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FIG. 20 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 20. — Phylogenetic mapping of the synapomorphies delimited in this study: 1, xylem furrowed by phloem wedges; 2, fibrous or semi-fibrous phloem; 3, multiple of four phloem wedges; 5, prismatic crystals in the phellem (*), found only in Amphilophium crucigerum; 6, storied structure; 7, interxylary phloem; 8, fibers scattered in the phloem; 9, multiple dissected phloem wedges, non-lignified parenchyma in wood; 10, phloem fibers tangentially elongated; 11, four conspicuous phloem arcs; 12, fibers absent in the regular phloem, sclereids found instead; 13, fibers absent in the phloem, sclereids found instead; 14, hollow stems; 15, limiting rays without lateral steps; 16, symmetrical lateral steps on both sides of the phloem wedges.

FIG. 19 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 19. — Secondary phloem of lianas of Tecomeae s.s: A-I, transverse sections: A-C, Campsis radicans; A, Overall view of the secondary phloem. Non-stratified, with scattered individual fibers; B, Detail of the secondary phloem showing individual fibers (arrows); C, detail of the secondary phloem showing the sieve tubes (arrowhead) solitary or in radial multiples of two, with one companion cell. Note the individual fiber (yellow arrow); D-F, Pandorea jasminoides; D, stratified phloem, with fibers bands alternating with sieve tubes and axial parenchyma, interrupted by the rays that do not lignify, not even when crossing the fiber bands; E, detail of the secondary phloem, with sive tubes in radial multiples (arrows), with one companion cell on their corner; F, detail of the single periderm, showing an evenly thinwalled phellem, thick phelloderm. Note the pericyclic fiber strand (arrow); G-I, Podranea ricasoliana; G, overall view of the bark. Rhytidome present, with sequent periderms (arrows) reticulate. Secondary phloem non-fibrous, devoid of fibers,with fibersclereids present in clusters (arrowheads). Course of rays straight; H, detail of the secondary phloem showing the axial parenchyma as the matrix where other cell types are found. Detail of the fibersclereid cluster (arrowhead); I, detail showing the sieve tubes in short radial multiples, with one companion cell lying on their corner (arrows). Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; pd, phelloderm; pf, pericyclic fibers; ph, phloem; pl, phellem; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, E, I, 50 μm; C, 25 μm; D, F-H, 200 μm. Fig. 19B and C by courtesy of Kishore Rajput.

FIG. 13 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 13. — Secondary phloem of Tanaecium and Callichlamys: A-E, transverse sections: A-C, Tanaecium pyramidatum; A, regular phloem. Tiny sieve tubes (arrows) mostly in assemblages with parenchyma cells. Thin fiber band of up to 3 cells; B, variant phloem to the same scale as the previous photo. Semi-fibrous phloem. Note sieve tubes (arrows) much wider. Rays lignified or not in random portions; C, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes (*) with one to two companion cells (yellow arrows) lying in the same corner of the sieve tube. Sieve-tube-centric axial parenchyma; D, Tanaecium tetramerum, thin fiber bands. Sieve tubes with one companion cell each (insert); E, F, Callichlamys latifolia; E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes (arrows) solitary or in short multiples. Non-fibrous phloem. Fiber bands thin; F, longitudinal tangential section. Sieve tubes (arrows) with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays uni- to biseriate. Scale bars: A-C 100 μm; D-F, 200 μm; insert, 25 μm.

FIG. 11 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 11. — Secondary phloem of the Cuspidaria-Tynanthus clade: A-F, transverse sections; G, longitudinal tangential section; A, overall view of the phloem at the wedge and interwedges. Fibrous variant phloem, Tynanthus cognatus; B, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes radially elongated (*), generally in tangential multiples, surrounded by sieve-tube-centric parenchyma, all embedded in a matrix of fibers. Two to four companion cells per sieve tube, lying on their corner (arrows), Tynanthus cognatus; C, Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in tangential multiples. Sieve-tube centric parenchyma, Cuspidaria convoluta; D-F, comparison of the sieve tube dimensions on regular and variant portion of Tynanthus cognatus; D, regular phloem with thin fiber bands and assemblages (arrows); E, variant phloem. Sieve tubes with two to four (or more) companion cells, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube; F, Variant phloem of Cuspidaria convoluta. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Parenchyma band present (arrows); G, sieve tubes are lower than 1 mm, with inclined, compound sieve plates. Rays varying from 2 to 8-seriate. Scale bars: A, G, 200 μm; B, C, 100 μm; D-F, 50 μm.

FIG. 12 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 12. — Secondary phloem of the FridericiaXylophragma clade: A-D, transverse sections; A, Fridericia samydoides, overall view of the phloem wedge, with fibrous phloem, and sieve tubes with a tangential arrangement; B, Fridericia chica variant phloem. Semi-fibrous phloem, with U-shaped fiber bands. Sieve tubes (*) with one or more companion cells lying at the same side of the sieve tube. Rays lignified or not in different portions across the phloem. Radial rows of axial parenchyma sometimes lignify (yellow arrow); C, Fridericia nigrescens variant phloem. Fibrous phloem, sieve tubes in tangential arrangement. Sieve-tube centric axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma can also form narrows bands across the variant phloem (arrows); D, Xylophragma myrianthum variant phloem. Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes (*) in tangential arrangement. Sieve-tube-centric axial parenchyma; E, Xylophragma myrianthum tangential section of variant phloem. Uniseriate rays. Sieve tube element (*) with inclined compound sieve plates; F, Fridericia chica radial section of variant phloem. Heterocellular rays, with upright, square, and procumbent cells mixed. Sieve tubes (*) with compound sieve plates with many areas. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, D, 100 μm; C, E, F, 200 μm.

FIG. 10 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 10. — Secondary phloem of Manaosella, Pachyptera, and Lundia. Transverse sections: A-C, Manaosella cordifolia; A, overall view of the phloem wedge and the variant phloem of Manaosella. Stratified, non-fibrous phloem; B, fiber bands of generally three cells, some of which are tangentially very long. Rays lignify when crossing the fiber bands. Sieve tubes (arrows) diffuse; C, Sieve tubes (*) with one companion cell (arrows) lying at one corner of the sieve tube. Axial parenchyma forms the background tissue. Acicular crystals common in axial and ray parenchyma; D-F, Pachyptera aromatica; D, overall view of the regular phloem, with fiber bands formed by 3-4 polygonal fibers. Axial parenchyma forms the background tissue. Nonconducting phloem evident after the first fiber band, with collapse of sieve tubes (arrow) and dilatation of axial and ray parenchyma; E, overall view of the phloem wedge and variant phloem. Stratified, non-fibrous. Sieve tubes in radial arrangement. Axial parenchyma as the background tissue. Rays lignified when crossing the fiber bands. Fiber bands thin to thick; F, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. One to two companion cells (arrows) lying to the same side of the sieve tube; G-I, Lundia; G, Lundia glazioviana. Overall view of the phloem wedge, variant and regular phloem. Fibrous phloem. Sieve tubes arranged tangentially or in clusters; H, Lundia damazioi. Regular phloem. Thin fiber bands. Axial parenchyma forms the background tissue. Tiny sieve tubes (arrows); I, Lundia damazioi. Variant phloem. Wide sieve tubes (*) solitary or in multiples. Axial parenchyma sieve-tube-centric. One to two companion cells per sieve tube, lying at the same corner of the sieve tube. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; fb, fiber band; lr, limiting rays; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, E, 500 μm; B, D, F, I, 100 μm; C, 50 μm; G, 400 μm.

FIG. 9 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 9. — Secondary phloem of Pleonotoma: A, B, D-F, transverse sections; C, longitudinal radial section; A-C, E, F, Pleonotoma tetraquetra; D, Pleonotoma melioides; A, overall view of the regular phloem. Sclerenchyma formed exclusively by sclereids, differentiating next to the cambial zone, in the conducting phloem; B, detail of the conducting phloem, sieve tubes are very narrow. Sclereids differentiating. Acicular crystals present in axial and ray parenchyma; C, heterocellular rays. Sclereids differentiating from axial parenchyma cells, close to the cambium. Mature sclereids also present; D, overall view of the phloem wedge, fibrous phloem; E, variant phloem marked by rectangular fibers, sieve tubes solitary or in radial and tangential multiples of 2-3, parenchyma sieve-tube-centric; F, detail of variant phloem. Sieve tubes with one or two companion cells lying on the same side of the sieve tube. Axial parenchyma sieve-tube-centric. Prismatic crystals present in both axial and ray parenchyma cells. Scale bars: A, C, 200 μm; B, F, 50 μm; D, 500 μm; E, 100 μm.

FIG. 8 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 8. — Secondary phloem of Stizophyllum and Martinella: A-E, G-I, transverse sections: F, longitudinal radial section; A-F, Stizophyllum riparium; A, overall view of the phloem wedge, with a fibrous phloem, with alternating parenchymatic bands; B, regular phloem. Thick fiber bands, multisseriate rays; C, detail of the regular conducting phloem, showing narrow sieve tubes (arrowheads) and assemblages (arrow); D, variant phloem, fibrous, with sieve tubes solitary or in radial multiples, parenchyma band present; E, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes with one to three companion cells, lying on the same side of the sieve tube (yellow arrowhead). Axial parenchyma sieve-tube-centric incomplete; F, heterocellular mixed rays, sieve tubes with compound sieve plates (arrowheads), radial sieve element present (arrow); G-I, Martinella obovata; G, regular phloem. Thin fiber bands, multisseriate rays; H, overall view of the phloem wedge, non-fibrous phloem; I, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes solitary or in radial multiples. Fiber bands thin. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; fb, fiber bands; iw, interwedge; lr, limiting ray; pw, phloem wegde; rp, regular phloem; se, sieve element; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, H, 1 mm; B, D, 200 μm; C, E, 50 μm; F, I, 100 μm; G, 500 μm.

FIG. 7 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 7. — Secondary phloem of Perianthomega vellozoi: A, regular phloem, transverse section (TS). Stratified phloem, with thin to thick fiber bands, interrupted only by rays, and alternating with axial parenchyma and sieve tubes. Rays not lignified, not even when crossing the fiber bands; B, Variant phloem, TS, nonfibrous, stratified phloem, with mostly thick fiber bands, interrupted only by rays, and alternating with axial parenchyma and sieve tubes. Rays not lignified, not even when crossing the fiber bands; C, detail of the secondary phloem, TS, Sieve tubes solitary or in multiples of two-three, with one companion cell lying on the corner. Crystalliferous parenchyma with acicular crystals around the fibers. Acicular crystals also present in other axial and ray parenchyma cells. When sieve tubes touch a ray, their companion cells stay next to the ray; D, portion of the cambium showing a storying tendency for the fusiform initials, longitudinal tangential section (LS). Part of the developing xylem showing two maturing sieve tube elements (*), and the developing xylem, with some cells with pits already; E, secondary phloem, LS, sieve tubes smaller than 500 μm (arrows). P-protein accumulated in their sieve plates. Rays very tall, higher than 1 mm. Storied tendency not lost; F, periderm, TS, phellogen (arrow) produces a thin phelloderm and evenly thin walled phellem cells. Abbreviations: se, sieve element; cp, crystalliferous parenchyma; cz, cambial zone; dp, developing phloem; dx, developing xylem; p, axial parenchyma; pd, periderm; pl, phellem; r, rays. Scale bars: A, B, E, 200 μm; C, 50 μm; D, 150 μm; F, 100 μm.

FIG. 6 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 6. — General features of the variant phloem; A, Adenocalymma alboaurantiacum transverse section (TS), variant phloem located in the phloem wedges (Pw), and regular phloem located in the interwedges (Iw). Fibrous phloem, sieve tubes generally in multiples, sometimes solitary. Ray dilatation occur very soon in the regular phloem, while it only occurs in the outermost parts of the phloem wedge (arrows); B, Bignonia magnifica, TS, non-fibrous phloem, with a series of concentric fiber bands, alternating with a large amount of sieve tubes and axial parenchyma cells. Thin fiber bands, up to 3 cells in width, surrounded by acicular crystals (seen as beige deposits). Sieve elements solitary or in multiples, p-protein visible at sieve plates (arrows), one companion cell per sieve tube. Whenever a sieve tube is lying next to a ray, its companion cell faces it; C, Pleonotoma tetraquetra, TS, fibrous phloem, sieve tubes solitary or in multiples of 2, sieve-tube centric axial parenchyma, fibers square to rectangular; D, Bignonia magnifica longitudinal tangential section (LS), sieve tubes longer than 500 μm, with p-protein accumulated at the sieve plates. Rays uni to biseriate. Axial parenchyma with 3-4 cells per strand; E, Callichlamys latifolia, LS, rays uni to biseriate, non-storied; F, Callichlamys latifolia, TS, definitive callose deposited in the sieve plates (arrows). No collapse of cells in fibrous phloems; G, Pachyptera aromatica, TS, sieve tubes eventually collapse in non-fibrous phloems (arrows); H, Bignonia magnifica, LS, starch accumulation greatly increases in nonconducting phloem. Scale bars: A, 500 μm; B, E, 200 μm; C, D, G, H, 100 μm; F, 50 μm.

FIG. 5 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 5. — General features of the regular phloem; A, Tanaecium pyramidatum transverse section (TS), very narrow sieve elements (arrow), sometimes arranged in assemblages (arrowhead). Note that the entire assemblage shows the same dimentions of a single axial parenchyma cell (insert). Rays are generally multisseriate. Axial parenchyma (*) is abundant and form radial rows among the sieve tubes. Fiber bands varying from thin (≤ 3 rows of fibers) to thick (≥ 3 rows of fibers); B, Stizophyllum riparium, TS, thick fiber bands interrupted by phloem rays. Cortex still present along with the primary phloem and pericyclic fibers; C, Amphilophium crucigerum longitudinal tangential section (LT), rays are multisseriate and taller than 1 mm; D, Perianthomega vellozoi, TS, sieve tubes with callose deposition (arrows), indicating loss of function and subsequent collapse (arrowhead); E, Perianthomega vellozoi, TS, dilatation meristem in the nonconducting phloem; F, Dolichandra unguiculata, TS, phloem fibers originated from the cambium (arrows) and belated formation of sclereids from expanded axial parenchyma cells at the level of the nonconducting phloem. Scale bars: A-C, F, 200 μm; D, 120 μm; E, 2 mm. Insert in A, 30 μm.

FIG. 4 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 4. — Overall stem architecture of Bignoniaceae lianas: A, Stizophyllum riparium, transverse section (TS), stem with four phloem wedges. Hollow stem. Note phloem wedge with lateral steps; B, Tanaecium pyramidatum, TS, Phloem wedge devoid of lateral steps. Extremely wide rays limit the phloem wedges; C, Tynanthus cognatus, TS, Narrow lateral steps forming an almost perfect V pattern; D, Mansoa difficilis, wide steps, not forming a perfect V pattern. Scale bars: A, 0.5 cm; B, 1 mm; C, 400 μm; D, 200 μm.

FIG. 3 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 3. — Stem cross-sections illustrating the diversity of stem architectures in Bignoniaceae lianas: A, Campsis radicans, transverse section (TS). Phloem wedges absent. Intraxylary secondary phloem and xylem present, note center of the pith totally occupied in the insert, giving a dumbbell shape to the pith; B, Pandorea jasminoides, TS, irregular, wavy cambium, forming irregular shallow arcs; C, Podranea ricasoliana, TS, irregular, wavy cambium. Insert: narrow waves of the cambium; D, Perianthomega vellozoi, TS, Type 1, four wide phloem arcs; E, Tynanthus cognatus, TS, Type 2, four phloem wedges; F, Adenocalymma nodosum, TS, Type 3, four phloem arcs, variant cambium without anticlinal divisions; G, Mansoa onohualcoides, TS, Type 4, multiple of four phloem wedges; H, Dolichandra unguiscati, TS, Type 5, multiple dissected phloem wedges; I, Amphilophium crucigerum, TS, Type 6, included phloem wedges. Scale bars: 0.5 cm. Scale bars in inserts: 2 mm.

FIG. 2 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 2. — Transverse sections: A, cortical periderm origin, Anemopaegma chamberlaynii; B, single periderm, with a very thick phellem, Adenocalymma alboaurantiacum; C, rhytidomes (sequent periderms) in Fridericia chica; D, rhytidome with reticulate periderms conspicuous, Podranea ricasoliana; E, phellem with evenly thick-walled, lignified cells, and phelloderm thin, Pachyptera aromatica; F, phellem with evenly thin-walled cells, phelloderm thin, Perianthomega vellozoi; G, stratified phellem, with alternating thick walled, lignified cells, and thin walled, unlignified cells, phelloderm with dark contents, Mansoa onohualcoides; H, stratified phellem, with many layers of thin-walled cells alternating with thick walled, lignified cells, phelloderm thick, Lundia longa; I, stratified phellem, with alternating layers of thin walled and thick walled, lignified cells, phelloderm thick, Fridericia nigrescens; J, stratified phellem, with some layers of thin-walled cells alternating with thin walled, lignified cells, phelloderm thick, Pleonotoma tetraquetra; K, lenticel non-stratified, with filling tissue homogeneous, non-lignified, Lundia corymbifera; L, lenticel non-stratified, with filling tissue homogeneous, lignified, Mansoa difficilis; M, lenticel stratified, with most of the filling tissue non-lignified, except for the closing layer (arrowhead, Adenocalymma comosum). Abbreviations: co, cortex; e, epidermis; pd, phelloderm; pe, periderm; pg, phellogen; pl, phellem; sp, secondary phloem. Scale bars: A, 50 μm; B, 8 mm; C, H-L, 200 μm; D, 500 μm; E-G, M, 100 μm.

FIG. 1 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 1. — Phylogeny of tribe Bignonieae (modified from Lohmann 2006) indicating the fifteen clades delimited based on bark morphology.

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The functional ecology of bat pollination in the African sausage tree Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae)

<p>Plants often interact with a wide range of animal floral visitors that can vary in their pollination effectiveness. Flowers of the African sausage tree Kigelia africana are be visited by bats and bush babies during the night and by birds during the day. We studied floral traits (phenophases, scent, colour and nectar chemistry) and the visitation frequency and pollination effectiveness of different flower visitors to determine if K. africana is functionally specialized for bat-pollination. We found that flower opening corresponds with bat activity, flowers emit scent dominated by aliphatic esters and alcohols, and that nectar is produced in copious amounts accessible to bats. Pollen deposition on stigmas was twenty-fold greater per-visit by bats than it was per-visit by birds, likely a result of the close morphological fit between snouts of bats and the flowers. However, bat visits appear to be rare at some sites and the delayed senescence of flowers that are open throughout the morning provides an opportunity for additional pollination by birds. We conclude that K. africana is primarily adapted for bat pollination, but is also able</p>

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Catalpa speciosa (Bignoniaceae) - leaf - whole upper surface

Image of Catalpa speciosa (Bignoniaceae) - leaf - whole upper surface

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Catalpa speciosa (Bignoniaceae) - inflorescence - whole - unspecified

Image of Catalpa speciosa (Bignoniaceae) - inflorescence - whole - unspecified

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Catalpa speciosa (Bignoniaceae) - whole tree (or vine) - general

Image of Catalpa speciosa (Bignoniaceae) - whole tree (or vine) - general