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1,260 results for “Pharmacology”
Fig. 7 in Polyacetylenes in herbal medicine: A comprehensive review of its occurrence, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics (2014-2021)
Fig. 7. Schematic representation of the possible mechanism of neuroprotective and anti-depression activities of polyacetylenes. (5-HIAA, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytyrptamine; AC, adenylate cyclase; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CREB, cAMP-response element binding protein; COMT, catechol-Omethyltransferase; DA, dopamine; DAT, dopamine transporter; EAAT, excitatory amino acid transporter; EpAC1, the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP1; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GS, stimulating adenylate cyclase g protein; HVA, homovanillic acid; MAO-A, monoamine oxidase-A; mGluR, metabotropic glutamate receptor; MEK, mitogen extracellular kinase; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-asparticacidreceptor; PSD95, postsynaptic density-95 kDa; Rap1, RASrelated protein 1; RSK, ribosomal S6 kinase; SERT, serotonin transporter).
Fig. 6 in Polyacetylenes in herbal medicine: A comprehensive review of its occurrence, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics (2014-2021)
Fig. 6. Schematic representation of the possible mechanism of immunoregulation activity of polyacetylenes. (COX-2, cyclo-oxygenase-2; GATA-3, GATA binding protein 3; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL-1/4/5/6/10, interleukin-1/4/5/6/10; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; STAT3/6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/6; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; Th1/2/17 lymphocyte, helper T type 1/2/17; Treg cell, regulatory T cell).
Fig. 16 in Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review
Fig. 16. Biological activities of stilbenes and their action mechanisms: The major biological activities of stilbenes are anticancer (through inhibiting β-hexosaminidase, DNA topoisomerase, expression of cylin B1 & D1, and NOR 1 activity); anti-inflammatory (through inhibition of expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-1 (IL-1)); regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-kB/ TGF-β pathway as well as inhibiting direct binding between siCAM-1 and LFA-1); antimicrobial (by damaging microbial cell wall and cell membrane damage, condensation of cytoplasm, perturbation of membrane potential, interacting with the conserved ubiquitin-specific protease residues of PLpro), and down-regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis and Camp/Ras pathway; antidiabetic (through inhibiting TNF-α, α-glucosidase, intestinal sucrose transfer, elevation of blood glucose as well as inducing/ increasing PPAR gamma 2 and GLUT4); antioxidant (through inhibiting lipid peroxidation, NO production, NOS activity, and increasing SOD activity); and neuroprotective (by inhibiting NOS activity, NO production, and HO-1 expression) activities.
Fig. 12 in Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review
Fig. 12. Biosynthesis of stilbenes in microbes: For high production of stilbenes in microbes such as E. coli, the metabolic pathway of malonyl-CoA, the major and common extender substrate during conversion of coumaroyl, cinnamyl, and caffeoyl-CoAs to their respective monomeric stilbenes, is mainly manipulated. Enzymes of side pathways leading to the synthesis of fatty acids and acetate from acetyl-CoA, the direct precursor of malonyl-CoA, are inhibited, or their encoding enzymes are down-regulated or knocked out. For more efficient and high production of the stilbenes, there is also host, pathway, and enzyme engineering in the pathway of converting coumaroyl, cinnamyl, and caffeoyl- CoAs to monomeric stilbenes using STS.
Fig. 15 in Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review
Fig. 15. Chemical synthesis of resveratrol derivatives: The derivatives 3,4′,5-trimethoxy-cis-stilbene (b), 3,4′,5-trimethoxy-trans-stilbene (c), 3,4,4′,5-tetramethoxytrans-stilbene (DMU-212, d), 2,3′,4,4′,5′-pentamethoxy-trans-stilbene (PMS, e), and 2′,3,4′,5-tetramethoxy (TMS; f) are synthesized by methoxylation of the central resveratrol (a), while the synthetic analogs 3′,4′,3,5-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene (piceatannol); (g) and 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexahydroxy-trans-stilbene (h) are produced by hydroxylation of (a). The result of fluorination and esterification is 3,4-difluoro-4′-acetoxy-trans-stilbene (i), while bromination and methoxylation give 3,4,5-trimethoxy-4′-bromostilbene (j). The analogous 2,3-thiazolidin-4-one RSV derivatives (l and k) are synthesized through replacement of the olefinic group of (a) by heterocyclic compounds.
Fig. 1 in Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree of known stilbene-producing plants: Each family was marked with a different color in the figure. The circle-marked species are capable of producing stilbenes. Kappaphycus striatum (JN897024.1) and Silvetia siliquosa (JF718409.1) are included as out-groups. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the ITS2 (ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2) genus sequence. ITS2 sequences were obtained from NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Some unannotated sequences were identified and delimited based on Hidden Markov models (HMMs), which was performed through the online website-ITS2 Database (http://its2.bioapps.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/). The MUSCLE program in MEGA6.0 software was used to perform multiple sequence alignments, and the neighbor-joining (NJ) method was used to construct phylogenetic trees with 1000 bootstrap replicates. The kimura-2- parameter substitution model was also employed, and the confidence interval was 95%. The evolutionary tree is visualized and beautified by the online software iTOL (https://itol.embl.de/). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 11 in Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review
Fig. 11. Biosynthesis of stilbenes in plant suspension cell culture: plants with a high stilbene content will be cut to a specific size. These will be incubated in agarized medium (Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium or CHU (N6) medium or Gamborg's B5 medium (B5)) with supplements such as 6-benzyl amino purine (6-BA), kinetin (KT), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). After some specific days, friable cells will be produced in the medium, and these cells are then transferred into a new fresh medium with the specific supplements. Finally, elicitors such as 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), cornatine (COR), jasmonic acid (JA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) will be added for high production of stilbenes.
Fig. 14 in Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review
Fig. 14. Synthetic derivatives of CA-4 (1): These are produced by replacement, substitution, and modification at both the cis-olefinic bond and the aromatic rings of 1. N-acyl hydrazone CA-4 (4), azo CA-4 (3), 1, 3, 4, oxadiazole CA-4 (9), benzoxazole CA-4 (8) which are produced by replacement and modifications at the olefinic group. Through modifications to the cis-olefinic bond and aromatic rings of CA-4, analogs such as 2 and 7 (benzothiazole derivatives of CA-4 with fluorine), 5 and 6 (imidazole and indole derivatives of CA-4) are also synthesized.
Data and Codes of "A Pharmacological Representation-based LSTM Network for Drug–Drug Interaction Extraction"
<p>The datasets and source codes used and/or analyzed in study "A Pharmacological Representation-based LSTM Network for Drug–Drug Interaction Extraction".</p>
Fig. 21 in Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata (Euphorbiaceae): A systematic review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control
Fig. 21. Schematic of the proposed role of water extract from E. ebracteolata on anticancer (↑: increase, ↓: decrease).
Fig. 1 in Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata (Euphorbiaceae): A systematic review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control
Fig. 1. Whole plant (A), the fresh root (B) (Cited from Flora Republicae Populairs Sinicae at http://ppbc.iplant.cn), the dry root (C) and preparation (Youfuning Capsule) (D) (Cited from http://www.nj-tongrentang.com/product/1trt/89.html) of E. ebracteolata.
Fig. 1 in Emodin - A natural anthraquinone derivative with diverse pharmacological activities
Fig. 1. Chemical structures of emodin and its analogues [Emodin (R1 = OH; R2 = CH3); Rhein (R1 = H; R2 = COOH); Chrysophanol (R1 = H; R2 = CH3); Aloeemodin (R1 = H; R2 = CH2OH); Physcion (R1 = OCH3; R2 = CH3)].
Fig. 1 in Euphorbia helioscopia L.: A phytochemical and pharmacological overview
Fig. 1. The aerial part (a), as well as an illustration (b) of E. helioscopia (A, habit; B, cyathium (Nath s. n., RAW); C, fruit; D, seed (Abedin & Husain 6098, KUH) (www.efloras.org/Flora of Pakistan/Euphorbia helioscopia; eFloras, 2008).
Fig. 8 in Daphne giraldii Nitsche (Thymelaeaceae): Phytochemistry, pharmacology and medicinal uses
Fig. 8. The mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of daphnetin (1) (Shen et al., 2017; Tu et al., 2012).
Identification of a human blood biomarker of pharmacological 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibition
<p>Data-Sets of, “Identification of a human blood biomarker of pharmacological 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibition”</p> <p>The Dataset (Derived from <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.16251">https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.16251</a>) contains the original figures and tables as PNG-format (10.1111_bph.16251_Figure 1-4.PNG; 10.1111_bph.16251_Table1-2.PNG and supplemental information 10.1111_bph.16251_FigS1-S2.PNG; 10.1111_bph.16251_TableS1-S6.PNG), as well as the graphical abstract.PNG</p> <p>Corresponding raw data and subsequent data analysis obtained from LC-MS/MS analysis and reused data on THF, THE and allo-THE and clinical parameters as well as the statistical evaluation of obtained data are provided as raw-files and corresponding meta data-files (FAIR-Principle).</p> <p>Fig 2:</p> <p>Two files in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_3.csv and 310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_1.csv). Detailed description of the LC-MS/MS method is provided as pdf-Format (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_2.pdf). All further experiment related information provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_3_M .txt) in txt format and two files containing further related information (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_A1-2 .pdf) PDF format.</p> <p>Fig3:</p> <p>Two files in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_4.csv; 310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_2.csv). One meta data file as pdf-format with detailed LC-MS/MS method description 310030-(214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_2.pdf). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_4_M .txt) in txt format. Cohort B related information is provided as three files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_B1-3).</p> <p>Fig 4:</p> <p>Six files in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_3-5 .csv, 310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_1.csv and 214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_1-2.csv). Two meta data file as pdf-format with detailed LC-MS/MS method descriptions (214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_2-3 .pdf ). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_3-5_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort related information is provided as five files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_A1-2 and B1-3.pdf) Statistical analysis is provided as R-File (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_M_1_1.R).</p> <p>Tab1:</p> <p>One file in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_1 .csv). One meta file as pdf-format with detailed LC-MS/MS method description (214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_1.pdf ). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_1_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort A related information is provided as two files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_A1-2).</p> <p>Tab2:</p> <p>One file in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_2.csv). One meta data file as pdf-format with detailed LC-MS/MS method description (214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_1.pdf ). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_2_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort B related information is provided as three files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_B1-3).</p> <p>Fig S1:</p> <p>Four files in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_3-4.csv and 214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_1-2.csv). One meta data file as pdf-format with detailed LC-MS/MS method description (214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_2.pdf ). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_3-4_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort A and B related information is provided as five files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_A1-2 and-B1-3).</p> <p>Fig S2:</p> <p>Five files in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_3-4.csv and 310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_2.csv, 310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_1-2.csv) and one file as R-File (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_2_M1.R). One meta data file as pdf-format provides detailed LC-MS/MS method description (214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_2.pdf). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030 214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_26_2_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort A and B related information is provided as five files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_A1-2 and-B1-3).</p> <p>Tab S1:</p> <p>One file in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_3.csv). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_3_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort A related information is provided as two files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_A1-2). </p> <p>TabS2:</p> <p>One file in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_4.csv). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_4_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort B related information is provided as three files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_B1-3).</p> <p>TabS3:</p> <p>One file in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_3.csv). Detailed description of the LC-MS/MS method is provided as pdf-Formate (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_2.pdf) All further experiment related information provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_3_M.txt) in txt format and two files containing further related information (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_A1-2 .pdf) PDF format.</p> <p>Tab S4:</p> <p>Three file in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_5.csv, 310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_1-2.csv). Detailed description of the LC-MS/MS methods is provided two files pdf-Format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_2-3.pdf) All further experiment related information provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_4_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort related information is provided as two files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_A1-2. Statistical analysis is provided as R-File (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_M_1.R).</p> <p>TabS5:</p> <p>One files in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_4.csv One meta data file as pdf-format with detailed LC-MS/MS method description (214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_2.pdf ). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_5_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort B related information is provided as three files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_B1-3).</p> <p>TabS6:</p> <p>Four files in CSV format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_4-5.csv 310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_28_4.csv; 310030-214978_10.1111_bph.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_1.csv). One meta data file as pdf-format with detailed LC-MS/MS method description (214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_4_M_2-3.pdf ). All further related information are provided as one meta-data-file (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_26_6_M.txt) in txt format. Cohort B related information is provided as three files in pdf- format (310030-214978_10.1111_BPH.16251_CGC_Human_Biomarker_M_B1-3).</p>
Withdrawal of Pharmacological Treatment in Patients Responding to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy:
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05151861. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
A Novel Pharmacological Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03919955. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Efficacy Assessment of Three Non Pharmacological Therapies in Alzheimer's Disease
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00646269. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
The Pharmacologic Profile of Sodium Thiosulfate in Renal Failure and Healthy Volunteers
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01008631. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Sympathetic Renal Denervation Versus Increment of Pharmacological Treatment in Resistant Arterial Hypertension.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02039492. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.