A3, the anterior part of the upper beak showing a pointed hook-shape rostrum and a deep U-shape inter-space between the lateral walls; A4, S-shape boundary between a rostrum and lateral wall. Abbreviations: ah, arm hook; bl, the curved broken lines consisted from the hook-like structures in the vicinity of the isolated upper beak from the NE Italy; lw, lateral wall of the upper beak; r, rostrum of the upper (dorsal) beak; sah, transversely sectioned arm hook; w, wing of the beak.

Fig. 6 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 6. Hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009), lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. SEM/EDS data on ultrastructure and geochemical composition of the hypothesized "beak". A1, a fracture of the "beak" showing a black structureless matrix containing whitish bone-like nanostructures; A2. high peak of C and lower peaks of S, Ca, and Ba, indicative a carbonized matrix (dark grey areas in A1); A3, high peak of Ca, indicative a calcified material of nanostructures (whitish areas in A1).

Fig. 3 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 3. Coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859), overview of the hypothesized "beaks of P. bisinuata"; lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A. GBW 2006/011/0009, an imprint of a proostracum, ink sac and "beaks" (A1), enlarged detail of the "beaks" (A2). B. GBA 2006/011/0041; isolated "beaks". C. GBW 2006/011/0001, "beaks" associated with the arm hooks (enlarged details of Fig. 2C), part (C1) and counter-part C2). Abbreviations: ah, arm hook; hb, hypothesized "beaks of P. bisinuata"; pro, proostracum; tp, "tubercle-like processes" of the hypothesized "beak of P. bisinuata". The "beak" strutures are interpreted herein as the cartilagenous vertebrate remains most likely of juvenile fish that was a prey of P. bisinuata.

Fig. 2 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 2. Coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859), overview of four specimens three of which (A, C, D) show the previously thought "beaks of P. bisinuata", and one (B) exhibits a whitish triangular structure with straight shoulders and a rachis-like process preliminary considered as a gladius of unknown Glochinomorpha-like teuthid; all lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A. GBA 2006/011/0021. B. GBA 2006/011/0028. C. GBA 2006/011/0001, part (C1) and counterpart (C2). Abbreviations: ah, arm hook; atg, assumed triangular posterior part of a gladius of a small squid prey of P. bisinuata; hb, hypothesized "beaks of P. bisinuata"; im, discrete imprints arranged in a shape of an oval in front of proostracum; is, ink sac; lf, lateral field of proostracum; m, mantle debris; ph, phragmocone; pro, proostracum.

Fig. 1 in Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited

Fig. 1. Sketch map showing the position of the localities Cave del Predil, NE Italy, and Schindelberg, Lower Austria (asterisks).

Fig. 1 in Comment on "Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited." by Doguzhaeva et al. (2022).

Fig. 1. Belemnoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859), GBA 2006/011/0021, from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Raibl, Cave de Predil in Italy. A1 (part, GBA 2006/011/0021) and A2 (counterpart, GBA 2006/011/0028) were erroneously meant to show fish respectively teuthid prey of the adjacent P. bisinuata in Doguzhaeva et al. (2022). The supposed "teuthid gladius" remains represent the imprints of a cephalic cartilage seen on the counterpart, no visible traces of other fossil remnants; A3, detail of GBA 2006/011/0021, determined as "fish remain" in Doguzhaeva et al. (2022) showing cartilage with deep traces of preparation; A4, detail of counterpart, GBA 2006/011/0028, determined as "teuthid gladius" in Doguzhaeva et al. (2022) lacking all morphological features which were described therein. Asterisk marks corresponding structures in A3 and A4. Abbreviations: ct, cartilage; im, imprint of cartilage; ink, ink sac; phr, phragmocone; pro, proostracum.

Fig. 2. A in Some critical notes on "Comment on "Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited" by Doguzhaeva et al. (2022)" by Lukeneder and Lukeneder (2022)"

Fig. 2. A black, apparently cartilage structure of a conodontophorid, saving two intact "eye sockets" and numerous conodonts (NHMW 2012/0117/0023); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. NHMW, Museum of Natural History of Vienna, Austria.

Fig. 2 in Comment on "Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited." by Doguzhaeva et al. (2022).

Fig. 2. Fossil belemnoid cartilage of Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859), NHMW 2021/0123/0057, from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of Polzberg, Northern Calcareous Alps in Austria. Open rings are medially connected determined as the ocular cartilage, wing-like extensions correspond to the arm cartilage. Abbreviations: ac, arm cartilage; cc, cephalic cartilage; cr, carrier; h, hooks; oc, ocular cartilage; pr, processus. Figure adapted after fig. 3 in Lukeneder and Lukeneder (2022).

Fig. 1. A in Some critical notes on "Comment on "Triassic coleoid beaks and other structures from the Calcareous Alps revisited" by Doguzhaeva et al. (2022)" by Lukeneder and Lukeneder (2022)"

Fig. 1. A fracture of the hypothesized "beak" of the coleoid cephalopod Phragmoteuthis bisinuata (Bronn, 1859) (GBW 2006/011/0009); lower Carnian, Upper Triassic, Cave del Predil, NE Italy. A 1, "glassy" (dark grey) structureless carbonized matrix (m) containing a whitish complex calcified nanobone (b); A 2, enlargements showing a dense smooth (slightly dimpled) bone surface. GBA, Geological Survey of Austria, Vienna.

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Fig. 11 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 11. Combined radiolarian and ammonite dating of Lower Jurassic deposits on Mount Rettenstein. The upper age limit of the grey marly limestone is constrained with ammonites, determined in the overlying red nodular limestone, numerical age after Gradstein et al. (2012). Revised radiolarian dating of samples from the Dürrnberg Formation is shown for comparison.

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Fig. 6 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 6. Radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein, Austria, Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic. A. Empirea sp. 1, sample Rö416. B. Acaeniotylopsis ghostensis (Carter in Carter et al., 1988); sample Rö416. C, D. Liassobetraccium bavaricum (Kozur and Mostler, 1990); sample Rö37. E, F. Liassobetraccium verticispinosum (Kozur and Mostler, 1990); sample Rö37. G–J. Tozerium filzmoosense Cifer sp. nov. G. Holotype, sample Rö416: 170717. H. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170503. I. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170739. J. Paratype, sample Rö37: 171105. K–O. Loupanus pliensbachicus Cifer sp. nov. K. Holotype, sample Rö416: 170562. L. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170559. M. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170757. N. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170704. O. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170560. P, Q. Loupanus sp. 1; sample Rö417. R, S. Thurstonia? timberensis Whalen and Carter in Carter et al., 1998; sample Rö416. T. Thurstonia? minutaglobus Whalen and Carter in Carter et al., 1998; sample Rö416. U–W. Thurstonia? robusta Cifer sp. nov. U. Holotype, sample Rö417: Rö417_093.V. Paratype, sample Rö417: Rö417_090. W. Paratype, sample Rö417: Rö417_098.