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FIGURE 7 in A new species of Synotaxus and the first chromosomal study on Synotaxidae, presenting a rare XY sex chromosome system in spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)
FIGURE 7. Scheme showing hypothetical origin of the karyotype 2n♂ = 22 + XY, found in Synotaxus jaraguari n. sp.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Synotaxus and the first chromosomal study on Synotaxidae, presenting a rare XY sex chromosome system in spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)
FIGURE 6. Chromosomes of Synotaxus jaraguari n. sp., male. A–C, Giemsa stained. D, Silver nitrate impregnation. A–B, Diplotenes, with 11 autosomal bivalents + XY, showing the achiasmatic association between X and Y (A, photo and inset) and its early segregation (B). C, Metaphase II with n = 12. D, Spermatogonial metaphase, with 2n♂ = 24, highlighting the Nucleolar Organizer Regions (arrows). Scale bar, 5 µm.
FIGURE 3. Synotaxus jaraguari n in A new species of Synotaxus and the first chromosomal study on Synotaxidae, presenting a rare XY sex chromosome system in spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)
FIGURE 3. Synotaxus jaraguari n. sp., male palp. A, Theridioid tegular apophysis, lateral view. B–D, Paracymbium and patelar apophysis. B, Lateral view. C, Ventro-lateral view. D, Detail, ventral view. Abbreviations: C, Cymbium; PA, Patellar apophysis; PC, Paracymbium; PP, Patellar projection, TTA, Theridioid tegular apophysis.
FIGURE 2. Synotaxus jaraguari n in A new species of Synotaxus and the first chromosomal study on Synotaxidae, presenting a rare XY sex chromosome system in spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)
FIGURE 2. Synotaxus jaraguari n. sp. A–D, Male. A, Carapace, frontal view. B, Lateral view. C, Horn, detail, frontal view. D, Lateral view. E–F, Palp. E, Ventral view. F, Theridioid tegular apophysis, detail. Abbreviations: E, embolus; TTA, Theridioid tegular apophysis.
FIGURES 13–22 in A novel multiple sex chromosome system in Orthoptera, found in the tree cricket Oecanthus rubromaculatus Zefa, 2022 (Grylloidea, Oecanthidae)
FIGURES 13–22. Schematic model showing the phases of karyotypic derivation since the ancestral karyotype of 2n = 21, X0♂/ XX♀ based com Oecanthus pictus, from to 2n = 12, X1X2X3Y1Y2Y3♂/X1X1X2X2X3X3♀ of the Oecanthus rubromaculatus. 13, Ancestral karyotype with 2n = 21, X0♂/XX♀; 14, Heterozygous karyotype with 2n = 18, X0♂ after Robertsonian translocation between pair 4/5, 6/7 and 8/9; 15–16, Homozygous karyotype with 2n = 15, X0♂ after reciprocal translocation between pair 4/5, 6/7 and 8/9 (chromosomes in the box are involved in tandem fusion to form the neo-XY sex-system); 17–18, Karyotype with 2n = 14, neo-XY♂ (chromosomes in the box are involved in Robertsonian translocation to form the neo-X1X2Y♂ sex-system); 19–20, Karyotype with 2n = 13, X1X2Y♂ (chromosomes in the box are involved in Robertsonian translocation to form the neo-X1X2Y1Y2♂ sex-system found in individuals from São Francisco de Paula); 21–22, Karyotype with 2n = 12, X1X2Y1Y2♂ (chromosomes in the box are involved in translocation to form the neo-X1X2X3Y1Y2Y3♂ sex-system found in individuals from Pelotas). Chromosome breakpoints for rearrangements were indicated with yellow lines; L = small centromeric chromosome lost in the process.
FIGURES 9–12 in A novel multiple sex chromosome system in Orthoptera, found in the tree cricket Oecanthus rubromaculatus Zefa, 2022 (Grylloidea, Oecanthidae)
FIGURES 9–12. Chromosomes of Oecanthus rubromaculatus from Pelotas. 9, Male karyotype with 2n = 12, X 1 X 2 X 3 Y 1 Y 2 Y 3. 10, Initial Diplotene stage highlighting the heteropycnotic X chromosome, distanced from the other sex chromosomes by a chromatin thread (arrow); 11, Diplotene stage with emphasis on the sex chromosome chain; 12, Sister Metaphases II.
FIGURES 1–8 in A novel multiple sex chromosome system in Orthoptera, found in the tree cricket Oecanthus rubromaculatus Zefa, 2022 (Grylloidea, Oecanthidae)
FIGURES 1–8. Chromosomes of Oecanthus rubromaculatus from São Francisco de Paula. 1, karyotype of the female with 2n = 12, X1X1X2X2 (Best mitotic Metaphase found, but missing one of the bivalents from pair 4); 2, complete female mitotic Metaphase; 3–5, Male's Diplotene stages highlighting the heteropycnotic X chromosome, distanced from the other sexchromosomes by a chromatin thread (arrow); 6, Metaphase I; 7, Anaphase I; 8, Sister Metaphases II.
Data from: Transition in sexual system and sex chromosome evolution in the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis
Transitions in sexual system and reproductive mode may affect the course of sex chromosome evolution, for instance by altering the strength of sexually antagonistic selection. However, there have been few studies of sex chromosomes in systems where such transitions have been documented. The European tadpole shrimp, Triops cancriformis, has undergone a transition from dioecy to androdioecy (a sexual system where hermaphrodites and males coexist), offering an excellent opportunity to test the impact of this transition on the evolution of sex chromosomes. To identify sex-linked markers, to understand mechanisms of sex determination and to investigate differences between sexual systems, we carried out a genome-wide association study using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) of 47 males, females and hermaphrodites from one dioecious and one androdioecious population. We analysed 22.9 Gb of paired-end sequences and identified and scored >3000 high coverage novel genomic RAD markers. Presence–absence of markers, single-nucleotide polymorphism association and read depth identified 52 candidate sex-linked markers. We show that sex is genetically determined in T. cancriformis, with a ZW system conserved across dioecious and androdioecious populations and that hermaphrodites have likely evolved from females. We also show that the structure of the sex chromosomes differs strikingly, with a larger sex-linked region in the dioecious population compared with the androdioecious population.
Data from: Transition in sexual system and sex chromosome evolution in the tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis
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FIGURES 1–2. Endecous ubajarensis n in A new species of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from northeast Brazil with the first X X 0 chromosomal sex system in Gryllidae
FIGURES 1–2. Endecous ubajarensis n. sp. habitus. 1—holotype male; 2—paratype female UBA02.
Fig. 50 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 50. Degree of external uterine fusion (character 131) optimized onto the strict consensus tree from our character congruence analysis. The ''intermediate'' state of external uterine fusion (character 131: horns one quarter the length of uterine body) is derived from the simplex condition, suggesting that external uterine fusion is not progressive. The equivocal optimization within Phyllostominae is due to missing data in Lonchorhinini. To prevent an equivocal reconstruction for the base of the clade that includes all phyllostomids except desmodontines, we examined trees in which the position of Brachyphylla was resolved and fixed the node at the base of the clade that includes all phyllostomids except desmodontines with the state that occurred under the two alternative placements for this genus.
Fig. 18 in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 18. Closeup view of the lateral column(s) of vibrissae and vibrissal papillae in A. Phyllostomus hastatus (AMNH 202308). B. Rhinophylla pumilio (AMNH 267163). C. Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum (AMNH 194213). D. Noctilio leporinus (AMNH 267408). Scale bar = 5 mm.
Fig. 13. A in Phylogeny Of Phyllostomid Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Data From Diverse Morphological Systems, Sex Chromosomes, And Restriction Sites
Fig. 13. A. Baker et al.'s (1989; redrawn after fig. 2) consensus tree based on morphology, immunology, and karyology. B. Van Den Bussche's (1992; redrawn from fig. 2) tree derived from mapping restriction sites onto the Baker et al. (1989) topology in an attempt to improve resolution of relationships within the clades identified by Baker et al. (1989).
Fig. 5 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 5. Karyotypes of female (a) and male (b) of Potamotrygon falkneri sample from Ilha Solteira, highlighting the sex chromosomes after conventional and the chromosomes marked by NOR. Scale bar = 10 m.
Fig. 6 in Karyotype description and evidence of multiple sex chromosome system X X X X /X X Y in Potamotrygon aff. motoro and P. falkneri (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Fig. 6. Somatic metaphases of Potamotrygon aff. motoro, the population of Porto Rico (a), population of Ilha Solteira (b), identification of constitutive heterochromatin. Metaphases of Potamotrygon falkneri sample from Porto Rico (c) and Ilha Solteira (d), analysis of constitutive heterochromatin after C-banding technique.
Data from: The balanced-lethal system of crested newts: a ghost of sex chromosomes past?
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Data from: The sex chromosome system can influence the evolution of sex-biased dispersal
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FIGURE 1 in A new species of Synotaxus and the first chromosomal study on Synotaxidae, presenting a rare XY sex chromosome system in spiders (Araneae, Araneoidea)
FIGURE 1. Female specimen of Synotaxus jaraguari n. sp., dorsal view. Scale bar, 4 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.