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Figure 16 in Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs

Figure 16. Diamantinasaurus matildae referred braincase (AODF 836). Three-dimensional isosurface rendering of the endosseous labyrinth reconstructed from computed tomography scans of the in anterior (A), anterolateral (B), lateral (C), posterior (D), medial (E) and dorsal (F) views. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 12 in Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs

Figure 12. Diamantinasaurus matildae referred braincase (AODF 836). Three dimensional isosurface rendering of the endocast reconstructed from computed tomography scans in dorsal (A) and anterodorsal right lateral (B) views, showing incomplete anterodorsal portions of the endocast (arrows). Scale bar: 20 mm.

Figure 11 in Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs

Figure 11. Diamantinasaurus matildae referred braincase (AODF 836). A–D, Three-dimensional digital reconstruction of the endocast and volume rendering of the braincase in ventral view, with the endocast opaque and the surrounding neurocranial bones semitransparent. Scale bar: 50 mm.

Figure 13 in Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs

Figure 13. Diamantinasaurus matildae referred braincase (AODF 836). Two-dimensional computed tomography projections sectioned through the frontal in coronal (A–C, E), axial (D) and sagittal (F) planes. Note the increased pneumaticity (owing to the development of diverticula or sinuses) within the neurocranial bones (red arrows) and the caudal terminus of the hypophyseal fossa (blue arrows). Scale bars: 45 mm in A–F.

Figure 8 in Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs

Figure 8. Diamantinasaurus matildae referred braincase (AODF 836). A–D, three-dimensional digital reconstruction of the endocast and volume rendering of the braincase in anteroventral right lateral view, with the endocast opaque and the surrounding neurocranial bones opaque to semitransparent. Scale bar: 40 mm.

Figure 9 in Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs

Figure 9. Diamantinasaurus matildae referred braincase (AODF 836). A–D, Three-dimensional digital reconstruction of the endocast and volume rendering of the braincase in posteroventral right lateral view, with the endocast opaque and the surrounding neurocranial bones opaque to semitransparent. Scale bar: 40 mm.

Figure 10 in Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs

Figure 10. Diamantinasaurus matildae referred braincase (AODF 836). A–D, Three-dimensional digital reconstruction of the endocast and volume rendering of the braincase in dorsal view, with the endocast opaque and the surrounding neurocranial bones opaque to semitransparent. Scale bar: 50 mm.

Figure 12 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 12. Phylogenetic relationship and temporal and geographical distributions of spalacotheriids. The strict consensus of six equally most parsimonious trees (tree length = 54; consistency index = 0.6296; homoplasy index = 0.3704; retention index = 0.8; rescaled consistency index = 0.5037). Detailed tree descriptions and character transformations between nodes are provided in Supporting Information (Appendix S1). The chronological framework is based on the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v. 2014/02; Cohen et al., 2013). Distributional data for genera are from Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004), Sweetman (2008), and Meng (2014).

Figure 10 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 10. Dentary morphology of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). A, medial view of the posterior portion of the dentary; B, pterygoid fossa (pocket) in dorsal view; C, medial surface of the dentary showing no trace of the Meckelian groove; D, reconstruction of the lower jaw in medial view (the reconstructed teeth are shown in grey lines). Abbreviations: apc, anterior portion of the pterygoid fossa; arc, anterior ridge of the coronoid process; cmf, crest that defines the anterodorsal margin of the masseteric fossa; cp, coronoid process; ct, coronoid tubercle; md, mandibular condyle; mf, mandibular foramen; mrp, medial ridge of the pterygoid fossa; pc-b, pterygoid crest (broken); pf-d, pterygoid fossa in dorsal view; ppc, posterior portion of the pterygoid fossa.

Figure 9 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 9. Labial and lingual views of the upper and lower dentitions of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. The reconstructed teeth or parts of teeth are shown by grey lines (the outline of premolars are largely based on the impression left in the slab). Abbreviations: C, upper canine; c, lower canine; I, upper incisor; i, lower incisor; M, upper molar; m, lower molar; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar. The number indicates tooth locus.

Figure 11 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 11. Optical and scanning electron microscope images of the right manus of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). The images show the ventral view of the manus. Abbreviations: ca, capitate; fsr, flexor sheath ridges on the proximal phalanges III and IV; ha, hamate; ip-II–V, intermediate phalanx II–V; lc-ip-II, lateral crest of trochlea on the distal end of intermediate phalanx II; lf-up-III, lateral facet of articulation on the proximal end of ungual phalanx III; lr-up-II, lateral ridge of ungual phalanx; Mc II, III and V, metacarpal II, III and V; mc-ip-II, medial crest of trochlea on the distal end of intermediate phalanx II; mf-up-III, medial facet of articulation on the proximal end of ungual phalanx III; pp-V, proximal phalanx V; sb, sesamoid bone; td, trapezoid; tg, tubercles (three) confining two articular grooves on the distal end of proximal phalanx III; tm, trapezium; tr, triquetrum; up-III, ungual phalanx III; up-IV, ungual phalanx IV. The question mark '?' indicates part of a possible carpal element in the wrist.

Figure 8 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 8. Occlusal view of left M3 (partial) and M4 of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). Abbreviations:?B1, possibly cusp B1 (B̕); dsc, distal stylar cusp; M3, third upper molar; M4, fourth upper molar; mts, metastyle; pa, paracone; pas, parastyle; poc, postparacrista; prc, preparacrista; stc, stylocone.

Figure 7 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 7. Scanning electron microscope images of molars and ultimate premolars of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). A, lingual view; B, labial view; C, occlusal view of the upper teeth. To assist comparison, image in A is horizontally flipped. Abbreviations: M, upper molar; m, lower molar; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar. The number indicates tooth locus.

Figure 6 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 6. Scanning electron microscope images of mesial postcanine teeth of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). A, lingual view; B, labial view. To assist comparison, image in A has been horizontally flipped. Abbreviations: M, upper molar; m, lower molar; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar; wf, wear facet.

Figure 4 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 4. The anterior teeth and alveoli of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). A, optic image; B, scanning electron microscope image. The suffixes -l, -r, -i, and -a in A represent left, right, impression, and alveolus, respectively. Note the orientation of the left canine alveoli (i3-l-a) in which the mesial root is larger and more labially positioned. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; c, lower canine; I, upper incisor; i, lower incisor; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar. The number indicates tooth locus. The suffixes -a, –l and –r indicate alveolus, left and right tooth.

Figure 3 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 3. The upper and lower dentitions of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). The image displays the lingual sides of the upper and lower right dentitions and the alveoli of the lower left dentition. Abbreviations: C, upper canine; c, lower canine; I, upper incisor; i, lower incisor; M, upper molar; m, lower molar; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar. The number indicates tooth locus (e.g. I1 denoting the first upper incisor and i1 the first lower incisor). The suffixes –l and –r indicate left and right tooth, respectively.

Figure 2 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 2. Dental terminology used in this study. The drawings are based on real teeth reported in this study and all teeth are drawn to the same scale. Abbreviations: A, cusp A of upper postcanine cheek tooth (= paracone of upper molar); a, cusp a in lower postcanine cheek tooth (= protoconid of lower molar); B, cusp B (= stylocone of upper molar); b, cusp b (= paraconid of lower molar); C, cusp C of upper premolar; c, cusp c (= metaconid of lower molar); cls, cuspules on the lingual shelf; D, cusp D of upper premolar; d, cusp d [= distal cingular cusp (Cifelli & Madsen, 1999); = hypoconulid (Cassiliano & Clemens, 1979; Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004)]; dcc, distal cingular cusp [Cifelli & Madsen, 1999; = cusp d (Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004)]; dsc, distal stylar cusp; e, cusp e [= mesial cingular cusp (Cifelli & Madsen, 1999); = mesial cuspule (Cassiliano & Clemens, 1979)]; ef, extoflexus; lac, labial cingulid; lic, lingual cingulid; mc, medial cingulum (the cingulum present on lingual, labial, and distal side of an upper tooth); mcc, mesial cingular cusp (= cusp e); mcd, metaconid (= cusp c); mts, metastyle; pa (A), paracone (= cusp A); pad, paraconid (= cusp b); pas, parastyle; poc, postparacrista; prc, preparacrista; prd, protoconid (= cusp a); stc, stylocone (= cusp B); trb, 'trigon basin' (primary trigon basin); wf, wear facet. Dental terminologies not illustrated in the figure include: the paracristid connecting the protoconid and paraconid, and the protocristid connecting the protoconid and metaconid on the lower molars, and cusp B1 on the preparacrista and cusp C (see Fig. 8) on the postparacrista of the upper molars. The labial and lingual views of m1 are based on the same tooth, but the former is horizontally flipped for convenience of comparison. The terminology illustrated here is primarily based on Cassiliano & Clemens (1979), Fox (1985), Cifelli & Gordon (1999), Cifelli & Madsen (1999), and Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (2004). Other references include Hu et al. (1997), Rougier et al. (2003a), Tsubamoto et al. (2004), and Sweetman (2008).

Figure 1 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 1. The holotype specimen of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (HG-M016). A, the partial skeleton with skull and dentitions preserved in a slab of siltstone (HG-M016, housed in the Bohai University Paleontology Center, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province); B, interpretive line drawing to illustrate the main skeletal structures preserved; C, area exposed by preparation to reveal labial sides of the right upper and lower dentitions from the backside of the slab; the approximate area of the excavation is shown by the rectangular box in B (image in C is slightly enlarged); D, the preserved skull. Abbreviations: c, lower canine; C, upper canine; cl, clavicle; cp, coronoid process; lhr, left humerus; lma, left manus (mostly impression); lra-u, left radius and ulna (mostly impression left by both bones); md, mandibular condyle; mf, mandibular foramen; mgf, magnum foramen; pf, pterygoid fossa (pocket part in dorsal view); rca, right carpals; rhr, right humerus; rmc, right metacarpals; rra, right radius; rul, right ulna; rup, right ungual phalanges; vt, vertebra (probably thoracic). Scale bar in A = 1 mm.

Figure 5 in A new spalacolestine mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and implications for the morphology, phylogeny, and palaeobiology of Laurasian 'symmetrodontans'

Figure 5. Optical images of postcanine teeth of Lactodens sheni gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, HG-M016). A, lateral view of the right upper and lower postcanine teeth; B, occlusal view of the right upper postcanine teeth; C, occlusal view of the right lower postcanine teeth and preserved parts of broken molars. Abbreviations: M, upper molar; m, lower molar; P, upper premolar; p, lower premolar. The number indicates tooth locus.