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16,646 results for “four”
AI-related patents (WIPO, category G06N) and market capitalisation by companies registering at least 2 new ones in 2019, sorted into four global regions (China, USA, EEA, rest of the world)
<p>NOTE: for some reason the pptx and previews keep getting munged on this supposedly permanent arxiv, but the data is still there, unchanged, and you can see how the pptx should look in either the jpg, or the the article.</p> <p>Datasets and presentations concerning the strength of the EU and "the rest of the world" relative to China and the USA, for the purpose of illustrating and counteracting / better informing narratives concerning a "new AI cold war". The materials authored by us may be freely used under the terms of the MIT License, which appears in its entirety in both the dataset and the presentation. The other materials are only curated by us, taken from Twitter as examples of misinformation pertaining to this concern.</p> <p>As of 28 June, this work now also appears in a formal publication: Joanna J. Bryson, Helena Malikova; Is There an AI Cold War?. <em><em>Global Perspectives</em></em> 2021; 2 (1): 24803. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.24803">https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2021.24803</a></p> <p>Authors: The original analysis was conducted primarily by Malikova in collaboration with Bryson. An associated publication is anticipated where Bryson is the lead author.</p> <p>Contributors: independently followed Malikova's procedures to check her work. Inconsistencies were triple checked and resolved.</p>
Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of four undescribed novel oleaginous Mortierella alpina strains from Libya
<p>A large number of undiscovered fungal species still exist on earth, which can be useful for bioprospecting, particularly for single cell oil (SCO) production. <em>Mortierella</em> is one of the significant genera in this field and contains about hundred species. Moreover, <em>M. alpina </em>is the main single cell oil producer / arachidonic acid producer at commercial scale under this genus.</p>
Dataset of "Exposure to airborne SARS-CoV-2 in four hospital wards and ICUs of Cyprus. A detailed study accounting for day-to-day operations and aerosol generating procedures."
<p>The authors highly appreciate being contacted if the data is to be used for any purpose.</p> <p>The following data set was used in the study entitled "<strong>Exposure to airborne </strong><strong>SARS-CoV-2 in four hospital wards and ICUs of Cyprus. A detailed study accounting for day-to-day operations and aerosol generating procedures.</strong>" and published in <em>Heliyon</em> Journal.</p> <p>This study characterized the transmission dynamics of airborne SARS-CoV-2 in normal and intensive care units. The data were collected over the period of 2020. In total, 165 and 62 air and environmental samples, respectively, were collected in four COVID-19 wards and ICUs in Cyprus and analyzed by RT-PCR. The comparison between RT-PCR and an alternative method for SARS-CoV-2 detection in air that provides comparable results but is less cumbersome and time demanding, is also given in the tab "Comparison with BELD".</p> <p>The data from sampling airborne SARS-CoV-2 using a MOUDI impactor are not included in this document but can be found in the supplement of the relevant publication.</p> <p>Please refer to the manuscript and its supplementary material for more information about how the data was collected. </p> <p> </p>
Simulated shielding performance of 1024 five-layer permutations of four satellite and radiation shielding materials against trapped particles on GTO
<p>The 5Layer.csv file contains ionizing dose results of simulating the shielding performance of all 1024 five-layer permutations of four satellite and radiation shielding materials against trapped particles on GTO.<br> The materials are the aluminium alloy 7075 (Al_7075), polyethylene (G4_POLYETHYLENE), tungsten (G4_W) and the circuit board composite material FR4 (FR4).<br> The particle spectra used for this simulation are provided in the files AE9500keV.mac and AP910MeV.mac.<br> The simulated geometry is provided in the file 5Layer.gdml.</p> <p>The particle spectra were generated with the AE9/AP9 models on SPENVIS, with electron energies starting at 500 keV and proton energies starting at 10 MeV.<br> The simulation was performed with GRAS / Geant4 with the FTFP_BERT physics model using 1.4e+11 electrons and 3.1e+09 protons directed against slabs of shielding materials of 1.5 g/cm2 total depth with each of the five layers being 0.3 g/cm2 in depth.<br> The ionizing dose is recorded in 0.5mm thick silicon plates behind the shielding plates.<br> <br> Column A: ID of the material combination<br> Column B: Name of the top layer material.<br> Column C: Name of the second layer material.<br> Column D: Name of the third layer material.<br> Column E: Name of the fourth layer material.<br> Column F: Name of the bottom layer material.<br> Column G: Ionizing dose due to electrons in units of kRad per month.<br> Column H: Absolute statistical error in the electron dose in kRad per month.<br> Column I: Ionizing dose due to protons in kRad per month.<br> Column J: Absolute statistical error in the proton dose in kRad per month. <br> Column K: Total ionizing dose from electrons and protons in kRad per month.<br> Column L: Absolute statistical error in the total ionizing dose in kRad per month. <br> Column M: Relative statistical error of the total ionizing dose in per cent.<br> Column N: Rank of the material combination sorted from lowest total ionizing dose to highest.<br> Column O: Rank of the material combination sorted from lowest electron dose to highest.<br> Column P: Rank of the material combination sorted from lowest proton dose to highest.</p> <p>All dose values are rounded according to their uncertainty.</p>
Simulated shielding performance of 1296 four-layer permutations of six common satellite and radiation shielding materials against trapped particles on GTO
<p>The 4Layer.csv file contains ionizing dose results of simulating the shielding performance of all 1296 four-layer permutations of six common satellite and radiation shielding materials against trapped particles on GTO.<br> The materials are the aluminium alloy 7075 (Al_7075), polyethylene (G4_POLYETHYLENE), kevlar (G4_KEVLAR), tungsten (G4_W), stainless steel (G4_STAINLESS_STEEL) and the circuit board composite material FR4 (FR4).<br> The particle spectra used for this simulation are provided in the files AE9500keV.mac and AP910MeV.mac.<br> The simulated geometry is provided in the file 4Layer.gdml.</p> <p>The particle spectra were generated with the AE9/AP9 models on SPENVIS, with electron energies starting at 500 keV and proton energies starting at 10 MeV.<br> The simulation was performed with GRAS / Geant4 with the FTFP_BERT physics model using 6.6e+10 electrons and 3.8e+09 protons directed against slabs of shielding materials of 1.5 g/cm2 total depth with each of the four layers being 0.375 g/cm2 in depth.<br> The ionizing dose is recorded in 0.5mm thick silicon plates behind the shielding plates.<br> <br> Column A: ID of the material combination<br> Column B: Name of the top layer material.<br> Column C: Name of the second layer material.<br> Column D: Name of the third layer material.<br> Column E: Name of the bottom layer material.<br> Column F: Ionizing dose due to electrons in units of kRad per month.<br> Column G: Absolute statistical error in the electron dose in kRad per month.<br> Column H: Ionizing dose due to protons in kRad per month.<br> Column I: Absolute statistical error in the proton dose in kRad per month. <br> Column J: Total ionizing dose from electrons and protons in kRad per month.<br> Column K: Absolute statistical error in the total ionizing dose in kRad per month. <br> Column L: Relative statistical error of the total ionizing dose in per cent.<br> Column M: Rank of the material combination sorted from lowest total ionizing dose to highest.<br> Column N: Rank of the material combination sorted from lowest electron dose to highest.<br> Column O: Rank of the material combination sorted from lowest proton dose to highest.</p> <p>All dose values are rounded according to their uncertainty.</p>
SSVEP database elicited by four visual stimuli types
<ul> <li>The database consists of 108 electroencephalographic files from 27 participants performing a 5-target selection task. </li> <li>Each participant performed one experimental session.</li> <li>All datasets were collected on channels PO7, PO3, POz, PO4, PO8, O1, Oz, and O2, according to the 10–20 EEG electrode placement standard.</li> <li>For the visual stimuli, we consider the On-Off and Checkerboard patterns with luminance modulated by rectangular and sinusoidal functions, resulting in a total of four types of visual stimuli: Checkerboard pattern with the rectangular modulated signal (Sxx-C.txt); Checkerboard pattern with sinusoidal modulated signal (Sxx-mC.txt); On-Off pattern with sinusoidal modulated signal (Sxx-mOO.txt) and On-Off pattern with rectangular modulated signal (Sxx-OO.txt), where "Sxx" represents the subject number and 01 <= xx <= 27.</li> <li>In each file columns 1 to 8 correspond to EEG data and column 9 corresponds to the marks channel.</li> <li>Each phase of the experiment block is identified with a marker.</li> <li>The phases of one experiment trial are Fixation(201), Target Presentation(202), Preparation(203), Stimulation(101-105), and Rest(200).</li> <li>Marker numbers 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105, encodes de target frequency applied during the "Stimulation" stage in a trial. They are associated with the stimulation frequencies as follows: 101 - 24 Hz; 102 - 20 Hz; 103 - 15 Hz; 104 - 10.909 Hz and, 105 - 8.57 Hz</li> <li>Files can be easily accessible with EEG-dedicated MATLAB toolboxes, such as Fieldtrip and EEGLAB.</li> </ul>
Network data and script accompanying the paper "Operationalizing anthropological theory: four techniques to simplify networks of co-occurring ethnographic codes"
<p>This repository accompanies the paper<a href="https://rdcu.be/dbuhi"> "Operationalizing anthropological theory: four techniques to simplify networks of co-occurring ethnographic codes"</a>, by Cottica et al. It contains:</p> <ol> <li>A data file, containing networks of co-occurrence of ethnographic codes from three ethnographies. Data are pseudonymized (see the paper for details).</li> <li>A script that, when run on the data, produces simplified versions of each network. Simplifications follow four different techniques, described in the paper. Each technique relies on a tuning parameter, so that, for each network and each techniques, the script produces several simplified networks, each one associated with a unique value of the tuning parameter.</li> </ol> <p>The data file format is that of a Tulip perspective. To open, download Tulip (https://tulip.labri.fr), launch it and open the file from within the Tulip GUI.</p> <p>The script file is in Python. To run, open it from within the Tulip IDE first.</p> <p> </p>
Effects of life stage on the sensitivity of Folsomia candida to four pesticides
<p>This submission provides R-code and data files for our peer-reviewed work.</p><p>The R-notebook "Analysis_likelihood_ratio_test" contains the code used to estimate the parameters of concentration-response curves (EC10, EC50, LC10, LC50, and slopes) and perform likelihood ratio tests to compare curves from different tested life stages.</p><p>The R-notebook "Figures_Concentration_response_curves" showcases the code used to generate the figures presented in the manuscript.</p><p>The dataset files are provided in CSV format with Comma Separated Values:</p><ul><li>Cyproconazole_FolsomiaCandida_10days_20days_RawData_New.csv</li><li>Imidacloprid_FolsomiaCandida_10days_20days_RawData_New.csv</li><li>Teflubenzuron_FolsomiaCandida_10days_20days_RawData_New.csv</li><li>Thiacloprid_FolsomiaCandida_10days_20days_RawData_New.csv</li></ul><p>The submission includes the following:</p><ul><li>R files: R notebooks described above.</li><li>CSV files: Count data of springtail juveniles and adults.</li></ul><p> </p><p>This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 859891.</p><p>This publication reflects only the authors' view and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.</p>
DCA and GNMDS output for 4640 subplots and 95 vascular plant species in four alpine grasslands
<p>Ordination output from detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and global non-metric multidimensional scaling (GNMDS).</p> <p>Analyses were performed in R with the <em>vegan</em> package (Oksanen 2022) for the entire data set of 4630 subplots and 95 species' occurrences ('global', indicated by global or missing site name in file names), and for each of four sites: Skjellingahaugen (skj), Gudmedalen (gud), Låvisdalen (lav), and Ulvehaugen (ulv). Access .Rds files with readRDS in R/RStudio.</p> <p>For GNMDS files, k indicates the chosen number of dimensions. See GitHub repository for scripts to produce and perform further analysis with the files in this archive.</p> <p>Analyses performed by EL with scripts based on originals by RH.</p>
Waves Hindcast on the Senegalese Coast over the Last Four Decades (from 1980 to 2021). [A Dataset use in : SAMOU, M.S.; BERTIN, X.; SAKHO, I.; LAZAR, A.; SADIO, M.; DIOUF, M.B. Wave Climate Variability along the Coastlines of Senegal over the Last Four Decades. Atmosphere 2023]
<p>Computed from the WW3 Model, the last Four Decades Wave Hindcast is available on the Senegalese Coast through this present Dataset. Covering the period 1980 to 2021, this high resolution hindcast, both spatial (0.05x0.05) and temporal (1 h) provided all the wave parameters such as: the significant wave heights, the mean wave periods, the wave directions and the peak wave periods (to compute from wave frequencies) with an hourly interval.</p> <p>More details on this data (e.g., model implementation and validation) can be obtained in: SAMOU, M.S.; BERTIN, X.; SAKHO, I.; LAZAR, A.; SADIO, M.; DIOUF, M.B. Wave Climate Variability along the Coastlines of Senegal over the Last Four Decades. <em>Journal Atmosphere 2023</em>].</p>
Data describing how four different levels of induced plant defenses change cannibalism among larval lepidopterans and alter consumption of plant tissue by larval lepidopterans.
A dataset comprised of three experiments: Experiment 1. Data describing how four different levels of induced plant defenses change cannibalism among larval lepidopterans and alter consumption of plant tissue by larval lepidopterans. The experiment was conducted at UW-Madison in Birge Hall. Experiment 2. Data describing how two levels of induced plant defenses and two levels of food provision (presence or absence of dead conspecifics) changes cannibalism, herbivory, and growth among larval lepidopterans. Experiment 3. Data describing mass loss of tomato leaves that were clipped and allowed to dry for two days. These data are to determine estimates of natural (autogenic) weight loss due to evaporation for comparison of weight loss due to herbivory and evaporation as part of feeding trials with armyworms (see other two associated datasets in this series). The experiment was conducted at the Department of Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University.
Relyea, R. A., and E. E. Werner. 2000. Morphological plasticity of four larval anurans distributed along an environmental gradient. Copeia 2000:178-190.
We investigated morphological plasticity to the presence of predators in the tadpoles of four ranid frog species distributed along a pond hydroperiod gradient in southeast Michigan. We first reared all four species (Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica; Leopard Frog R. pipiens; Green Frog, R. clamitans; and Bullfrog, R. catesbeiana) under identical laboratory conditions in the presence and absence of caged larval dragonflies (Anax spp.). We then reared wood frog and leopard frog in outdoor mesocosms to examine the predator-induced responses during ontogeny. Finally, we reared leopard frog with predators fed either leopard frog or wood frog larvae to determine whether prey responses depended upon predators consuming conspecific prey. All four ranids exhibited some degree of morphological change in the presence of Anax; these differences were species specific and fairly robust to different experimental conditions. The responses over ontogeny indicated that the changes were direct responses to the predator’s presence and not an indirect result of the predator slowing anuran growth or development. Finally, larval leopard frog responded similarly to predators feeding on conspecifics and congenerics. Taken together, these results suggest that morphological responses to predators may be relatively common in larval anurans. Further, because many of the responses are known to be adaptive antipredator strategies, predator-induced morphological plasticity has important evolutionary and ecological implications.
Assessing change in ecosystem processes twenty four years after the 1988 Yellowstone Wildfires, 2013
The extent of young postfire conifer forests is growing throughout western North America as the frequency and size of high-severity fires increase, making it important to understand ecosystem structure and function in early seral forests. Understanding nitrogen (N) dynamics during postfire stand development is especially important because northern conifers are often N limited. We re-sampled lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) stands that regenerated naturally after the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, USA) to ask: (1) How have N pools and fluxes changed over a decade (15 to 25 years postfire) of very rapid forest growth? (2) At postfire year 25, how do N pools and fluxes vary with lodgepole pine density and productivity? Lodgepole pine foliage, litter (annual litterfall, forest-floor litter), and mineral soils were sampled in 14 plots (0.25-ha) that varied in postfire lodgepole pine density (1,500 to 344,000 stems ha-1) and aboveground net primary production (ANPP; 1.4 to 16.1 Mg ha-1 yr-1). Previous data collected 15 and 17 years postfire (i.e., 2003 and 2005) provided a reference for assessing change in ecosystem process rates over time. At that time, lodgepole pine foliar nitrogen (N) concentrations had not yet suggested N limitation, and tree density and net primary production strongly influenced ecosystem carbon (C) and N stocks. These data were collected in 2012 and 2013 and are associated with the following publication: Turner, M. G., T. G. Whitby, and W. H. Romme. 2019. Feast not famine: Nitrogen pools recover rapidly in 25-yr old postfire lodgepole pine. Ecology (In press).
High-frequency temperature data from four near-shore sites, Lake Sunapee, NH, USA, 2006-2018
Onset temperature loggers were located at four near-shore sites in Lake Sunapee, New Hampshire, USA. The temperature sensors were co-located at sites where monitoring for Gloeotrichia echinulata, a large colonial cyanobacterium, occurred (see EDI data package edi.497). Temperature loggers were deployed during the summer months (approximately June through September) in 2006-2018 at Herrick Cove South (site = HerrickCoveSouth), 2007-2018 South of the Fells (site = SouthOfTheFells), Newbury (site = Newbury), North Sunapee Harbor (site = NorthSunapeeHarbor).
Photodegradation and biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon from four lakes of varying trophic status in Pennsylvania and Florida in 2016
The enclosed data are results from a series of monthly (May-August) experiments conducted in 2016. We measured changes in five variables (dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved oxygen, the spectral slope ratio, and the DOC specific ultraviolet absorbance at 320 nm). Groundwater samples adjacent to four lakes of varying trophic status were used to assess changes in the above variables due to photodegradation and biodegradation. Three lakes (Lacawac, Giles, and Waynewood) are located in the Pocono region of Pennsylvania. The fourth lake (Annie) is located in Venus, FL. Details of the experiment can be found in Dempsey et al. 2020 (accepted at Biogeosciences). In this study, we used groundwater (terrestrial DOC) to simulate storm water inputs to the surface of a lake. We assessed the relative importance of photodegradation and biodegradation by measuring changes in the above variables. All experiments were conducted on the surface of Lake Lacawac (PA). Here, we provide our raw data from the experiments. Outgassing of carbon dioxide (CO2) from freshwater ecosystems comprises 12-25% of the total carbon flux from soils and bedrock. This CO2 is largely derived from both biodegradation and photodegradation of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) entering lakes from wetlands and soils in the watersheds of lakes. In spite of the significance of these two processes in regulating rates of CO2 outgassing, their relative importance remains poorly understood in lake ecosystems. In this study, we used groundwater from the watersheds of one subtropical and three temperate lakes of differing trophic status to simulate the effects of increases in terrestrial DOC from storm events. We assessed the relative importance of biodegradation and photodegradation in oxidizing DOC to CO2. We measured changes in DOC concentration, colored dissolved organic carbon (SUVA320 and Sr), dissolved oxygen, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in short-term experiment
Photosynthetically Active Radiation data taken with the Delta-T SunScan wand every 15 cm of 1m x 1m chamber flux and point frame plots as well as four remotely monitored canopies at the Toolik Field Station in AK, Summer 2012.
Within-canopy PAR was measured with a Delta-T SunScan wand every 15 cm from the ground to above the canopy under both direct and diffuse light. The data includes all outputs from the SunScan wand: time of measurement, spread of PAR sensors, total irradiance, total diffuse light, and individual outputs of 64-PAR sensors on the SunScan wand. These measurements were taken for 1m x 1m chamber flux (n=14) and point frame (n=19) plots as well as sites four montitored remotely by PAR sensors located above, within, and below shrub canopies. All plots were dominated either by tall Salix pulchra and Betula nana species and were located near the LTER shrub plots at Toolik Field Station , AK in the summer of 2012.
Abundance of major taxonomic groups of invertebrates (arthropods and gastropods) collected with pitfall traps at four sites near Toolik Field Station Arctic LTER, Alaska in the summer of 2010.
Invertebrates (spiders, insects and slugs) were collected weekly using pitfall traps at four sites near the Arctic LTER at Toolik Field Station, Alaska. Traps were placed along transects in shrub (shrub-dominant) and open (tussock-dominant) tundra sites. Pitfall traps were placed for 48-hour intervals once per week from early June until mid-July 2010. Collected invertebrates were counted and identified to class (all invertebrates), order or family (for some of the most common families collected).
Continuously measured forest soil moisture at four sites in the Coweeta Basin
Volumetric soil water content was measured at four locations in the Coweeta Basin across a range of elevations. At each location, soil water content was measured from 0 to 30 cm and from 30 to 60 cm. In addition, air temperature was measured at 100 cm height and soil temperature was measured at 5 and 20 cm depth. At two locations photosynthetic available radiation (PAR) was measured below and above canopy. Measurements are recorded every 60 seconds and data output hourly.
Decomposition rates of four litter types along coastal gradients in Everglades National Park (FCE LTER), Florida, USA: 2020-2021
Leaf litter, of variable quality, was deployed along freshwater-to-marine gradients to investigate the drivers of litter breakdown in the Florida Coastal Everglades. Sea-level rise provides both stressors and subsidies to microbial communities that break down litter, and is also causing shifts in the vegetation producing litter, changing the initial quality of litter being deposited in coastal wetlands. The goal of this project was to understand the complex relationship between marine stressors and subsidies, by performing a reciprocal transplant of litter. Litter from each major vegetation species along the freshwater to marine gradient were deployed at sites in freshwater, the ecotone, mangrove forest, and in Florida Bay. This reciprocal transplant of different qualities of leaf litter into novel environments across a gradient of salinity and phosphorus will give insights into the effects of litter carbon quality, littery chemistry, microbial productivity of decomposers, and environmental chemistry as drivers of the breakdown of leaf litter.
Nitrogen and phosphorus content of mesquite tree tissues from four habitats at the Jornada Basin LTER site, 1986
This data package contains data on measured concentrations of nutrients in mesquite tree tissues collected from four habitat types at the Jornada Basin LTER site. These habitat types include: (1)playa, (2)arroyo,(3)dunes, and (4)grassland and samples were collected in conjunction with phenology studies and natural abundance of N15 sampling during 1986. Leaves, stems, flowers, and pods were collected from mesquite sample tissues and individually digested and analyzed for total nitrogen (Kjeldahl) and total phosphorus. This data set consists of the date of collection, collection site, leaf total nitrogen, stem total nitrogen, flower total nitrogen, pod total nitrogen, leaf total phosphorus, stem total phosphorus, flower total phosphorus, and pod total phosphorus. Data from this study was collected in 1986. Further data was collected in 1987, but had differing attributes and is therefore published in a separate data package (knb-lter-jrn.210386009).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.