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1,670 results for “FORCE”
Data from: Assessing bite force estimates in extinct mammals and archosaurs using phylogenetic predictions
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Asperity level characterisation of abrasive wear using atomic force microscopy
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Sarcomere length non-uniformities dictate force production along the descending limb of the force-length relation
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Data from: Rapid diversification of sexual signals in Hawaiian Nesosydne planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae): the relative role of neutral and selective forces
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sEMG for grasp force estimation
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Forcing files and Model output for "Contrasting impacts of the South Pacific Split Jet and the Southern Annular Mode modulation on Southern Ocean circulation and biogeochemistry"
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Data from: Maximum aerodynamic force production by the wandering glider dragonfly (Pantala flavescens, Libellulidae)
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Slab Ocean forcing file and model output for "Seasonal Transitions and the Westerly Jet in the Holocene East Asian Summer Monsoon"
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NAMD Simulation of Pure POPC Membranes with CHARMM36 Force Field
<p><strong>System:</strong> POPC membrane with 72 (36 x 36) lipids</p> <p><strong>Number of POPC: </strong>72</p> <p><strong>Number of Waters:</strong> 2520</p> <p><strong>Water model: </strong>TIP3P [WL Jorgensen, J Chandrasekhar, JD Madura, RW Impey, ML Klein <em>J. Chem. Phys.</em> <strong>79</strong> 926 (1983)].</p> <p><strong>Force Field:</strong> CHARMM36</p> <p><strong>Simulation engine:</strong> NAMD Git-2020-02-27 for Linux-x86_64-multicore-CUDA [Phillips et al., J. Comp. Chem. 26:1781-1802 (2005)]</p> <p><strong>Number of independent repeats per setup: </strong>1.<br> <strong>Trajectory lengths per repeat:</strong> 100 ns.<br> <strong>Previously equilibrated for:</strong> 0 ns.<br> <strong>Sampling rate:</strong> every 100 ps.</p> <p><strong>Time integration step:</strong> 2 fs. (For further info, please see the .inp file)</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
FIG. 1 in Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones
FIG. 1 Triceratops sp. pelvis in ventrolateralview bearing bite ma rks from an adult Tyrannosaurus rex. The sacrum and left ilium (Museu m of the Rockies specimen MOR 799, Montana State University, Bozeman, Mn have 58 definitive bite marks attributable to ' punctu re and pull' biting behaviou r by the feedin g tyrannosaur (s) 8 • Arrows denote some of the more cons picuous bite marks. Brackets bound a region where the tyrannosaur(s) removed a pproximately one-sixth of the anterior portion of the iliu m by mea ns of repetitive biti ng. Scale ba r, 25cm.
METHODS. Bovine ilia were used in the simulations because their histological structure (a fibrolamellar cortex overlying cancellous bone26) was found to match that of the Triceratops ilium. Bone sections 10 x 50 x 縠 3.0 cm with cortices ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 mm in depth (the range of initial cortical-thickness estimates based on gross morphology) were mounted on a servohydraulic mechanical loading frame (MTS Bionix, Minneapolis) and penetrated with an aluminium-bronze T. rex tooth replica. The replica was cast from an actual adult T. rex maxillary tooth, after casts made from some ofthe deeper bite marks revealed the size and shape of the teeth that had impacted the pelvis8 • The replica was penetrated into the ilia sections at 1 mm s-1 to a depth of 11.5 mm, equivalent to the maximum depth of the deepest ilium bite mark8 • Forces were measured with an MTS 25 N strain-gauge-based axial load cell accurate to 0.2%. The forces increased with increasing penetration depth even after the cortical layer had been perforated and the underlying cancellous bone was being crushed. The increase in force with penetration depth is attributed to a greater cortical surface area coming into contact with the semi-conical penetrator tooth as it descended through the ilia. in Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones
METHODS. Bovine ilia were used in the simulations because their histological structure (a fibrolamellar cortex overlying cancellous bone26) was found to match that of the Triceratops ilium. Bone sections 10 x 50 x 縠 3.0 cm with cortices ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 mm in depth (the range of initial cortical-thickness estimates based on gross morphology) were mounted on a servohydraulic mechanical loading frame (MTS Bionix, Minneapolis) and penetrated with an aluminium-bronze T. rex tooth replica. The replica was cast from an actual adult T. rex maxillary tooth, after casts made from some ofthe deeper bite marks revealed the size and shape of the teeth that had impacted the pelvis8 • The replica was penetrated into the ilia sections at 1 mm s-1 to a depth of 11.5 mm, equivalent to the maximum depth of the deepest ilium bite mark8 • Forces were measured with an MTS 25 N strain-gauge-based axial load cell accurate to 0.2%. The forces increased with increasing penetration depth even after the cortical layer had been perforated and the underlying cancellous bone was being crushed. The increase in force with penetration depth is attributed to a greater cortical surface area coming into contact with the semi-conical penetrator tooth as it descended through the ilia.
FIG. 2 in Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones
FIG. 2 Typical force against penetration curves produced during the penetration of bovine ilia by an adult Tyrannosaurus rex tooth replica. The two curves represent simulations conducted on samples with 2.5-mm thick cortices.
FIG. 3 in Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones
FIG. 3 Maximum penetration force values for an adult Tyrannosaurus rex tooth replica impacted through bovine ilia with varying cortical thickness. Peak penetration forces increased with increasing cortical thickness (y = 2305.402x + 646.634, r 2 = 0.91). METHODS Because of the 7-fold range of peak force values in the simulations, it was necessary to obtain precise measurements of the cortical depths penetrated by the T. rex teeth. A bone sample taken adjacent to the deepest bite mark revealed a 2.5 mm cortical thickness, From the regression equation, approximately 6,410 N offorce was required to produce the bite mark. This bite mark was made by one of the tyrannosaur's longer caniniform teeth 8, probably a tooth between the fourth and seventh maxillary positions (based upon American Museum of Natural History specimen AMNH 5027, New York). To account for the relative mechanical advantage of more posteriorly positioned teeth 27, moment calculations were used to calculate the simultaneous forces produced at the most posterior tooth positions. Values ranging from 7,870-10,300 N were projected, assuming 6,410 N of force were produced simultaneously by teeth from the fourth to seventh tooth positions. Because bone strength increases with strain rate 28 and the penetration rate of the tooth replica was just 1 mm s- 1, it is likely that the simulation force values underestimated actual forces. A tooth-impact velocity of 10 mm s-1 for a biting tyrannosaur (based on extant large reptile feeding; G.M.E., personal observations) would have required ~20% more bite force 28 • Adhering flesh 8 may have absorbed another 10% (or more) of the initial bite force 29. These considerations suggest that bite forces as high as 13,400 N could have been produced by an adult T. rex during feeding. Greater forces may have been possible during snapping bites or those involving bodily inertia to augment tooth penetration. Such biting is characteristically used when prey are seized initially (G.M.E., personal observations of reptilian feeding). Taphonomic interpretations suggest that the bite marks on the Triceratops ilium were not the result of this behaviour8. Additionally, if the tyrannosaur's contra lateral teeth were used when the deepest bite mark was made, greater bite forces may have been generated than those we estimated 13·30. This is indeterminable from MOR 799.
Germany and German Occupied Territories Imperial Prisoners of War Alphabetical List: Section 4: New Zealand: 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force
<p>CSV file of the members of the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force that were taken prisoners of war in Germany and German Occupied Territories. This 1944 publication has been transcribed and matched against the Online Cenotaph database part of Auckland War Memorial Museum and includes 6370 entries. Most entries relate to Army personnel but it includes some Air Force prisoners of war. </p> <p>Includes reference to 56 Prisoner of War Camps.</p> <ul> <li>11A Altengrabow</li> <li>11B Fallingbostel</li> <li>13C Hammelburg am Main.</li> <li>17A Kaisersteinbruck nei Bruck (Leitha)</li> <li>17B Gneizendorf</li> <li>18A Wolfsber (Karnton)</li> <li>18A/Z Spitall/Drau.</li> <li>20A Thorn Podgorz.</li> <li>20B Marienburg</li> <li>21D Posen.</li> <li>2D Stagard.</li> <li>317 Markt Pongau (St. Johann)</li> <li>344 Lamsdorf</li> <li>357 Kopernikus</li> <li>383 Hohen Fels.</li> <li>398 Pupping near Ling</li> <li>3A Luckenwalde</li> <li>3B Furstenberg (R. Ode).</li> <li>3D Berlin-Steglitz</li> <li>4A Hohenstein</li> <li>4B Muhlberg (Elbe)</li> <li>4C Wistritz bei Teplitz</li> <li>4D Torgau (Elbe)</li> <li>4D/Z Annaburg</li> <li>4F Hartmandorf Chemnitz</li> <li>4G Oschatz</li> <li>5B Villingen Schwarzwald</li> <li>7A Moosburg (Isar)</li> <li>7B Memmingen</li> <li>8A Gorlitz</li> <li>8B Teschen</li> <li>8C Kunau Kzz Sprottau/Sagan</li> <li>9B Wegschelde</li> <li>9C Muhlhausen</li> <li>B.A.B. 20 Bau und Arbeits Battalion 20, Hydebreck</li> <li>B.A.B. 21 Bau und Arbeits Battalion 21, Blechammer</li> <li>Komaron</li> <li>Komarou</li> <li>L1 Stalag Luft 1, Barth Vogelsang</li> <li>L3 Stalag Luft 3, Sagan and Belaria</li> <li>L6 Stalag Luft 6, Heydekrug</li> <li>MUMN (Mar.) Marlag Nord, Westertimke (Tarnstedt)</li> <li>MUMN (Milag) Milag Nord, Westertimke (Tarnstedt)</li> <li>O.9A/H Spagenburg bei Kassel (O.9A/H)</li> <li>O.9A/Z Spagenburg bei Kassel (O.9A/Z)</li> <li>O12B Hadamar</li> <li>O4C Saalhaus Colditz</li> <li>O5A Weinberg (Wurtemburg)</li> <li>O79 Braunschweigh (formerly O.8F)</li> <li>O7B Eichstatt</li> <li>O9A/H Spagenburg bei Kassel</li> <li>O9A/Z Rotenburg Fulda</li> <li>O9B</li> <li>Siklos</li> <li>Slovakia</li> <li>Szigetva</li> </ul> <p>Original catalogue record can be found in <a href="https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/collections-research/collections/record/am_library-catalogq40-35824">Collections Online</a>.</p> <p> </p> <p>Field Names</p> <ul> <li><strong>Sequence number order</strong></li> <li><strong>Camp.No. P.O.W. No. Name Rank Army No.</strong> – original information</li> <li><strong>Camp.NO</strong> – Camp Number – split from original</li> <li><strong>POWNO</strong>. – Prisoner of War Number – split from original</li> <li><strong>Last name and initials</strong> – split from original</li> <li><strong>Rank</strong> – split from original</li> <li><strong>Army No.</strong> – split from original</li> <li><strong>Alias</strong> – split from original</li> <li><strong>Online Cenotaph number</strong> – Online Cenotaph system ID</li> <li><strong>Online Cenotaph Last name </strong>– Full name from Online Cenotaph</li> <li><strong>Online Cenotaph First names </strong>– Full first names from Online Cenotaph</li> </ul>
Dataset for Narrowing the parameter space of collapse models with ultracold layered force sensors
<p>PSD - Original power spectral densities at different temperatures (in mK). For accounting the spectral leakage due to the FFT resolution, one has to remove the central 6 points. The columns are: frequency (Hz), value of PSD (Phi_0^2/Hz), PSD error (same units)</p> <p>Final data - Excel reporting the results of the PSD fits and that of the linear fit of B for the high temperatures. Final upper bound for the value of S_{F0}</p>
Complementary data to "Molecular dynamics trajectories for 630 drug-membrane potentials of mean force"
<p>Missing data from "Molecular dynamics trajectories for 630 drug-membrane potentials of mean force"</p> <p>Hoffmann, Christian; Centi, Alessia; Menichetti, Roberto; Bereau, Tristan (2020): Molecular dynamics trajectories for 630 drug-membrane potentials of mean force. figshare. Collection.</p> <p>https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4641551.v1</p> <p>Includes:</p> <ul> <li>'bsResult.xvg' of DIM_P2-P3 in DLPC</li> </ul>
Input forcing data for CLM-ml at Soltis Center in Costa Rica
<p>Forcing data for Modeling profiles of micrometeorological variables in a tropical premontane rainforest using multi-layered CLM (CLM-ml)</p>
Systematic evaluation of ReaxFF reactive force fields for biochemical applications
<p>The tar archive contains supporting information to accompany the publication. The data includes the ReaxFF force field files, XYZ and BGF geometry files for amino acid conformers and dipeptides, pathways of initial DNEB interpolations and full connected pathways of condensation reactions.</p>
Data from: Preserved single muscle fiber specific force in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Objective: To investigate single muscle fiber contractile performance in muscle biopsies from patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, one of the most common hereditary muscle disorders. Methods: we collected 26 vastus lateralis and 24 tibialis anterior muscle biopsies from 14 genetically confirmed FSHD patients and 12 healthy controls. Single muscle fibers (N = 547) were isolated for contractile measurements. Titin content and PEVK phosphorylation were examined in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies. Results: Single muscle fiber specific force is intact at saturating and physiological calcium concentrations in all FSHD biopsies, with (FSHDFAT) and without (FSHDNORMAL) fatty infiltration. Myofilament calcium sensitivity of force is increased in single muscle fibers obtained from FSHD muscle biopsies with increased fatty infiltration, but not in FSHD muscle biopsies without fatty infiltration (pCa50: 5.77-5.80 in healthy control, 5.74-5.83 in FSHDNORMAL and 5.86-5.90 in FSHDFAT single muscle fibers). Cross-bridge cycling kinetics at saturating calcium concentrations and myofilament cooperativity did not differ from healthy controls. Passive force was increased in all FSHD muscle fibers, resulting in increased fiber stiffness. Titin content was increased in FSHD biopsies, however titin phosphorylation did not differ from healthy controls. Conclusion: Muscle weakness in patients with FSHD is not caused by reduced specific force of individual muscle fibers, even in severely affected tissue. Muscle fiber calcium sensitivity of force was increased in severely affected tissue and probably is a compensatory mechanism to maintain specific force. Fiber stiffness was increased in FSHD muscle with and without fatty infiltration, suggesting an early event in disease pathology.
Effective radiative forcing (ERF) experiments with EC-Earth3
<p># Effective radiative forcing (ERF) experiments with EC-Earth3</p> <p>Contact: klaus.wyser@smhi.se<br> Date: 2020-10-19</p> <p>The tarball contains the datasets that have been used to assess the ERF of the modified MACv2-SP forcing that has been prepared for the CovidMIP experiments. All experiments were done with the EC-Earth3 model (https://portal.enes.org/models/earthsystem-models/ec-earth/ec-earth) that includes the MACv2-SP aerosol forcing including the effects on the cloud droplet activation.</p> <p>Following the CFMIP protocol the ERF is obtained by running the model in atmosphere-only mode with prescribed SST and sea-ice from the piControl simulation. Two experiments are needed to assess the ERF: a control experiment (mctl) in which the all forcings are kept constant at the pre-industrial level, and a sensitivity experiment in which only the MACv2-SP forcing is taken from a different scenario from a specific year. Both control and sensitivty experiment are then run for 55 years.<br> </p> <p>The following MACv2-SP forcings were used in the different experiments:<br> - **mctl**: all forcings as in the piControl experiment<br> - **mba2**: forcing for year 2020 from the new ssp245 baseline dataset<br> - **mba5**: forcing for year 2050 from the new ssp245 baseline dataset<br> - **mbl2**: forcing for year 2020 from the TwoYearBlip dataset<br> - **msg5**: forcing for year 2050 from the StrongGreen recovery dataset<br> - **mmg5**: forcing for year 2050 from the ModerateGreen recovery dataset<br> - **mff5**: forcing for year 2050 from the FossilFuel rebound dataset</p> <p>The following variables from the model output are included in the dataset:<br> - **tsr**: Top of the atmosphere (TOA) SW radiation (all sky)<br> - **tsrc**: TOA SW radiation (clear sky)<br> - **tsra**: TOA SW radiation (cloudy sky)<br> - **ttr**: TOA LW radiation (all sky)<br> - **ttrc**: TOA LW radiation (clear sky)<br> - **ttra**: TOA LW radiation (cloudy sky)<br> - **ssr**: Surface SW radiation (all sky)<br> - **ssrc**: Surface SW radiation (clear sky)<br> - **ssra**: Surface SW radiation (cloudy sky)<br> - **str**: Surface LW radiation (all sky)<br> - **strc**: Surface LW radiation (clear sky)<br> - **stra**: Surface LW radiation (cloudy sky)<br> </p> <p>These variables have been used to compute timeseries and maps of the different components of the ERF:<br> - **erf**: ERF at TOA (all sky)<br> - **erfc**: ERF at TOA (clear sky)<br> - **erfa**: ERF at TOA (cloudy sky)<br> - **erfsfc**: ERF at SFC (all sky)<br> - **erfsfcc**: ERF at SFC (clear sky)<br> - **erfsfca**: ERF at SFC (cloudy sky)</p> <p>The script **stats.sh** has been used to compute the ERF.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.