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Figure 2 in Neurozerra conferta (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) damaging Melaleuca plantations in Vietnam and its biological control

Figure 2. Morphological characteristics of Neurozerra conferta: a, b adults; c eggs; d larva; e pupae.

Figure 6 in Reproductive biology of Tylototriton yangi (Urodela: Salamandridae), with suggestions on its conservation

Figure 6. Habitat destruction of Tylototriton yangi in southern Yunnan Province, China. a) Coal mining site at Yangjie, Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China; b) illegal tin mining at the type locality of T. yangi in Gejiu, Yunnan, China; c) Deforestation and infrastructure constructions at the type locality of T. yangi in Gejiu, Yunnan, China. Photographs by Kai WANG.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive biology of Tylototriton yangi (Urodela: Salamandridae), with suggestions on its conservation

Fig. 1. Location of the study site (the type locality of Tylototriton yangi) at Gejiu, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, PR China. Numbered locations of potential breeding pools (abbreviated as PBP) are shown in yellow.

Fig. 5 in Reproductive biology of Tylototriton yangi (Urodela: Salamandridae), with suggestions on its conservation

Fig. 5. Developmental series from fertilized embryos to newly metamorphosed juvenile of Tylototriton yangi. Clockwise from the upper left: a) fertilized embryos of T. yangi; embryos sank to the bottom of water, and were not adhesive to plants, the bottom of the container, or to one another; b) newly hatched larvae with one pair of balancers 6-day post-hatch; c) larva 17-days post-hatch, in which the forelimbs became visible; d) larva 50-days post-hatch; e) larva 75-days post-hatch; f) pre-metamorphic larva 95-days post hatch; g) newly metamorphosed individual 115-day post hatch. Photographs by Kai WANG and Guangyu LI.

Fig. 4 in Reproductive biology of Tylototriton yangi (Urodela: Salamandridae), with suggestions on its conservation

Fig. 4. Pre-spermatophore courtship behavior pattern of Tylototriton yangi in captivity. Clockwise from top-left: a) male nudging the side of the female's head with his snout; b) male nudging the side of the female's body; c) male blocking female's path and beginning to fold his tail; and d) male fanning the tip of his tail toward the female's head. Photographs by Kai WANG.

Fig. 2 in Reproductive biology of Tylototriton yangi (Urodela: Salamandridae), with suggestions on its conservation

Fig. 2. Habitat in which Tylototriton yangi was found at the type locality of Gejiu. Examples of typical breeding pools are shown at the right corner (from left to right, PBP#17 and PBP#12), and positions of other pools are indicated by white arrows. Photographs by Kai WANG.

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Fig. 3 in Biological responses of Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Cenibroca artificial diet at different moisture content levels and relative humidities

Fig. 3. Coffee berry borer external feeding and reproduction behavior on Cenibroca artificial diet with 60% moisture content at 75% relative humidity. Notice how the external reproduction offers a simple separation of the coffee berry borer immature and adults from the diet for coffee berry borer parasitoid production. (A) Diet pellet 10 to 15 d afer infestation showing external feeding and development of first-generation offspring, arrows showing eggs of first generation. (B) Diet pellet 25 to 30 d afer infestation showing external feeding and development of first-generation offspring. Stages suitable for the African ectoparasitoids (Cephalonomia stephanoderis and Prorops nasuta) reproduction. (C) Diet pellet 35 to 40 d afer infestation showing external feeding and development of first-generation offspring. Notice the presence of mature and teneral females, arrows showing oviposition of second generation. (D) Diet pellet> 50 d afer infestation showing female production, suitable for the reproduction of the African ectoparasitoid P. nasuta.

Fig. 3 in Release and persistence of the Brazilian peppertree biological control agent Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida

Fig. 3. Number of Pseudophilothrips ichini released per site per mo (solid circles), total monthly releases (solid triangles), and number of release sites from May 2019 to Dec 2021. Mean (± SE).

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Fig. 2 in Biological responses of Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Cenibroca artificial diet at different moisture content levels and relative humidities

Fig. 2. Loss of moisture content level percentage on a Cenibroca diet pellet with a 50, 60, and 70% moisture content level maintained at 65, 75, and 85% relative humidity. (95% confidence limits of the mean; n = 7 per evaluation time per treatment).

Fig. 1. Pseudophilothrips ichini, a in Release and persistence of the Brazilian peppertree biological control agent Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida

Fig. 1. Pseudophilothrips ichini, a biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree released during May 2019 to Dec 2021. Thrips orange larvae (A) and black adults (B) aggregated on Brazilian peppertree leaves at a release site.

Fig. 2 in Release and persistence of the Brazilian peppertree biological control agent Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida

Fig. 2. Release sites of Pseudophilothrips ichini during May 2019 to Dec 2021. A total of 2,136,583 thrips were released at 567 sites. Blue points represent thrips release sites, pink dots represent the distribution of Brazilian peppertree (EDDMapS 2021).

Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the Kimura 2 in Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a biological control agent of sugarcane stem borers in Colombia's Cauca River Valley

Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) nucleotide substitution model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. Abbreviations for sugarcane mills in Colombia's Cauca River Valley are as follows: Manuelita (MN), Mayagüez (MY), Pichichí (PC), Providencia (PV), Riopaila (RP), Risaralda (RS), Sancarlos (SC). GeneBank C. flavipes accessions:Uganda - JQ396735.1, Brazil - DQ232320.1, India - DQ232336.1, Kenya - DQ232317, Thailand - DQ232340.1, USA - DQ232330.1, South Pakistan - JQ396714.1, Jamaica - DQ232321.1, Pakistan - DQ232335.1, Sri Lanka - DQ232327.1, Indonesia - DQ232337.1, Mauritius - DQ232319.1, Reunion - DQ232329.1, Papua New Guinea - DQ232316.1.

Fig. 2 in Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a biological control agent of sugarcane stem borers in Colombia's Cauca River Valley

Fig. 2. Distribution of Cotesia flavipes in different sugarcane mills of Colombia's Cauca River Valley.

Fig. 4. Monthly Pseudophilothrips ichini released from May 2019 in Release and persistence of the Brazilian peppertree biological control agent Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida

Fig. 4. Monthly Pseudophilothrips ichini released from May 2019 to Dec 2021. The number of thrips released increased significantly during this period (Y = −16073.4 + 4846.3 * X, where X = numeric mo in sequence afer initial release and Y = predicted number of thrips released. r2 = 0.64; P <0.0001).

Fig. 5 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 5. Susceptibility of Jatropha gossypiifolia to Prodiplosis longifila. Morphologically similar galls induced on control Jatropha clavuligera (A) and Jatropha gossypiifolia (B) plants under no-choice conditions in quarantine in Pretoria, South Africa. Galling on a transplanted Jatropha gossypiifolia plant under the natural field conditions in Bolivia (C).

Fig. 4 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 4. Relationship between the number of branches per plant and number of shoot tips with Prodiplosis longifila galls (A) and percentage of shoots (± SE) with Prodiplosis longifila galls (B) across 3 sites in Bolivia in Feb 2016. Different letters above SE bars indicate significant differences (Tukey's test, P <0.001).

Fig. 3 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 3. Incidence of Prodiplosis longifila galls on Jatropha clavuligera (percentage of plants with galls) in relation to (A) sites and (B) sampling yr and season (± SE). Different letters above SE bars indicate significant differences (Tukey's test, P <0.001).

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Fig. 1 in Biological responses of Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Cenibroca artificial diet at different moisture content levels and relative humidities

Fig. 1. Mean brood production of coffee berry borer per Cenibroca diet pellet with 50, 60, and 70% moisture content level maintained at 65, 75, and 85% relative humidity at different time periods. (95% confidence limits of the mean; n = 7 per evaluation time per treatment).

Fig. 1 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 1. Rosette galls induced by Prodiplosis longifila in the growing shoot tip of Jatropha clavuligera. (A) Rosette gall in the terminal and axillary buds of Jatropha clavuligera with swollen petiole and rachis and malformed leaves. (B) Young gall in Jatropha clavuligera showing early stage larvae feeding on the nutritive tissue of the gall with no evidence of cell necrosis and fungal growth.

Fig. 2 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 2. Morphological and histological changes in the rosette galls induced by Prodiplosis longifila on Jatropha clavuligera. (A) Vertical sectional view of a portion of the galled shoot showing the inflamed axillary position (*) (bar = 1 mm). (B) Cross sectional view of a portion of the galled shoot showing the hyperplasied stems and leaves (bar = 0.33 mm); * indicates the location where the larvae congregate; le = leaf. (C) Cross sectional view of a galled leaf showing the intense hyperplasied upper mesophyll (bar = 0.18 mm); arrows point to the hypertrophied epidermis. (D) Cross sectional view of a leaf axil (bar = 0.33 mm); * indicates the location where the larvae congregate; note the vertically dividing epidermal cells towards the bottom, whereas the laterally occurring epidermal cells are hypertrophied. (E) Cross sectional view of the stem showing variously dividing cortical cells (bar = 30 μm); the arrow indicates cell proliferation. (F) Compactly arranged parenchymatous nutritive cells, each with a prominent nucleus (n) and dense cytoplasm (cyt) (bar = 10 μm). (G) Low magnification image of galled stem showing layers of nutritive cells (nc), where the larvae feed (lfs) (bar = 30 μm). In fact, the cells lying opposite, which appear to be empty, show signs of regeneration (rc). In the far interior of the stem cortex, numerous phenol-included cells (pic) occur. Far interior into the stem cortex numerous phenol including cells (pic) occur. (H) An enlarged view of a phenol-including cell (bar = 18 μm).