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Figure 9 in Genets and 'genet-like' taxa (Carnivora, Viverrinae): phylogenetic analysis, systematics and biogeographic implications
Figure 9. Illustration of the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily Viverrinae obtained here in; civet by courtesy of Delachaux & Niestlé (Dorst & Dandelot, 1976); Genetta johnstoni, Osbornictis, Poiana and Genetta spp. by courtesy of Academic Press (Kingdon, 1997)]
Figure 1 in Genets and 'genet-like' taxa (Carnivora, Viverrinae): phylogenetic analysis, systematics and biogeographic implications
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the extant carnivores according to Gregory & Hellman (1939; modified).
Figure 3 in Genets and 'genet-like' taxa (Carnivora, Viverrinae): phylogenetic analysis, systematics and biogeographic implications
Figure 3. Illustration of some ultrastructural hair characters (Ex indicates coding related to the intergeneric analysis; In indicates coding related to the intrageneric analysis). A: Cross-section of the GH1 spatula base of Genetta genetta (1) and Genetta abyssinica (2). B: GH1 medullar structure of Genetta genetta (1), Genetta johnstoni (2), Poiana richardsonii (3) and Viverricula indica (4). C: GH1 middle part of the spatula of Poiana richardsonii (1), Osbornictis piscivora (2), Nandinia binotata (3) and Genetta tigrina (4).
Figure 2 in Genets and 'genet-like' taxa (Carnivora, Viverrinae): phylogenetic analysis, systematics and biogeographic implications
Figure 2. Illustration of some cranial and plantar characters (Ex indicates coding related to the intergeneric analysis; In indicates coding related to the intrageneric analysis). A: Skull of Felis silvestris. B: Skull of Poiana richardsonii (Allen, 1924; by courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History). C: Skull of Genetta victoriae (Allen, 1924; by courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History). D: Skull of Osbornictis piscivora (Allen, 1924; by courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History). E: Skull of Genetta genetta (Rosevear, 1974; by courtesy of The Natural History Museum, London). F: Left hindfoot and forefoot of Genetta pardina (Allen, 1924; by courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History). G: Left hindfoot and forefoot of Civettictis civetta (Pocock, 1915; by courtesy of Cambridge University Press).
Chemical variations in Quercus pollen as a tool for taxonomic identification: implications for long-term ecological and biogeographical research
<p><strong>Aim</strong> </p> <p>Fossil pollen is an important tool for understanding biogeographic patterns in the past, but the taxonomic resolution of the fossil-pollen record may be limited to genus or even family level. Chemical analysis of pollen grains has the potential to increase the taxonomic resolution of pollen, but present-day chemical variability is poorly understood. This study aims to investigate whether a phylogenetic signal is present in the chemical variations of <em>Quercus</em> L. pollen and to assess the prospects of chemical techniques for identification in biogeographic research.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong> </p> <p>Portugal</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong> </p> <p>Six taxa (five species, one subspecies) of <em>Quercus</em> L., <em>Q. faginea, Q. robur, Q. robur</em> ssp. <em>estremadurensis, Q. coccifera, Q. rotundifolia</em> and <em>Q. suber</em> belonging to three sections: <em>Cerris, Ilex</em>, and <em>Quercus</em> (<a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/761148v2#ref-13">Denk, Grimm, Manos, Deng, & Hipp, 2017</a>)</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong> </p> <p>We collected pollen samples from 297 individual <em>Quercus</em> trees across a 4° (∼450 km) latitudinal gradient and determined chemical differences using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We used canonical powered partial least-squares regression (CPPLS) and discriminant analysis to describe within- and between-species chemical variability.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong> </p> <p>We find clear differences in the FTIR spectra from <em>Quercus</em> pollen at the section level (<em>Cerris</em>: ∼98%; <em>Ilex</em>: ∼100%; <em>Quercus</em>: ∼97%). Successful discrimination is based on spectral signals related to lipids and sporopollenins. However, discrimination of species within individual <em>Quercus</em> sections is more difficult: overall, species recall is ∼76% and species misidentifications within sections lie between 18% and 31% of the test-set.</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions</strong> </p> <p>Our results demonstrate that subgenus level differentiation of <em>Quercus</em> pollen is possible using FTIR methods, with successful classification at the section level. This indicates that operator-independent FTIR approaches can surpass traditional morphological techniques using the light microscope. Our results have implications both for providing new insights into past colonisation pathways of <em>Quercus</em>, and likewise for forecasting future responses to climate change. However, before FTIR techniques can be applied more broadly across palaeoecology and biogeography, our results also highlight a number of research challenges that still need to be addressed, including developing sporopollenin-specific taxonomic discriminators and determining a more complete understanding of the effects of environmental variation on pollen-chemical signatures in <em>Quercus</em>.</p>
Supporting data: The biogeographic origin of a radiation of trees in Madagascar: Implications for the assembly of a tropical forest biome
<p>This directory contains xml files (which in turn contain concatenated alignments), newick, and phylip formatted tree files. Code and scripts used for generating figures, phylogenies and biogeographic models is available on request.</p> <p>~/trees/ contains tree files and maximum clade credibility trees from the three phylogenetic inferences: 1) Canarieae with a fossil tip; 2) Canarieae with fossil nodes; and 3) Canarieae with fossil nodes, but without the Canarieae fossil node calibration. See the paper and supplemental text for more information.</p> <p>~/trees/RAxML/ contains the RAXML starter trees used </p> <p>~/xml_files/ contains the xml files used for Bayesian phylogenetic inference in BEAST for all three phylogenetic inferences (see above). Concatenated alignments of molecular data can be found within the xml files.</p>
Fig. 4 in The early fossil record of Caturoidea (Halecomorphi: Amiiformes): biogeographic implications
Fig. 4 Stratigraphic distribution of the nannotaxa identified in MPCA 632. Plots von Nannotax 3
Fig. 11 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications
Fig. 11. Plot of length versus distal articular width of Mc−III in some hipparions.
Fig. 6 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications
Fig. 6. Length versus width plot of Deinotherium M3s.
Fig. 1 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications
Fig. 1. Location map (A) and stratigraphic context (B) of the Yulafll localities.
Fig. 3 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications
Fig. 3. Length versus width plot of m1 in the genus Indarctos, showing continuous variation.
Fig. 5 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications
Fig. 5. Length versus width plot of Deinotherium P4s.
Fig. 7 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications
Fig. 7. Length versus width plot of Choerolophodon m3s.
Fig.12 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications
Fig.12. Length vs. width plot of p3s and p4s in Hippopotamodon antiquus and Microstonyx major.
APPENDIX 1 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications
<p>APPENDIX 1. — Synthetic summary of main characters of the Dipterocarp fossil woods mentioned in the article, as described by the original authors (<b>first name</b>), the authors who redescribed a specimen of the same species or emmended the original diagnosis (<b>second name</b>), or as extracted from another publication (<b>in parenthesis</b>). Features in parenthesis are less commun.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th><b>Vessels</b></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td><b>t.diam. (µm);</b></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>Multiseriate</b></td><td><b>Canals</b></td><td><b>Geologic</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><b>Growth</b></td><td><b>frequency</b></td><td></td><td><b>Axial</b></td><td></td><td><b>ray height</b></td><td></td><td><b>t.diam.</b></td><td><b>age/</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>Species</b></th><td><b>rings</b></td><td><b>(/mm</b> <b>2</b><b>)</b></td><td><b>Fibres</b></td><td><b>parenchyma</b></td><td><b>Rays</b></td><td><b>(µm; cells)</b></td><td><b>Canals</b></td><td><b>(µm)</b></td><td><b>country</b></td><td><b>Authors</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>120-230</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Vasicentric, diffuse, diffuse-</td><td>(1-11)7-9 seriate,</td><td>150-1080</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>120-150</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Yadav 1989</td></tr><tr><th><i>oblongoides</i></th><td></td><td>4-5</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>in-aggregate in irregular</td><td>4-8/mm, heterocellular</td><td>5-56</td><td>lines, (diffuse)</td><td></td><td>India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>lines, around canals</td><td>1-2+ marginal cells,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>continuous sheath cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>110-255</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Scanty to vasicentric,diffuse,</td><td>(1-8)5-6 seriate,</td><td>180-1350</td><td>Diffuse, (short</td><td>40-55</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Prakash &</td></tr><tr><th><i>garoensis</i></th><td></td><td>8-12</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>in short lines,</td><td>5-12/mm, heterocellular</td><td>6-30</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Tripathi 1970</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>around canals</td><td>1-8 marginal cells, sheath</td><td></td><td>lines</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(tylose)</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>cells</td><td></td><td>of 2-3)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>130-230</td><td>Nonseptate, thin-</td><td>Diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate</td><td>(1-6)4-5 seriate,</td><td>212-1190</td><td>Diffuse</td><td>102-130</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Prasad,</td></tr><tr><th><i>surmaensis</i></th><td></td><td>6-10</td><td>to-thick walled,</td><td>in thin lines, scanty to</td><td>5-6/mm, heterocellular</td><td>5-55</td><td></td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Agarwal &</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>vasicentric, around canals</td><td>1-3 marginal cells,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Mandaokar</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>continuous</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2009</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>sheath cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>154-300</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Vasicentric, diffuse,</td><td>1-7 seriate, heterocellular,</td><td>458-1946</td><td>Diffuse, (short</td><td>98-168</td><td>Mio-Plio/</td><td>Ghosh &</td></tr><tr><th><i>jawalamukhi</i></th><td></td><td>-</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>diffuse-in-aggregate,</td><td>sheath cells</td><td>15-67</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Ghosh 1958</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>tracheids</td><td>around canals</td><td></td><td></td><td>lines</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Prakash &</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>of 2-3)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Tripathi 1970)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>160-240</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate,</td><td>1-5(6) seriate, often uniseriate, 250-1125</td><td>Short tangential</td><td>40-68</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Prakash 1975</td></tr><tr><th><i>sivalicus</i></th><td></td><td>5-7,</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>(scanty paratracheal),</td><td>7-14/mm, heterocellular,</td><td>–</td><td>lines of 2-6,</td><td></td><td>India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>around canals</td><td>sheath cells</td><td></td><td>diffuse</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>80-240,</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregate,</td><td>(1-7)3-5 seriate, 6-8/mm,</td><td>120-1600,</td><td>Diffuse/</td><td>40-120</td><td>Pliocene/</td><td>Ghosh & Ghosh</td></tr><tr><th><i>malavii</i></th><td></td><td>mean 190,</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>scanty to vasicentric,</td><td>heterocellular 1-n marginal mean <1000 paired, short</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>1959,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>5-7, solitary, vasicentric</td><td>(aliform), around canals</td><td>cells, (sheath cells)</td><td>10-60</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td></td><td>Guleria 1983</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>lines of 4-5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>–</td><td>Thin-to thick</td><td>Vasicentric, (marginal,</td><td>(1-5)1-3 seriate, heterocellular</td><td>–</td><td>Diffuse, short</td><td>-</td><td>Tertiary/</td><td>Bancroft 1933</td></tr><tr><th><i>africanum</i></th><td></td><td>(solitary),</td><td>walled?,</td><td>diffuse?) around canals</td><td>1-6 marginal cells,</td><td>8-30</td><td>tangential</td><td>same</td><td>Uganda</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose?</td><td>vasicentric</td><td></td><td>(end-to-end fusion)</td><td></td><td>lines of 2-6</td><td>size as</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>tracheids?</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>vessels</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>–</td><td>160-322</td><td>Nonseptate, thin</td><td>Vasicentric, diffuse to</td><td>1-5(4-5) seriate, 6-8/mm,</td><td><2400</td><td>Short tangential</td><td>80-120</td><td>Plio-Pleisto/ Vozenin-Serra &</td></tr><tr><th><i>sarapeense</i></th><td></td><td>4-7,</td><td>to thick walled,</td><td>diffuse-in-aggregate,</td><td>heterocellular 2-7(23)</td><td>up to 80</td><td>lines of 2-7</td><td></td><td>Thailand</td><td>Privé-Gill</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>around canals</td><td>marginal cells, sheath cells,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2001</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(tylose)</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>(end-to-end fusion)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>100-175</td><td>Nonseptate, (very)</td><td>Around canals, scanty</td><td>(1-5)1 seriate,</td><td>-</td><td>Diffuse, short</td><td>60-75</td><td>Pliocene/</td><td>Schweitzer</td></tr><tr><th><i>gracile</i></th><td></td><td>5-14,</td><td>thick-walled,</td><td>paratracheal, (diffuse)</td><td>“homogeneous”,</td><td>up to 40</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>Java</td><td>1958</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary</td><td>vasicentric</td><td></td><td>(crystalliferous)</td><td></td><td>lines of 2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>80-260</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Vasicentric, (diffuse),</td><td>(1-6)3-5 seriate,</td><td>200-1260</td><td>Diffuse, short</td><td>65-80</td><td>Miocene/</td><td>Guleria <i>et al.</i></td></tr><tr><th><i>jammuense</i></th><td></td><td>3-9,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>around canals</td><td>5-9/mm, heterocellular</td><td>5-45</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>2002</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>tracheids</td><td></td><td>2-12 marginal cells, sheath</td><td></td><td>lines of 2-5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tylose</td><td></td><td></td><td>cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dryobalanoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>60-280</td><td>Fibre/vasicentric</td><td>Vasicentric to aliform</td><td>1-4 seriate, heterocellular</td><td><900</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>40-60</td><td>Tertiary/</td><td>Awasthi 1971</td></tr><tr><th><i>holdeniae</i></th><td></td><td>9-15,</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>(aliform-confluent),</td><td>1-5 marginal cells, (sheath</td><td>up to 30</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>banded around canals</td><td>cells)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td>thick-walled</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><b>t.diam. (µm);</b></td><td></td><td></td><td><b>Multiseriate</b></td><td><b>Canals</b></td><td><b>Geologic</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><b>Growth</b></td><td><b>frequency</b></td><td></td><td><b>Axial</b></td><td></td><td><b>ray height</b></td><td></td><td><b>t.diam.</b></td><td><b>age/</b></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><b>Species</b></th><td><b>rings</b></td><td><b>(/mm</b> <b>2</b><b>)</b></td><td><b>Fibres</b></td><td><b>parenchyma</b></td><td><b>Rays</b></td><td><b>(µm; cells)</b></td><td><b>Canals</b></td><td><b>(µm)</b></td><td><b>country</b></td><td><b>Authors</b></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Distinct</td><td>112-332</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Vasicentric to aliform,</td><td>1-5 seriate, 5-8/mm,</td><td>-</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>80-160</td><td>Tertiary /</td><td>Prakash &</td></tr><tr><th><i>tipamense</i></th><td>(vessels)</td><td>3-9, tyloses</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>(aliform-confluent, diffuse,</td><td>heterocellular</td><td>3-66</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Awasthi 1970</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>diffuse-in-aggregate),</td><td>1-12 marginal cells, (sheath</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>thin-walled</td><td>banded around canals,</td><td>cells)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>crystalliferous</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>45-240</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Vasicentric, aliform aliform-</td><td>1-6 seriate, 5-9/mm,</td><td>-</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>40-120</td><td>Tertiary /</td><td>Awasthi 1974</td></tr><tr><th><i>indicum</i></th><td></td><td>5-10,</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>confluent in thin bands,</td><td>heterocellular 1-2 marginal</td><td>up to 60</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>diffuse, in thin bands,</td><td>cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>thick-walled</td><td>banded around canals,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>crystalliferous</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>45-165</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Scanty paratracheal or</td><td>(1-4)2-3 seriate, heterocellular</td><td>-</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>40-60</td><td>Tertiary</td><td>Awasthi 1974</td></tr><tr><th><i>arcotense</i></th><td></td><td>15-20,</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>vasicentric, banded around 1-6 marginal cells</td><td>12-40</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>/India</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>canals</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td>thin-walled</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>200-360</td><td>Thin-walled</td><td>Vasicentric, aliform,</td><td>(1-4)1-3 seriate, 4-5/mm,</td><td>80-1400</td><td>Long tangential</td><td>40-90</td><td>Quaternary/ Du 1988b</td></tr><tr><th><i>sumatraense</i></th><td></td><td>9-14,</td><td></td><td>(confluent in tangential</td><td>heterocellular 1-n marginal</td><td>4-50</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>Sumatra</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(clusters),</td><td></td><td>bands), diffuse, diffuse-</td><td>cells, (crystalliferous)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td></td><td>in-aggregate in short</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>tangential lines, irregularly</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>storied</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>200-300</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Vasicentric, diffuse-in-</td><td>(1-5)5 seriate,</td><td>-</td><td>Long/short</td><td>60-150</td><td>Quaternary/ Schweitzer</td></tr><tr><th><i>posthumi</i></th><td></td><td>mean 250</td><td>tracheids,</td><td>aggregate in tangential</td><td>“homogeneous”, end-to-</td><td>3-45</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>Sumatra</td><td>1958</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>5-10,</td><td>nonseptate,</td><td>bands, diffuse, around</td><td>end fusion</td><td></td><td>lines, diffuse,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td>thin-to-thick</td><td>canals,</td><td></td><td></td><td>(double lines)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>walled?</td><td>crystals in enlarged cells</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>200-240</td><td>Nonseptate, thin</td><td>Vasicentric, irregularly</td><td>1-4 seriate, 6-10/mm,</td><td>750-1450</td><td>Short/long?</td><td>70-190</td><td>Miocene /</td><td>Sukiman 1977</td></tr><tr><th><i>pachitanensis</i></th><td></td><td>6-10,</td><td>to thick-walled</td><td>banded, around canals</td><td>heterocellular 1-n marginal</td><td>-</td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td>Java</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td></td><td></td><td>cells</td><td></td><td>lines</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>155-230</td><td>Nonseptate,</td><td>Diffuse, diffuse-in-</td><td>(1-5)3-4 seriate, 5-8/mm,</td><td>484-1870</td><td>Diffuse, long/</td><td>-</td><td>Tertiary /</td><td>Bande &</td></tr><tr><th><i>ornatum</i></th><td></td><td>5-9,</td><td>vasicentric</td><td>aggregate, vasicentric,</td><td>heterocellular 2-12 marginal -</td><td>short</td><td></td><td>India</td><td>Prakash</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>solitary,</td><td>tracheids</td><td>banded around canals</td><td>cells, sheath cells</td><td></td><td>tangential</td><td></td><td></td><td>1980,</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>tyloses</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>lines of 2-3,</td><td></td><td></td><td>Trivedi &</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(double or</td><td></td><td></td><td>Ahuja 1979</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>triple rows)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i></th><td>Ind.</td><td>90-300</td><td>Vasicentric</td><td>Banded in thin lines,</td><td>(1-7)3-5 seriate, few</td><td><1200</td><td>Long tangential</td><td><140</td><td>Mio-Plio/</td><td>Prakash &</td></tr><tr><th><i>irrawaddiensis</i></th><td></td><td>6-8, tyloses tracheids,</td><td>vasicentric,</td><td>uniseriate, 5-8/mm,</td><td>up to 50</td><td>lines</td><td></td><td>Myanmar Bande 1980</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>nonseptate</td><td>banded around canals</td><td>homocellular to weakly</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>heterocellular 1 marginal</th></tr><tr><th>cell</th></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 2. — Correspondences between the MNHN. F in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications
<p>TABLE 2. — Correspondences between the MNHN.F specimen numbers cited in the article and the corresponding pages on https://science.mnhn.fr.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Specimen numbers</th><th><b>Corresponding slides and URLs</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>MNHN. F.50171</th><td>MNHN. F.50171.1, 50171.2, 50171.3, 50171.4, 50171.5, 50171.6, 50171.7</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50172</th><td>MNHN. F.50172.1, 50172.2, 50172.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50173</th><td>MNHN. F.50173.1, 50173.2, 50173.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50174</th><td>MNHN. F.50174.1, 50174.2, 50174.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50175</th><td>MNHN. F.50175.1, 50175.2, 50175.3, 50175.4, 50175.5</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50176</th><td>MNHN. F.50176.1, 50176.2, 50176.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50177</th><td>MNHN. F.50177.1, 50177.2, 50177.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50178</th><td>MNHN. F.50178.1, 50178.2, 50178.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50179</th><td>MNHN. F.50179.1, 50179.2, 50179.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50180</th><td>MNHN. F.50180.1, 50180.2, 50180.3, 50180.4</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50181</th><td>MNHN. F.50181.1, 50181.2, 50181.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50182</th><td>MNHN. F.50182.1, 50182.2, 50182.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50183</th><td>MNHN. F.50183.1, 50183.2, 50183.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50184</th><td>MNHN. F.50184.1, 50184.2, 50184.3, 50184.4, 50184.5, 50184.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50185</th><td>MNHN. F.50185.1, 50185.2, 50185.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50186</th><td>MNHN. F.50186.1, 50186.2, 50186.3, 50186.4</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50187</th><td>MNHN. F.50187.1, 50187.2, 50187.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50188</th><td>MNHN. F.50188.1, 50188.2, 50188.3, 50188.4, 50188.5, 50188.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50189</th><td>MNHN. F.50189.1, 50189.2, 50189.3, 50189.4, 50189.5, 50189.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50190</th><td>MNHN. F.50190.1, 50190.2, 50190.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50191</th><td>MNHN. F.50191.1, 50191.2, 50191.3, 50191.4, 50191.5, 50191.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50192</th><td>MNHN. F.50192.1, 50192.2, 50192.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50193</th><td>MNHN. F.50193.1, 50193.2, 50193.3, 50193.4, 50193.5, 50193.6</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50194</th><td>MNHN. F.50194.1, 50194.2, 50194.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50195</th><td>MNHN. F.50195.1, 50195.2, 50195.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50196</th><td>MNHN. F.50196.1, 50196.2, 50196.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50197</th><td>MNHN. F.50197.1, 50197.2, 50197.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50198</th><td>MNHN. F.50198.1, 50198.2, 50198.3</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50199</th><td>MNHN. F.50199.1, 50199.2, 50199.3, 50199.4</td></tr><tr><th>MNHN. F.50200</th><td>MNHN. F.50200.1, 50200.2, 50200.3, 50200.4, 50200.5</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 1 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications
<p>TABLE 1. — Distribution of fossil taxa for the Natma Formation among extant tropical forests of the Indo-Burman region, according to their Nearest Living Relatives. Only the most convincing NLR have been taken into consideration. Symbols and abbreviations: ●, main environment; ○, alternative environment; <b>1</b>, Tidal and coastal forests; <b>2</b>, Moist evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; <b>3</b>, Deciduous and seasonal forests; <b>4</b>, Dry forests and savanna woodlands. The specimen of <i>Cupressinoxylon</i> is not used here, as not diagnostic of any particular environment.The specimen indet sp. 1 is shown as an indication of possible relative modern ecosystem because the possible related taxa are mostly found in ecosystems in adequacy with our other specimens.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Fossil species</b></th><th><b>NLR</b></th><th><b>Modern ecosystems</b></th><th><b>1</b></th><th><b>2</b></th><th><b>3</b></th><th><b>4</b></th><th><b>Forest type</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Cynometroxylon holdeniae</i></th><td><i>Cynometra ramiflora</i> / <i>Cynometra polyandra</i></td><td>Tidal, back-mangrove, wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. In lowlands</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>up to 400-1300 m</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium</i></th><td><i>Cynometra inaequifolia</i> / <i>Cynometra polyandra</i></td><td>Tidal, back-mangrove, wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. In lowlands</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>Coastal forests</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>up to 400-1300 m</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pahudioxylon bankurensis</i></th><td><i>Intsia bijuga</i></td><td>Coastal areas, along tidal rivers or at the dry back of mangroves. Also wet evergreen forest</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>associated with Anisoptera. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>indet sp. 1</th><td><i>Dipterocarpus</i> / <i>Prioria</i></td><td>Wet evergreen forests, coastal forests, flooded and riparian forests, also in semi-evergeen</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>○</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forest or savannahs. In lowlands.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dryobalanoxylon</i> sp.</th><td><i>Dryobalanops aromatica</i> / <i>D. oblongifolia</i></td><td>Lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, in coastal areas in sandy or gravelly soils. Also in wetter</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>soils. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>cf. Koompassioxylon</th><td><i>Koompassia</i> / <i>Kalappia</i> / <i>Martiodendron</i></td><td>Mostly rainforest. Also in coastal forest, riparian forests or swamps. Rarely in savannas or dry</td><td>○</td><td>●</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forests. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Koompassioxylon elegans</i></th><td><i>Koompassia malaccensis</i></td><td>Mostly freshwater peat-swamps. Also dry lands. Up to 150 m (800 m in elevated areas)</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Burseroxylon</i> sp.</th><td><i>Canarium bengalense</i> / <i>Protium serratum</i></td><td>Wet evergreen and moist dipterocarp forests, mostly along rivers. Also in deciduous forests</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>or monsonnal area. Up to 1300 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Anisopteroxylon</i> sp.</th><td><i>Anisoptera costata</i> / <i>Anisoptera scaphula</i></td><td>Moist (not everwet) evergreen and semi- evergreen dipterocarp forests, along rivers,</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>in seasonal forest and foothills. Up to 700 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dipterocarpoxylon</i> cf. <i>jammuense</i></th><td><i>Dipterocarpus</i></td><td>Evergreen, semi-evergeen tropical forest, mixed dipterocarps forests. Also in seasonal forests.</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td>Wet evergreen forests</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>In lowland (rarely up to 1400 m).</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Dryobalanoxylon</i> cf. <i>javanense</i></th><td><i>Dryobalanops keithii</i> / <i>D. oblongifolia</i></td><td>Near water (periodically inundated, streams, poorly-drained soils...), in mixed dipterocarps</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>forests. Up to 600 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> cf. <i>sumatraense</i></th><td><i>Shorea negrosensis</i></td><td>Evergreen, semi-evergreen and seasonal dipterocarp forests. In lowlands.</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> cf. <i>deomaliense</i></th><td><i>Shorea laevis</i></td><td>Mixed dipterocarp forests. On undulated lands and well-drained soils. Up to 700-1000 m.</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis</i></th><td><i>Artocarpus lamellosus</i> / <i>Artocarpus chama</i></td><td>Mixed dipterocarp evergreen forests, but also in semi-deciduous forests, moist deciduous</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>or monsoonal area. Up to 1500-1800 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> sp. 2</th><td><i>Shorea balangeran</i> / <i>Shorea laevis</i></td><td>From well-drained soils to peat-swamp forests. Also in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests</td><td>–</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td>–</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>and hillsides. Up to 100(-1000)m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Albizinium eolebbekianum</i></th><td><i>Albizia lebbeck</i> / <i>Albizia ferruginea</i></td><td>Wooded savannas, dry forests borders, semi- decidous. Also rainforests, riparian or</td><td>○</td><td>○</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>periodically inundeted ofrests. Up to 1400 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pahudioxylon</i> cf. <i>bankurensis</i></th><td><i>Afzelia africana</i> / <i>A. javanica</i></td><td>Both present in humid evergreen and dry deciduous forests. Frequent in savannas. Up</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td>●</td><td>○</td><td>Seasonal and</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>to 1400 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>dry forests</td></tr><tr><th><i>Shoreoxylon</i> sp. 1</th><td><i>Shorea parvifolia</i> /</td><td>Deciduous dry dipterocarp forests and under</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td><i>Shorea obtusa</i></td><td>marked seasonal monsoon climates. Sometimes in moister forests or savannas.</td><td>–</td><td>○</td><td>●</td><td>●</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Up to 1000 m.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Data from: The European Paromomyidae (Primates, Mammalia): taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeographic implications
Plesiadapiforms represent the first radiation of Primates, appearing near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Eleven families of plesiadapiforms are recognized, including the Paromomyidae. Four species of paromomyids from the early Eocene have been reported from Europe: Arcius fuscus, Arcius lapparenti, and Arcius rougieri from France, and Arcius zbyszewskii from Portugal. Other Arcius specimens from the early Eocene are known from Masia de l'Hereuet (Spain), Abbey Wood (England), and Sotteville-sur-Mer (Normandy, France). A cladistic analysis of the European paromomyids has never previously been published. A total of 53 dental characters were analyzed for the four Arcius species and the specimens from Spain, England, and Normandy. The results of a parsimony analysis using TNT agree with previous conceptions of A. zbyszewskii as the most primitive member of the genus. Also consistent with existing hypotheses, Arcius rougieri is positioned as the sister taxon of A. fuscus and A. lapparenti, and the results suggest that the fossil from Normandy is A. zbyszewskii. However, the English fossil pertains to a primitive lineage, rather than grouping with A. lapparenti as had been suggested; as such it is recognized here as a distinct species (Arcius hookeri). The Spanish fossils cluster together with the French species, but do not show the previously proposed special relationship with A. lapparenti, and are sufficiently distinct to be placed in a new species (Arcius ilerdensis). Arcius is recovered as monophyletic, which is consistent with a single migration event from North America to Europe around the earliest Eocene though the Greenland land bridge.
Figure 4. Tree 1 in Genets and 'genet-like' taxa (Carnivora, Viverrinae): phylogenetic analysis, systematics and biogeographic implications
Figure 4. Tree 1 rooted with the Viverridae (intergeneric analysis).
Figure 5. Tree 2 in Genets and 'genet-like' taxa (Carnivora, Viverrinae): phylogenetic analysis, systematics and biogeographic implications
Figure 5. Tree 2 rooted with the Herpestidae (intergeneric analysis).
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