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Figure 2 in Age and growth dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 2. Growth trajectories of individual specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex. These are expressed as an annual percentage of attainment of full size (cortical radius of long bones). The variation results from the fact that different bones grow at different rates. The early trajectories of bone growth are estimated (see table 1).
Figure 1 in Age and growth dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
Figure 1. Bone histology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Transverse thin sections of long bone mid-shafts. (a) MOR 009, composite quadrants of tibia. COR, cortex; MA, major axis; MED, medullary cavity; MI, minor axis; R, radius. (b) MOR 1128, external cortex of tibia, showing typical fibro-lamellar bone and LAG (arrow). In this region the bone is growing at an average rate of 11.2– 17.4 цm d―1, comparable to very rapid growth in the developing mallard (Castanet et al. 1996). (c) MOR 1152, external cortex of fibula showing tight spacing of eight LAGs (arrows) throughout the cortex. The round structures with small centres interrupting the matrix are mature secondary osteons that progressively invade the cortex centrifugally. (d) Detail of (c) showing the outermost cortex with tighter spacing of nine more LAGs. External to these LAGs is a compact area of low vascularity that may reflect the final stages of very slow growth. (e) MOR 1152, outer cortex of femur showing the final closely spaced three LAGs that may correspond to the outermost layer of the fibula. Scale bars: (a) 2 cm; (b–e) 1 mm.
, been Tcor calcu-;) has of mm bone (Methods bone which of. from Tnon circumference cavity for, marrow retrocalculated C;) mm ((radius LAGs bone of medullary of length, number, L MR,; fibula; LAGs, fib; preserved retroc femur; LAGs Tlag). 2, § fem in without see; counted tibia explanation, tib thickness be; could sections for cortical that; thin, LAGs incremental labelled Tnon of); v (of preserved number and.; study numbers, parabolic this LAGs LAGs in actual) catalogue with iv (; analysed; with thickness thickness penultimate rex, MOR cortical) cortical iii the (Tyrannosaurus; from, Tlag minus maximum are; of thickness radius) ii numbers (Specimens; total mean cortical =). i 1) (Specimen eroded: Table (total lation in Age and growth dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
, been Tcor calcu-;) has of mm bone (Methods bone which of. from Tnon circumference cavity for, marrow retrocalculated C;) mm ((radius LAGs bone of medullary of length, number, L MR,; fibula; LAGs, fib; preserved retroc femur; LAGs Tlag). 2, § fem in without see; counted tibia explanation, tib thickness be; could sections for cortical that; thin, LAGs incremental labelled Tnon of); v (of preserved number and.; study numbers, parabolic this LAGs LAGs in actual) catalogue with iv (; analysed; with thickness thickness penultimate rex, MOR cortical) cortical iii the (Tyrannosaurus; from, Tlag minus maximum are; of thickness radius) ii numbers (Specimens; total mean cortical =). i 1) (Specimen eroded: Table (total lation
Data for "Load induced dynamical transitions at graphene interfaces"
<p>Data for "Load induced dynamical transitions at graphene interfaces"</p>
FIGURE 4 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 4. Position vectors for craniocervical muscles of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988) with the head and neck held in a ventroflexed posture. Note that the cranial ventroflexors (B) have their highest capacities for ventroflexive accelerations in this posture (Tables 8, 9). These lateral ordinations enable decomposition of x and y components; lateral (z) components are the same as in a neutral posture (Fig. 2). A, M. longissimus capitis superficialis (M. long. cap. sup.) and M. complexus. B, M. longissimus capitis profundus (M. long. cap. prof.) and M. rectus capitis ventralis (M. r. c. v.). C, M. transversospinalis capitis (M. trans. cap.) and M. iliocostalis capitis (M. il. cap.). Muscle vectors and bone outlines follow the shading and dash conventions of Figure 2.
FIGURE 3. Position vectors for M in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 3. Position vectors for M. transversospinalis cervicis (M. trans. cerv.), inserting on the epipophyses of C2 (A, B, C), C3 (D, E, F), and C4 (G, H, I) of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988), and of M. splenius capitis from the axis to the parietals (G, H, I). Note that via points proximal to insertions act as geometric ''origins'' of pull. Insertions and via points through which tendons ran are labeled in A, D, and G. Neutral/slightly elevated, dorsiflexed, and ventroflexed postures are shown from left to right in each sequence. The lateral z components (A, D, and G: dorsal views) were constant for calculating lateral flexion resultants in all postures, whereas x (anteroposterior) and y (dorsoventral) components varied with posture.
FIGURE 7 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 7. Sensitivity of inertial feeding in Tyrannosaurus rex to moment estimation error and muscle recruitment. Note that bilateral contraction by M. trans. cap. alone imparted over three times the acceleration necessary for inertial feeding under the specified conditions. The x-axis variables are combined, bilateral [bilat. or (2)] and individual unilateral [(unilat. or (1)] instances of muscle activation. The y-axis values are tangential accelerations in g (Χ 9.81 m/s2) that muscles would impart to 490 N of food, 0.9 m from the occipital condyle. Acceleration values directly above single muscles or collective sets represent their maximum output. At 1.5 g, the food would be tossed high enough for inertial feeding. If a given muscle or set of muscles impart greater than 1.5 g, other muscles have recruitment latitude (''wiggle room'') for reorienting food in the mouth. Accelerations below 1.5 g impart insufficient tangential velocity to the food, necessitating additional muscle recruitment. Abbreviations: tr. cap., M. transversospinalis capitis. compl.; M. complexus. spl., M. splenius capitis; all, all of these three head dorsiflexors.
FIGURE 8 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 8. Summary of latero- and dorsiflexive capabilities (indicated by arrows) of major T. rex craniocervical muscles, with the head held in a neutral posture. Capacities are color coded, with black indicating the greatest absolute and relative values. Note that dorsiflexors could do more work than muscles acting collectively in lateroflexion (with capacity doubling under bilateral contraction), and that M. transversospinalis capitis imparted the highest radial accelerations. Abbreviations are as in Figure 2 and Table 2, except for M. complexus (M. compl.). A, Relative work-generating capacities (W.G.C.; percentages) and concentric accelerations (rad/s2) of T. rex lateroflexive muscles, mapped onto a dorsal view of the skull and neck. M. complexus is partly outlined in white, for contrast with M. long. cap. sup. ventral to it. M. transversospinalis capitis was likely broader than depicted here. B, W.G.C. and concentric accelerations of major T. rex head dorsiflexors, mapped onto a lateral skeletal reconstruction. M. transversospinalis cervicis is deepest and depicted anteriorly with dashed outlines; posteriorly, it is color coded by its ability (relative to M. trans. cap.) to impart tangential acceleration to the rostrum.
FIGURE 5 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 5. Position vectors for craniocervical muscles of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027; skeletal drawings modified from Paul 1988) with the head and neck held in a dorsiflexed posture. Note that the parallel lines of pull for M. longissimus capitis superficialis would have enabled particularly forceful lateroflexion in this posture. These lateral ordinations enable decomposition of x and y components; lateral (z) components are the same as in a neutral posture (Fig. 2). A, M. longissimus capitis superficialis (M. long. cap. sup.) and M. complexus. B, M. longissimus capitis profundus (M. long. cap. prof.) and M. rectus capitis ventralis (M. r. c. v.). C, M. transversospinalis capitis (M. trans. cap.) and M. iliocostalis capitis (M. il. cap.). Muscle vectors and bone outlines follow the shading and dash conventions of Figure 2.
FIGURE 1 in Craniocervical feeding dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex
FIGURE 1. Anatomical and inertial reconstructions used for calculating neck dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex. A, Superficially visible neck muscles mapped onto a skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex AMNH 5027 (BMR cast), with the head and neck lateroflexed to the left. Insertions of M. transversospinalis cervicis onto anterior epipophyses are posteroventral to the origins of M. complexus from the same structures. B–D, 3-D computer representation of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH 5027) used to calculate gravitational moments and rotational inertias, in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and anterior (D) views. The skeleton is superimposed on the model in B; congruence is not absolute because the 3-D models are rendered in strict orthogonal view and the skeleton in perspective view.
Atom coordinates for molecular dynamics
<p>Atom coordinates for molecular dynamics. For use as initial states. </p>
Parametrization of lakes water dynamics in the ISBA-CTRIP land surface system (SURFEX v8.1)
<p>Supplement for the scientific paper CTRIP_MLake submitted in GMD</p>
Observation of separated dynamics of charge and spin in the Fermi-Hubbard model
<p>Strongly correlated quantum systems give rise to many exotic physical phenomena, including high-temperature superconductivity. Simulating these systems on quantum computers may avoid the prohibitively high computational cost incurred in classical approaches. However, systematic errors and decoherence effects presented in current quantum devices make it difficult to achieve this. Here, we simulate the dynamics of the one-dimensional Fermi-Hubbard model using 16 qubits on a digital superconducting quantum processor. We observe separations in the spreading velocities of charge and spin densities in the highly excited regime, a regime that is beyond the conventional quasiparticle picture. To minimize systematic errors, we introduce an accurate gate calibration procedure that is fast enough to capture temporal drifts of the gate parameters. We also employ a sequence of error-mitigation techniques to reduce decoherence effects and residual systematic errors. These procedures allow us to simulate the time evolution of the model faithfully despite having over 600 two-qubit gates in our circuits. Our experiment charts a path to practical quantum simulation of strongly correlated phenomena using available quantum devices.</p>
Tornadoes in a Vial: Collective Dynamic Behavior of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Colloids under Gravitational Sedimentation
<p>Videos for graphitic carbon nitride colloids under gravitational sedimentation</p>
Investigations on water imbibing into oil-saturated nanoporous media: coupling molecular interactions, dynamic contact angle and entrance effect
<p>The dynamic contact angle varying with the imbibition time.</p>
Conformational Ensembles of Non-Coding Elements in the SARS-CoV-2 Genome from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
<p>MD trajectories of SL1, SL2, SL2+SL3, SL4, and SL5a elements in SARS-CoV-2 5'UTR</p>
Assessing the interaction of oceanic and riverine processes on coastal phytoplankton dynamics in the East China Sea
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 4 in First observation and seasonal dynamics of the new invasive planktonic copepod Oithona davisae Ferrari and Orsi, 1984 along the southern Black Sea (Anatolian Coast)
Figure 4. Photographs of Oithona davisae: (a, b) lateral view of female with egg sac; (c) dorsal view of male; (d) lateral view of urosome; (e) rostrum of female (Photographs by Yildiz and Feyzioglu).
Figure 5 in First observation and seasonal dynamics of the new invasive planktonic copepod Oithona davisae Ferrari and Orsi, 1984 along the southern Black Sea (Anatolian Coast)
Figure 5. (a) Abundance of Oithona davisae (ind. m−3); (b) abundance of female O. davisae with egg sac (ind. m−3).
Statistical and Dynamic Model of Surface Morphology Evolution during Polishing in Additive Manufacturing
<p>This repository maintains data and code associated with our accepted paper in IISE Transactions titled "Statistical and Dynamical Model of Surface Morphology Evolution during Polishing in Additive Manufacturing". To briefly summarize,</p><p><strong>1. Polishing_stagewise_data.zip</strong> - Contains height values measured at 32 different locations on the 3D printed sample using an optical profilometer prior to polishing (Stage 0) and post every stage of polishing (Stages 1 to 6). Please refer to the following paper for experimentation details and process parameters: "<i>Jin, S., A. Iquebal, S. Bukkapatnam, A. Gaynor, and Y. Ding (2019, 10). A Gaussian process model-guided surface polishing process in additive manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 142, 1–17.</i>"</p><p><strong>2. Initial_surface_generation.m</strong> - Script containing the Initial surface generation algorithm using the random circle packing algorithm. This file generates the surface asperity distribution and their graph connectivity of a 3D printed sample prior to polishing (Figure 4(b) in paper). One such realization is stored and compared with experimental data (Refer #3).</p><p><strong>3. Stage0_fitted_data.mat</strong> - .mat file containing data pertaining to height measures of the 3D printed sample prior to polishing and generated initial surface (simulation) which is statistically similar to the actual data.</p><p><strong>4. Parameter_fitting_Polishing.m</strong> - Script containing the model capturing polishing dynamics with network formation, evaluated at each stage of polishing. This file generates the Bearing Area Curves of the initial surface simulated after each stage of polishing and compares them with experimental data (Figures 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in paper). (The script makes use of other functions defined in #5).</p><p><strong>5. surface_roughness.m, graph_evolution.m, solve_for_d.m, KLDiv.m</strong> and <strong>Gen_hurst.m</strong> - Matlab scripts containing functions that are called within the main script (Parameter_fitting_Polishing.m)</p><p><strong>6. Simulated_Annealing.zip</strong> - A zip file containing files related to Simulated Annealing Algorithm. Please read the <strong>README_Simulated_Annealing.txt</strong> for instructions to reproduce the optimized parameter solutions.</p><p><strong>7. pub_fig.m</strong> - Script containing the formatting options for plots and figures.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.