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7,370 results for “supplementation”
Supplemental Data Video S1
<p>Video that demonstrates the comparison of trips by randomly selected vehicles and vehicles chosen using the developed procedure.</p>
Do cogovernance and CSOs supplement municipal capacity for service delivery? An assessment of differences in simple versus complex services
<p class="MsoCommentText"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Municipal governments in the Global South vary in their ability to provide not only complex social services, like environmentally proper solid waste disposal, but even simple services, like trash collection from the streets. This paper examines whether variation in service provision outcomes is associated with service-specific municipal administrative capacity, locally embedded civil society organization (CSO) presence, and collaborative governance for local planning and budgeting (or cogovernance). Using a panel dataset of Peruvian municipalities, I find that while all three factors are associated with better outcomes for simple services, only greater public administration capacity is associated with higher service outcomes when the service is more complex. This suggests that CSOs may face some difficulties to supplement the state in the provision of relatively complex services and that local cogovernance venues tend to prioritize more immediate service issues. These findings have policy implications for managing relatively complex services in Global South cities that struggle with service-specific administrative capacity and relatively complex service provision, particularly those with climate change consequences. They convey that strengthening this type of capacity at the office level is crucial to providing increasingly complex services, and engaging community-based CSOs and cogovernance venues may help as a strategy to address simple service delivery.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Design of a near infrared fluorescent ureter imaging agent for prevention of ureter damage during abdominal surgeries - Supplemental Information
<p>Design of a near infrared fluorescent ureter imaging agent for prevention of ureter damage during abdominal surgeries - Supplemental Information</p>
Data from: Individual consumption of supplemental food as a predictor of reproductive performance and viral infection intensity
1.Supplemental food is often provided to threatened species in order to maintain or enhance reproductive fitness and thus population growth. However, its impact on individual reproductive fitness is rarely evaluated, despite being associated with both positive and negative consequences. 2. We used stable isotope analyses to characterise the relative proportional consumption of supplemental food and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess beak and feather disease viral infection intensity among parakeets. Life-history and nest-site data from a long-term monitoring effort was incorporated. 3. Older females benefitted the most from supplemental feeding; demonstrated by a greater reproductive uplift than younger females. There were no strong predictors of viral infection levels among nestlings. 4. Reproductive fitness, measured by the number of fledglings produced per brood, was positively associated with proportional dietary content of supplemental food among adult parakeets and breeding pairs that nested closer to feeding stations consumed more supplemental food than those nesting further away. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates that supplementary feeding can lead to an overall increase in population growth. However, by characterising individual consumption, we also reveal subtle patterns of use and differential benefits on reproductive fitness within a population. Manipulating the delivery of supplemental food may help to reduce demand on finite resources or target the proportion of a population that derives the most benefit, but is associated with trade-offs in fecundity. For example the use of, and access to feeding stations could potentially be targeted towards specific individuals or, positioned in the habitats most deficient in native food. However, increasing reproductive fitness in one component of the population may be accompanied by a decrease in another. This knowledge can be incorporated into adaptive management strategies that aim to fulfil specific objectives associated with species recovery and long-term viability as long as the relative importance of each objective is be considered.
Data from: Comparing ageing and the effects of diet supplementation in wild vs. captive antler flies, Protopiophila litigata
1) Few studies have simultaneously compared ageing within genetically similar populations in both laboratory and natural environments. Such comparisons are important for interpreting laboratory studies, because factors such as diet could affect ageing in environment-dependent ways. 2) Using a natural population of antler flies (Protopiophila litigata), we conducted separate factorial experiments in 2012 and 2013 that compared age-specific male survival and mating success in laboratory cages versus a natural field environment while supplementing their diets with protein or sugar. 3) We found consistent and substantial increases in both survival and mating rates in the laboratory compared to the field, but remarkably, despite these large differences actuarial ageing was only higher in the lab than in the field in 2012 and similar in the two environments in 2013. In both years, there was no difference between environments in reproductive ageing. 4) We found that males fed protein had a higher mortality rate than males fed sugar (strong and low support in 2012 and 2013 respectively). 5) In contrast, diet did not strongly impact average mating rates, actuarial ageing, or reproductive ageing in either experiment. 6) Our results provide the first evidence that the negative effect of protein on lifespan reported in many laboratory studies can also occur in wild populations, although perhaps less consistently. They also highlight how laboratory environments can influence life history traits and suggest caution when extrapolating from the laboratory to the field.
Data from: Supplementing small farms with native mason bees increases strawberry size and growth rate
Pollination services, especially those of bees, play a vital role in agriculture. Declining honeybee populations require us to find alternative solutions for sustainable agriculture. Native bees are proving to be efficient pollinators. Mason bees (Osmia lignaria) provide valuable pollinator services for some woody orchard species, but their value as pollinators for herbaceous crops is largely untested. We assessed the effectiveness of O. lignaria supplementation on nine strawberry farms over two growing seasons. We specifically selected mason bees for this work because they emerge from cocoons in the springtime, when few other bees are available for pollination. Cocoons are easily deployed on farms and emerged bees have a small flight radius, so they remain localized. We placed cocoons on one side of each berry farm plot (our mason bee addition treatment) but not on the opposite side (our control). We tagged and monitored berries on nine farms throughout the growing season. We performed statistical comparisons of berries from the treatment and control for differences in berry growth rate and size. In addition, we supplemented farms with native bee homes constructed from three materials (bamboo, Phragmites and wood). This allowed us to determine whether adult mason bees would produce a subsequent generation of bees on farms and whether the bees had a preference for nest material type. Our work demonstrates that mason bees can be used successfully to pollinate herbaceous berry crops. We found that berry growth rate was significantly higher and berry volume was significantly larger for berries from the treatment relative to the control. We also found that adult bees successfully utilized the bee homes for laying the next generation of offspring and that bees colonized bamboo homes more than other home types. Synthesis and applications. Our results are the first to show that native mason bees (Osmia lignaria) can be used successfully to provide pollination services on strawberry farms. Their use results in the production of bigger berries and faster berry growth rates than managed honeybees alone. Mason bees overwinter (and can be purchased) in cocoons, offering great potential for efficient and effective pollination services, for a variety of agricultural applications across different geographical regions. The availability of suitable nesting sites and protection of subsequent generations of cocoons from wasp parasitization warrant future consideration.
Supplemental material for: Morphological phylogenetics evaluated using novel evolutionary simulations
<p></p><p>Evolutionary inferences require reliable phylogenies. Morphological data has traditionally been analysed using maximum parsimony, but recent simulation studies have suggested that Bayesian analyses yield more accurate trees. This debate is ongoing, in part, because of ambiguity over modes of morphological evolution and a lack of appropriate models. Here we investigate phylogenetic methods using two novel simulation models – one in which morphological characters evolve stochastically along lineages and another in which individuals undergo selection. Both models generate character data and lineage splitting simultaneously: the resulting trees are an emergent property, rather than a fixed parameter. Standard consensus methods for Bayesian searches (Mki) yield fewer incorrect nodes and quartets than the standard consensus trees recovered using equal weighting and implied weighting parsimony searches. Distances between the pool of derived trees (most parsimonious or posterior distribution) and the true trees – measured using Robinson-Foulds (RF), subtree prune and regraft (SPR), and tree bisection reconnection (TBR) metrics – demonstrate that this is related to the search strategy and consensus method of each technique. The amount and structure of homoplasy in character data differs between models. Morphological coherence, which has previously not been considered in this context, proves to be a more important factor for phylogenetic accuracy than homoplasy. Selection-based models exhibit relatively lower homoplasy, lower morphological coherence, and higher inaccuracy in inferred trees. Selection is a dominant driver of morphological evolution, but we demonstrate that it has a confounding effect on numerous character properties which are fundamental to phylogenetic inference. We suggest that the current debate should move beyond considerations of parsimony versus Bayesian, towards identifying modes of morphological evolution and using these to build models for probabilistic search methods.</p><p></p>
Data from: Food supplementation fails to reveal a trade-off between incubation and self-maintenance in female house wrens
Incubating birds must allocate their time and energy between maintaining egg temperature and obtaining enough food to meet their own metabolic demands. We tested the hypothesis that female house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) face a trade-off between incubation and self-maintenance by providing females with supplemental food during incubation. We predicted that food supplementation would increase the amount of time females devoted to incubating their eggs, lower their baseline plasma corticosterone levels (a measure of chronic stress), and increase their body mass, haematocrit (a measure of anaemia), and reproductive success relative to control females. As predicted, food-supplemented females spent a greater proportion of time incubating their eggs than control females. Contrary to expectation, however, there was no evidence that food supplementation significantly influenced female baseline plasma corticosterone levels, body mass, haematocrit, or reproductive success. However, females with high levels of corticosterone at the beginning of incubation were more likely to abandon their nesting attempt after capture than females with low levels. Corticosterone significantly increased between the early incubation and early nestling stages of the breeding cycle in all females. These results suggest that although food supplementation results in a modest increase in incubation effort, it does not lead to significantly lower levels of chronic stress as reflected in lower baseline corticosterone levels. We conclude that female house wrens that begin the incubation period with low levels of plasma corticosterone can easily meet their own nutritional needs while incubating their eggs, and that any trade-off between incubation and self-feeding does not influence female reproductive success under the conditions at the time of our study.
Supplemental figures for "An analytic solution for evaluating the magnetic field induced from an arbitrary, asymmetric ocean world"
<p>Supplemental figures referenced in the text of "An analytic solution for evaluating the magnetic field induced from an arbitrary, asymmetric ocean world," submitted to Icarus.</p>
Comparative analysis of statistical methods used for detecting differential expression in label-free mass spectrometry proteomics - Data Supplement
<p>This the is Data Supplement for the article "Comparative analysis of statistical methods used for detecting differential expression in label-free mass spectrometry proteomics" submitted to the Journal of Proteomics 2015.</p>
Supplemental information, code, and data for the MS: Defaunation impacts carbon storage in tropical forests.
<p># MS_Carbon<br /> Supplemental information, code, and data for the MS: <br /> Carolina Bello, Mauro Galetti, Marco A. Pizo, Luiz Fernando S. Magnago, Mariana Ferreira Rocha, Renato A. F. Lima, Carlos A. Peres, Otso Ovaskainen, and Pedro Jordano (2015). Defaunation impacts carbon storage in tropical forests.</p> <p> </p> <p>*Summary*:<br /> Carbon storage is widely acknowledged as one of the most valuable forest ecosystem services. Deforestation, logging, fragmentation and climate change have significant impacts on tropical carbon stocks, however an elusive and yet undetected decrease in carbon storage may be due to defaunation of large seed dispersers. Many large tropical trees with sizeable contributions to carbon stock rely on large vertebrates for seed dispersal and regeneration, yet many of these frugivores are threatened by hunting, illegal trade and habitat loss. We used a large dataset on tree species composition and abundance, seed, fruit and carbon related traits, and plant-animal interactions to estimate the loss of carbon storage capacity of tropical forests in defaunated scenarios. By simulating the local extinction of trees that depend on large frugivores at 31 Atlantic Forest communities, we found that defaunation has the potential to significantly erode carbon storage even when only a small proportion (10%) of large-seeded trees are extirpated.</p> <p> </p>
Supplemental Information: Cooperative Coevolution of Control for a Real Multirobot System
<p>Supplemental information for the paper "Cooperative Coevolution of Control for a Real Multirobot System".</p> <p>[real_logs.csv] Position (from GPS) and orientation (from compass) logs of the robots in the real-robot experiments.</p> <p>[camera_video.mp4] Video recorded in one of the experimental trials, showing the real robots and the environment.</p> <p>[traces_all_trials.pdf] Images with the traces of the robots in all real-robot experiments.</p> <p>[video_CONTROLLER_TRIAL] Videos of the traces of the robots in the real-robot experiments.</p> <p> </p> <p>The source code for the evolutionary process can be found here: https://github.com/jorgemcgomes/mase</p> <p>And the simulation environment here: https://github.com/BioMachinesLab/drones</p>
Effect of pulse durations in pulsed bipolar radiofrequency ablation - Supplements
<p>The data consists of the Matlab .fig-files where all the datapoints are accessible. This raw data allows to confront our results and discussion.</p>
Supplemental Data for "Modeled Fetal Risk of Genetic Diseases Identified by Expanded Carrier Screening"
<p>Data file accompanying: Haque IS, Lazarin GA, Kang HP, Evans EA, Goldberg JD, Wapner RJ. Modeled Fetal Risk of Genetic Diseases Identified by Expanded Carrier Screening. <em>JAMA. </em>2016;316(7):734-742. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.11139</p> <p>(SRC = self-reported racial/ethnic category; TG = targeted genotyping; NGS = next-generation sequencing)</p> <p>Data file includes:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Couple Data: </strong>Number of self-identified reproductive couples, separated by tandem or sequential screening status and by (mother SRC, father SRC)</li> <li><strong>Disease Severity</strong>: List of all diseases tested with severity rating as used in the manuscript.</li> <li><strong>Allele Data</strong>: Listing of all alleles considered pathogenic in manuscript's data analysis, with number of observations and number of tested chromosomes in each SRC.</li> <li><strong>Chromosome Frequencies</strong>: for each disease in each SRC: <ul> <li>Effective total chromosome count (effective sample size after integrating TG and NGS-only alleles).</li> <li>Beta posterior a,b: parameters a, b for the best-fit beta distribution approximating the probability that a random chromosome in this SRC carries a pathogenic allele (integrating both TG and NGS alleles).</li> <li># Chromosomes total/positive for TG alleles</li> <li># Chromosomes total/positive for NGS alleles</li> <li># Chromosomes total/positive for individuals tested by TG</li> <li># Chromosomes total/positive for individuals tested by NGS</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Disease Risks</strong>: for each disease in each pairing of SRCs <ul> <li>Father/Mother computed carrier frequency: probability that a random individual from father/mother's SRC is a carrier for the given disease</li> <li>Computed risk of affected conceptus (mean, 2.5, 97.5 percentiles): mean and CI of the posterior distribution over the probability that a random conceptus arising from the racial/ethnic pairing indicated would be homozygous or compound heterozygous for pathogenic alleles for the indicated disease.</li> <li>Computed carrier couple frequency: probability that a random couple from the given SRCs would be a carrier couple for the indicated disease (ie, that both members of the couple would be carriers for the indicated disease)</li> <li>Total couples: number of tandemly-tested couples of the indicated SRC pairing who both had the "routine carrier testing" indication for testing and were both tested for the given disease</li> <li>Number of carrier couple: from the set of "Total couples", the number of couples in which both members were carriers for the indicated disease</li> <li>Number of carrier couples expected: based on computed carrier couple frequency and number of tested couples, the expected number of carrier couples under the model described in sections 4.3.2 and 4.4 of the supplement.</li> <li>P-value: probability that the number of observed carrier couples or a more extreme count would have occurred by chance, given the posterior distribution over carrier couple counts (see section 4.4 of the supplement). One-tailed p-value.</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
FIGURE 6 in New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from sedges in Poland and supplement description of Eriophyes lentiginosus Mitrofanov, Sharonov et Sekerskaja, 1983
FIGURE 6: Eriophyes lentiginosus larva: CL—coxisternum and 3a and c2 setae; L—lateral aspect; PS—prodorsal shield
FIGURE 3 in New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from sedges in Poland and supplement description of Eriophyes lentiginosus Mitrofanov, Sharonov et Sekerskaja, 1983
FIGURE 3: Eriophyes lentiginosus female: D—dorsal aspect; em empodium; IG—internal genitalia; L1, L2—legs I and II
FIGURE 4 in New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from sedges in Poland and supplement description of Eriophyes lentiginosus Mitrofanov, Sharonov et Sekerskaja, 1983
FIGURE 4: Eriophyes lentiginosus: CG—coxigenital region of female; GM—genital region of male; PV—posteroventral region of female
FIGURE 2 in New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from sedges in Poland and supplement description of Eriophyes lentiginosus Mitrofanov, Sharonov et Sekerskaja, 1983
FIGURE 2: Cupacarus acutivagrans n. sp. CG—coxigenital region of female; GM—genital region of male; NM—microtubercles of nymph; PS—prodorsal shield of male
FIGURE 1 in New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from sedges in Poland and supplement description of Eriophyes lentiginosus Mitrofanov, Sharonov et Sekerskaja, 1983
FIGURE 1: Cupacarus acutivagrans n. sp. female: D—dorsal aspect; em—empodium; IG—internal genitalia; PV—posteroventral region; s—solenidion
FIGURE 2 in Supplement to the knowledge of the genus Batraxis Reitter (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) of China
FIGURE 2. Male diagnostic features of Batraxis males. (A, B, D, E. Aedeagus, in dorsal view. C, F. Same, in lateral view. G, H. Protrochanter, in lateral view). A–C, G. B. tuberculata. D–F, H. B. frontalis. Scale bars: A‒F = 0.1 mm; G, H = 0.05 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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