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217 results for “ecological association”
Fig. 5 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species
Fig. 5 Results of species delimitation analyses. (a) Results from GMYC (discovery approach), BPP, and BFD (validation approaches) plotted onto the MCC tree obtained with the concatenated ITS+cpDNA dataset. GMYC analyses were conducted using MCC trees obtained with nrITS, cpDNA, concatenated nrITS+cpDNA, and coalescence nrITS–cpDNA analyses. BPP analyses were conducted using six different combinations
Fig. 3 in Ecological and spatial patterns associated with diversification of South American Physaria (Brassicaceae) through the general concept of species
Fig. 3 Median-joining networks of a, nrITS dataset; b, cpDNA dataset (tmnLF, tmnH-psbA, tmnG intron, tmnS-tmnG spacer). Six morphologically defined species are distinguished by different colors: blue, P. cmassistigma; pink, P. latemalis; red, P. mendocina; black, P. okanensis; yellow, P. pygmaea; green: P. umbaniana. Intermediate (unobserved) haplotypes are distinguished by small gray circles. Circle sizes correspond to relative numbers of in- dividuals sharing a particular haplotype
Figure 6 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 6. Associations between tarantulas and whip spiders, a harvestman and a snake. A. Sericopelma sp. sharing its retreat with an unidentified whip spider (marked with an arrow), La Chorrera, Panama. B. Megaphobema velvetosoma sharing its retreat with an unidentified whip spider (marked with an arrow), Yasuní National Park, Ecuador. C. Sericopelma sp. and Paraphrynus laevifrons, Santa María de Dota, San José Province, Costa Rica. D. Phormictopus cautus sharing its burrow with an unidentified whip spider, Vinales, Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. E. Sericopelma sp. sharing its retreat with an unidentified harvestman (marked with an arrow), Upala, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica. F. Brachypelma boehmei sharing its retreat with Sonora michoacanensis (marked with an arrow), Guerrero State, Mexico. Photo credits: John G. Phillips (A), Aidan Craner (B), Johnson Jou (C), José Garrido (D), Dan MacNeal (E), and Rick C. West (F).
Figure 8 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 8. Tarantulas living in termitaria. A. Avicularia juruensis, nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru. B. Vitalius dubius, Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São Paulo, Brazil. C. Nhandu coloratovillosus, São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil. D. Nhandu coloratovillosus, Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil. E. Psalmopoeus cambridgei, Tamana Hill, Sangre Grande, Trinidad Island, West Indies. F. Brachionopus sp. with Trinervitermes sp., Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Photo credits: Alexey Yakovlev (A), Ivan Sazima (B), Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic (C), Danté Fenolio (D), Sarah Crews (E), and Luke Goddard (F).
Figure 2. Associations between tarantulas and anurans. A in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 2. Associations between tarantulas and anurans. A. Aphonopelma cf. armada and Gastrophryne sp., Burleson, Texas, USA. B. Aphonopelma seemanni and Engystomops pustulosus, Tamarindo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. C. Nhandu carapoensis and Chiasmocleis albopunctata, Balneario Pinamar, Paraguarí, Paraguay. D. Aphonopelma hentzi and Gastrophryne olivacea, Double Helix Ranch, Pontotoc, Texas, USA. E. Aphonopelma anax and Gastrophryne sp., Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, USA. F. Pamphobeteus sp., female with late instars, and Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata, Tambopata Reserve, Madre de Dios Region, Peru. B reproduced from Hooijer (2005), C reproduced from Bascoulés and Smith (2021). Photo credits: Kassy Myers (A), Alex Hooijer (B), Sébastien Bascoulès (C), David Hillis (D), John Edward (E), and Reginald Cocroft (F).
Figure 9 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 9. Nesiergus insulanus living in drywood termite frass (Kalotermitidae) on Frégate Island, Seychelles. A. Decaying palm tree with a retreat (marked by an arrow). B. Same, detailed view of the retreat. C, E. Fallen decayed palm tree with retreats (marked by arrows). D, F. Same, detailed views of the retreats. A and F reproduced from Canning et al. (2014). Photo credits: Greg Canning.
Figure 12. Slit-like cuticular pores representing epidermal gland openings. A, B in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 12. Slit-like cuticular pores representing epidermal gland openings. A, B. Ephebopus cyanognathus West and Marshall, 2000, palpal femur, with urticating setae and one gland opening (marked with an arrow). C, D. Exuvia of juvenile Ephebopus cyanognathus, abdomen. E. Psalmopoeus sp., dorsal side of metatarsus. F. Liphistius sp., a slit sensillum (large) and several gland openings (small, one marked with an arrow). Photo credits: Rainer Foelix. Scale bars: 0.01 mm.
Figure 4 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 4. Associations between tarantulas and anurans, continued. A. Sericopelma sp. and Engystomops pustulosus, nr. La Soledad, Veraguas Province, Panama. B. Pterinochilus sp. and Sclerophrys sp., Mana Pools NP, Zimbabwe. C. Ceratogyrus darlingi and Sclerophrys sp., South Africa. D. Orphnaecus sp., juvenile (marked with an arrow, the adult female not in the frame), and Rhinella marina, Sison, Pangasinan, Philippines. E. Poecilotheria fasciata and Uperodon taprobanica, Eluwankulama, Puttalam, Sri Lanka. E reproduced from Karunarathna et al. (2012). Photo credits: Martin Hüsser (A), Delwin Eggers (B, C), Darrell Camacho (D), and Suranjan Karunarathna (E).
Figure 3 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 3. Associations between tarantulas and anurans, continued. A. Aphonopelma armada and Gastrophryne olivacea, Austin, Texas, USA. B, C. Aphonopelma hentzi and Gastrophryne olivacea (marked with an arrow), Bandera County, Texas, USA. D. Aphonopelma hentzi and Gastrophryne olivacea, Bexar County, Texas. Photo credits: Kenneth Bader (A), Alec Gaudiesus (B), Alejandro Santillana (C), and Josh Benavidez (D).
Figure 10 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 10. Egg sacs of theraphosids, heavily covered in protective urticating setae. A, B. Intact and opened egg sac of Megaphobema velvetosoma, Loreto, Peru. C. Female Tekoapora wacketi (MelloLeitão, 1923) with her egg sac, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil. Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B) and Ivan Sazima (C).
Figure 5 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 5. Associations between tarantulas and anurans, continued. A. Pamphobeteus sp., juveniles eating a tree-frog at maternal burrow entrance with Chiasmocleis royi untouched, Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de Dios, Peru. B. Pamphobeteus sp., late instars living with Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata in maternal burrow entrance, Tambopata Reserve, Madre de Dios, Peru. C. Acanthoscurria sp. and Chiasmocleis albopunctata (marked with an arrow), Taunay, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. D. Pamphobeteus sp. and Chiasmocleis royi, Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de Dios, Peru. Photo credits: Francesco Tomasinelli and Emanuele Biggi (A, D), Reginald Cocroft (B), and Platon Yushchenko (C).
Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 7. Interactions between tarantulas and ants. A. Avicularia purpurea (marked with an arrow) in its arboreal retreat, living with a colony of an unidentified species of Camponotus, Tena, Napo, Ecuador. B. Tapinauchenius cupreus living with Camponotus femoratus in a tree cavity, Río Momón, Loreto, Peru. C. Stichoplastoris cf. obelix, spiderlings, and Labidus coecus ants not being interested in the spiders, Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa Rica. D. Same, spiderlings gathered at the maternal burrow entrance, with ants moving close to the entrance. E. Avicularia hirschii displaying an escape strategy against Labidus ants, Madre de Dios, Peru. F. Tapinauchenius plumipes caught, killed and carved up by the army ants Eciton burchellii, Montsinéry-Tonnegrande Commune, French Guiana. D reproduced from Lapinski (2019). Photo credits: Rick C. West (A, B, F), Witold Lapinski (C, D), and Emanuele Biggi (E).
Figure 11. Leg IV in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 11. Leg IV (prolateral view) of a female Nhandu tripepii (Dresco, 1984) from Belém, Pará, Brazil. Photo credit: Rick C. West.
Figure 1 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
Figure 1. Geographic distribution of reported cases of associations between tarantulas and anurans. Red dots: literature records; yellow dots: new records.
Table 3 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
<p><b>Table 3.</b> (Continued).</p><table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Theraphosid</th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Associated species</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>R.C. West, W.W. Lamar</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Phlogiellus longipalpus</i></th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Sai Thong Watthana, Kamphaengphet Province,</td><td>Chomphuphuang <i>et al</i>.</td></tr><tr><th>Chomphuphuang <i>et al</i>., 2017</th><td></td><td></td><td>Thailand</td><td>(2017)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Phlogiellus</i> sp.</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Khao Pu–Khao Ya National Park, Si Banphot District,</td><td>[10]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Phatthalung, Thailand</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Plesiophrictus</i> sp.</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td><i>Anoplolepis gracilipes</i> F. Smith, 1857</td><td>Peringottukurissi South, Chulanur, Kerala, India</td><td>[11]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Plesiophrictus</i> sp.</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td><i>Anoplolepis gracilipes</i> F. Smith, 1857</td><td>Peringottukurissi South, Chulanur, Kerala, India</td><td>[12]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>Stichoplastoris</i> cf. <i>obelix</i> (Valerio, 1980) Theraphosinae</th><td><i>Labidus coecus</i> (Latreille, 1802)</td><td>Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Heredia Province, Costa</td><td>Lapinski (2019)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Rica</td><td>(Figure 7C, D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tapinauchenius cupreus</i> Schmidt and</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td><i>Camponotus femoratus</i> (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>Ecuador; Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Bauer, 1996</th><td></td><td><i>Pseudomyrex</i> (?) sp.</td><td></td><td>(Figure 7B)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tapinauchenius plumipes</i> (C.L. Koch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td><i>Camponotus femoratus</i> (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>El Triunfo, Bolívar, Venezuela</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1842)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Tapinauchenius</i> sp.</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Ecuador</td><td>Hirschi (1991)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5"><b>Blattodea: Isoptera</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria gomesiana</i> Mello-</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>São Paulo, Brazil</td><td>Macedo <i>et al</i>. (2021)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Leitão, 1923</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>Acanthoscurria paulensis</i> Mello-Leitão, Theraphosinae</th><td><i>Armitermes</i> sp. (Nasutitermitidae)</td><td>Federal District, Brazil</td><td>Lourenço (1978)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1923</th></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Cornitermes cumulans</i> (Kollar, 1832)</td><td>Emas National Park, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil</td><td>Costa <i>et al</i>. (2009)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Termitidae)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>Avicularia juruensis</i> Mello-Leitão, 1923 Aviculariinae</th><td>Unidentified</td><td>nr. Iquitos, Loreto, Peru</td><td>[13] (Figure 8A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachionopus</i> sp.</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td><i>Trinervitermes</i> sp. (Termitidae)</td><td>Ezemvelo Nature Reserve, Tshwane, Gauteng</td><td>[14] (Figure 8F)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Province, South Africa</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Harpactira marksi</i> Purcell, 1902</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Paarl, Western Cape, South Africa</td><td>[15]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu coloratovillosus</i> (Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará, Brazil</td><td>[16] (Figure 8C)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1998)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu coloratovillosus</i> (Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Peixe, Tocantins, Brazil</td><td>D. Fenolio (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>1998)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 8D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nesiergus insulanus</i> Simon, 1903</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td>Kalotermitidae</td><td>Frégate Island, Seychelles</td><td>Canning <i>et al</i>. (2014)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 9A–F)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Phlogiellus longipalpus</i></th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Sai Thong Watthana, Kamphaengphet Province,</td><td>Chomphuphuang <i>et al</i>.</td></tr><tr><th>Chomphuphuang <i>et al</i>., 2017</th><td></td><td></td><td>Thailand</td><td>(2017)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><i>Psalmopoeus cambridgei</i> Pocock, 1895 Psalmopoeinae</th><td>Unidentified</td><td>West Indies</td><td>S. Crews (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 8E)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3. A in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
<p><b>Table 3.</b> A list of potentially mutualistic associations between theraphosids and non-anurans. [Web sources all accessed 13 May 2024]</p><table><thead><tr><th colspan="5">Theraphosid</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Associated species</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5"><b>Squamata: Serpentes</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma armada</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Rena dulcis</i> Baird and Girard, 1853</td><td colspan="2">Emma Long Metropolitan Park, Travis County, Austin, [1]</td></tr><tr><th>1940)</th><td></td><td>(Leptotyphlopidae)</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachypelma boehmei</i> Schmidt and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Sonora michoacanensis</i> (Duges, 1884)</td><td>Guerrero State, Mexico</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Klaas, 1993</th><td></td><td>(Colubridae)</td><td></td><td>(Figure 6F)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Phoneyusa</i> sp.</th><td>Eumenophorinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Banalia, Democratic Republic of the Congo</td><td>[2]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5"><b>Amblypygi</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Megaphobema velvetosoma</i> Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Parque Nacional Yasuní, Ecuador</td><td>[3] (Figure 6B)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1995</th></tr><tr><th><i>Phormictopus cautus</i> (Ausserer, 1875)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Vinales, Pinar del Río Province, Cuba</td><td>[4] (Figure 6D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Panamá Oeste, Panama</td><td>[5] (Figure 6A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Paraphrynus laevifrons</i> (Pocock, 1894)</td><td>Santa María de Dota, San José Province, Costa Rica</td><td>[6] (Figure 6C)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Phrynidae)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Theraphosa blondi</i> (Latreille, 1804)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Kaw Mountains, Roura District, French Guiana</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tliltocatl vagans</i> (Ausserer, 1875)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phrynidae)</td><td>Belmopan, Belize</td><td>[7]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5"><b>Opiliones</b></th></tr><tr><th><i>Brachypelma klaasi</i> (Schmidt and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>El Tuito, Jalisco, Mexico</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">Krause, 1994)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Hapalotremus vilcanota</i> Ferretti <i>et al</i>.,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">2018</th></tr><tr><th><i>Hapalotremus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th>Ischnocolinae (undescribed)</th><td>Ischnocolinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Río Tigre, Loreto, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Tambopata Reserve, Madre de Dios, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Phalangiidae)</td><td>Upala, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica</td><td>[8] (Figure 6E)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Theraphosa blondi</i> (Latreille, 1804)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified (Gonyleptidae)</td><td>Kaw Mountains, Roura District, French Guiana</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><b>Hymenoptera: Formicidae</b></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria geniculata</i> (C.L. Koch,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Solenopsis</i> (?) sp.</td><td>Pará State, Brazil</td><td>R. Bertani (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1841)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Avicularia avicularia</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</th><td>Aviculariinae</td><td><i>Camponotus femoratus</i> (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>El Triunfo, Boliva, Venezuela</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Avicularia purpurea</i> Kirk, 1990</th><td>Aviculariinae</td><td><i>Camponotus femoratus</i> (Fabricius, 1804)</td><td>Ecuador; Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>Pseudomyrex</i> (?) sp.</td><td></td><td>(Figure 7A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Megaphobema velvetosoma</i> Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Eciton burchellii</i> Westwood, 1842</td><td>Río Nanay, Loreto, Peru</td><td>R.C. West (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="5">1995</th></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria rufilata</i> Pocock, 1899</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Oecophylla smaragdina</i> Fabricius, 1775</td><td>Pulliyil, Kerala, India</td><td>[9]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Atta sexdens</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>Río Tigre, Loreto, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Associated species</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th><i>Psalmopoeus pulcher</i> Petrunkevitch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>San José Island, Panama</td><td>Cifuentes and Bertani</td></tr><tr><th>1925</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2022)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Psalmopoeus pulcher</i> Petrunkevitch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td><i>Nasutitermes corniger</i> (Motschulsky, 1855)</td><td>Cocobolo National Reserve, Panama</td><td>[17]</td></tr><tr><th>1925</th><td></td><td>(Termitidae)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Umbyquyra gurleyi</i> Sherwood and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Goiás Parque Nacional Das Emas, nr. Mineiros, Brazil</td><td>Sherwood and Gabriel</td></tr><tr><th>Gabriel, 2020</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2020)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Vitalius dubius</i> (Mello-Leitão, 1923)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>Dona Amélia Farm, Santo Antônio de Possee, São</td><td>I. Sazima (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Paulo, Brazil</td><td>(Figure 8B)</td></tr><tr><th>Unidentified</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td>Unidentified</td><td>6 km E of Duri-Kandis, Sumatra, Indonesia</td><td>Hood <i>et al</i>. (2020)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/24310668, [2] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112637602, [3] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183754892, [4] https://www.ina turalist.org/observations/20270936, [5] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/17577628, [6] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/30022408, [7] https://www.inaturalist.org/observa tions/120033087, [8] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/201566087, [9] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1113324, [10] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192056961, [11] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195352827, [12] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195657003, [13] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132441110, [14] https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/198061382, [15] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/213491484, [16] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183223392, [17] https://www.inatural ist.org/observations/6736913.</p>
Table 1. A in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
<p><b>Table 1.</b> A list of mutualistic associations between theraphosids and anurans reported in the literature.</p><table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Theraphosid</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Reference</td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Leptodactylus bufonius</i> Boulenger, 1894</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Yande Yari, Santa Cruz Department,</td><td>Schalk and Sezano (2014)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Bolivia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Rhinella major</i> (Müller and Hellmich,</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Yande Yari, Santa Cruz Department,</td><td>Schalk and Sezano (2014)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1936)</td><td></td><td>Bolivia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Waggoner County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>Dundee (1999)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1852)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Redbud Nature Reserve, Rogers County,</td><td>Yeary (1979); Dundee <i>et al</i>.</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Oklahoma, USA</td><td>(2012)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Tulsa County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>Blair (1936)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1852)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Fort Worth, Texas, USA</td><td>Hunt (1980)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1852)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne carolinensis</i> (Holbrook,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri,</td><td>Dundee <i>et al</i>. (2012)</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td>1835)</td><td></td><td>Louisiana, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>South Tulsa, Tulsa County, Oklahoma,</td><td>Mulvany (1983)</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell, 1856)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td colspan="2">Twin Hills, Okmulgee County, Oklahoma, Mulvany (1983)</td></tr><tr><th>1852)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma seemanni</i> (F.O.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Tamarindo, Guanacaste Province, Costa</td><td>Hooijer (2005) (Figure 2B)</td></tr><tr><th>Pickard-Cambridge, 1897)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td colspan="2">Cuitláhuac, Veracruz State and Temascal, Powell <i>et al</i>. (1984)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Oaxaca State, Mexico</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachypelma auratum</i> Schmidt,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Craugastor occidentalis</i> (Taylor, 1941)</td><td>Craugastoridae</td><td>Los Reyes, Michoacán State, Mexico</td><td>West (2005)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1992</th></tr><tr><th><i>Ceratogyrus darlingi</i> Pocock, 1897</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td><i>Sclerophrys</i> sp.</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Ingwelala Reserve, Hoedspruit, South</td><td>“Spider keeping frogs as pets”</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Africa</td><td>(2017) (Figure 4C)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Haploclastus kayi</i> Gravely, 1915</th><td>Thrigmopoeinae</td><td><i>Microhyla</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve, Kerala,</td><td>Siliwal and Ravichandran</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>India</td><td>(2008)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu carapoensis</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</i> (Boettger,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Balneario Pinamar, Paraguarí</td><td>Bascoulès and Smith (2021)</td></tr><tr><th>Lucas, 1983***</th><td></td><td>1885)</td><td></td><td>Department, Paraguay</td><td>(Figure 2C)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td>Undet.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cerro Blanco, Guayaquil, Ecuador</td><td>Samadi (2009)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis royi</i> Peloso <i>et al</i>., 2014</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Los Amigos Biological Station, Madre de</td><td>von May <i>et al</i>. (2019)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Dios Region, Peru</td><td>(Figure 5A, D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td colspan="2"><i>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</i> (Andersson, Microhylidae</td><td>Posada Amazonas Lodge, Tambopata,</td><td>Csakany (2003)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1945)</td><td></td><td>Madre de Dios Region, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp. *</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 1 in An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness
<p><b>Table 1.</b> (Continued).</p><table><thead><tr><th colspan="6">Theraphosid</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Reference</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td colspan="2"><i>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</i> (Andersson,</td><td>Tambopata Reserve, Madre de Dios</td><td>Cocroft and Hambler (1989)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1945)</td><td></td><td>Region, Peru</td><td>(Figures 2F, 5B)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp. *</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Hamptophryne boliviana</i> (Parker, 1927)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Bolivia; Peru</td><td>Miller (2003)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus jamacoaque</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Jama, Manabí Province, Ecuador</td><td>Sherwood <i>et al</i>. (2023)</td></tr><tr><th>Peñaherrera-R. <i>et al</i>., 2023</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria fasciata</i> (Latreille,</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Uperodon taprobanicus</i> (Parker, 1934)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Eluwankulama, Puttalam District, Sri</td><td>Karunarathna <i>et al</i>. (2012)</td></tr><tr><th>1804)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Lanka</td><td>(Figure 4E)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica</i></th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Uperodon taprobanicus</i> (Parker, 1934)</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Rameshwaran Island, Tamil Nadu State,</td><td>Siliwal and Ravichandran</td></tr><tr><th>Smith, 2004</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>India</td><td>(2008)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria ornata</i> Pocock, 1899</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Uperodon nagaoi</i> (Manamendra-</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sri Lanka (multiple locations)</td><td>Karunarathna and</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2001)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Amarasinghe (2009)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Poecilotheria</i> cf. <i>subfusca</i> Pocock,</th><td>Poecilotheriinae</td><td><i>Uperodon nagaoi</i> (Manamendra-</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sri Lanka (multiple locations)</td><td>Karunarathna and</td></tr><tr><th>1895</th><td></td><td>Arachchi and Pethiyagoda, 2001)</td><td></td><td></td><td>Amarasinghe (2009)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pterinochilus</i> sp.</th><td>Harpactirinae</td><td><i>Sclerophrys</i> sp.</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe</td><td>“Spider keeping frogs as pets”</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2017) (Figure 4B)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma rubronitens</i> Ausserer,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>N of Panama City, Panama</td><td>Samadi (2014)</td></tr><tr><th>1875</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Veraguas Province, Panama</td><td>Samadi (2014)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Tliltocatl kahlenbergi</i> (Rudloff,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope, 1864)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Xalapa, Veracruz State, Mexico</td><td>Bokma (2006)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">2008)**</th></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Taunay, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul,</td><td>[1] (Figure 5C)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Boettger, 1885)</td><td></td><td>Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Acanthoscurria chacoana</i> Brèthes,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Poconé (Pantanal), Mato Grosso, Brazil</td><td>[2]</td></tr><tr><th>1909</th><td></td><td>(Boettger, 1885)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>McAllen, Texas, USA</td><td>N. Villareal (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, USA</td><td>[3] (Figure 2E)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>C. Hamilton (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>B. Hendrixson (pers.</td></tr><tr><th>1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>La Victoria, Starr County, Texas, USA</td><td>O. Lnskns (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma anax</i> (Chamberlin,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Incilius nebulifer</i> (Girard, 1854)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Mission, Hildalgo County, Texas, USA</td><td>[4]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="6">1940)</th></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma armada</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>St. Edwards Park, Austin, Travis County,</td><td>[5] (Figure 3A)</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma armada</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>The Hills, Austin, Travis County, Texas, USA</td><td>[6]</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma armada</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Austin, Travis County, Texas, USA</td><td>[7]</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> cf. <i>armada</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Burleson, Texas, USA</td><td>K. Myers (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>(Chamberlin, 1940)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 2A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Austin, Texas, USA</td><td>A. Raciti (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>C. Hamilton (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>B. Hendrixson (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Nowata County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>B. Molone (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> cf. <i>olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Collin County, Texas, USA</td><td>W. Adams (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Double Helix Ranch, Pontotoc, Mason</td><td>[8] (Figure 2D)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>County, Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Heyburn Lake WMA, Creek County,</td><td>S. Ridgway (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Oklahoma, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Bartlesville, Washington County, Oklahoma,</td><td>J. Cherry (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>[9]</td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cedar Valley, Travis County, Texas, USA</td><td>[10]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Hill Country State Natural Reserve, Bandera</td><td>[11] (Figure 3C)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>County, Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cherokee Wildlife Management Area,</td><td>[12]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Muskogee County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Woodcreek, Hays County, Texas, USA</td><td>[13]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Helotes, Bexar County, Texas, USA</td><td>[14] (Figure 3D)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sandy Sanders State Wildlife Management</td><td>[15]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Area North, Beckham County, Oklahoma,</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>15 km W of Blanco, Blanco County, Texas,</td><td>[16]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Dickson, Carter County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>[17]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>10 km SE of Pipe Creek, Bandera County,</td><td>[18] (Figure 3B)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Norman, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, USA</td><td>[19]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Incilius nebulifer</i> (Girard, 1854)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Dallas, Dallas County, Texas, USA</td><td>[20]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma hentzi</i> (Girard, 1852)</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Anaxyrus debilis</i> (Girard, 1854)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Kenton, Cimarron County, Colorado, USA</td><td>[21]</td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma seemanni</i> (F.O.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Incilius</i> sp.</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Palo Verde National Park, Guanacaste</td><td>[22]</td></tr><tr><th>P-Cambridge, 1897)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Province, Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Cotulla, La Salle County, Texas, USA</td><td>[23]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>7 km SE of Granford, Parker County, Texas,</td><td>[24]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Sun City, Williamson County, Texas, USA</td><td>[25]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Arkansas Bend Park, Lago Vista, Travis</td><td>[26]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td>County, Texas, USA</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas, USA</td><td>[27]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Aphonopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Gastrophryne olivacea</i> (Hallowell,</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Texas, USA</td><td>C. Ruoso (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1856)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th><i>Brachypelma klaasi</i> (Schmidt and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Hypopachus</i> sp.</td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>S coast of Jalisco State, Mexico</td><td>R.O. Torres (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Krause, 1994)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Cymbiapophysa</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Pristimantis</i> sp.</td><td>Strabomantidae</td><td>Guayaquil, Guayas Province, Ecuador</td><td>G.C. Romo (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu carapoensis</i> Lucas, 1983</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis albopunctata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Taunay, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul,</td><td>P. Yushchenko (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Boettger, 1885)</td><td></td><td>Brazil</td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nhandu carapoensis</i> Lucas, 1983</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Trachycephalus</i> cf. <i>typhonius</i></td><td>Hylidae</td><td>Fazenda Barranco Alto, Aquidauana, State of</td><td>[28]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Laurenti, 1768)</td><td></td><td>Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Orphnaecus</i> sp.</th><td>Selenocosmiinae</td><td><i>Rhinella</i> cf. <i>marina</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Sison, Province of Pangasinan, Philippines</td><td>D.C. Acuña (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 4D)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Tambobata National Reserve, Madre de Dios</td><td>[29]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Andersson, 1945)</td><td></td><td>Region, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata</i></td><td>Microhylidae</td><td>Amarakaeri Communal Reserve, Manú</td><td>W.W. Lamar (pers. obs.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>(Andersson, 1945)</td><td></td><td>Province, Madre de Dios Region, Peru</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Pamphobeteus</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo de los</td><td>N. Pedersen (pers.comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Tsáchilas Province, Ecuador</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Phormictopus atrichomatus</i></th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Eleutherodactylus inoptatus</i></td><td>Eleutherodactylidae</td><td>Villa Mella, Santo Domingo, Dominican</td><td>A. Tosto (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Schmidt, 1991</th><td></td><td>(Barbour, 1914)</td><td></td><td>Republic</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Psalmopoeus reduncus</i> (Karsch,</th><td>Psalmopoeinae</td><td><i>Oophaga pumilio</i> (Schmidt, 1857)</td><td>Dendrobatidae</td><td>La Selva Biological Station, Puerto Viejo de</td><td>[30]</td></tr><tr><th>1880)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Sarapiquí, Heredia Province, Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Rancho Carge, Campana, Panamá Oeste</td><td>V. von Wirth (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Province, Panama</td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Santa Fé de Veraguas, Veraguas Province,</td><td>D. Weinmann (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Panama</td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Santa Catalina, Veraguas Province, Panama</td><td>A. Hooijer (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>nr. La Soledad, Veraguas, Panama</td><td>M. Hüsser (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>(Figure 4A)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Chiriquí Province, Panama</td><td>C. Hamilton (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Sericopelma</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Sortová, Chiriquí Province, Panama</td><td>H. Forbes (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><i>Tliltocatl kahlenbergi</i> (Rudloff,</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Coyocillo, Veracruz State, Mexico</td><td>E. Hijmensen (pers.</td></tr><tr><th>2008)</th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Xenesthis intermedia</i> Schiapelli and</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Colombia</td><td>D. Weinmann (pers.</td></tr><tr><th>Gerschman, 1945</th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Xenesthis</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Barichara, Santander Department, Colombia</td><td>D. Weinmann (pers.</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td></td><td>comm.)</td></tr><tr><th><i>Xenesthis</i> sp.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Rhinella horribilis</i> (Wiegmann, 1833)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Guayabal de Síquima, Cundinamarca,</td><td>[31]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Colombia</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Theraphosid species</th><td>subfamily</td><td>Anuran species</td><td>Anuran family</td><td>Locality</td><td>Source</td></tr><tr><th>Undet.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Pleurodema thaul</i> (Schneider, 1799)</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Laguna Verde, Valparaíso, Chile</td><td>I. Ma (pers. comm.)</td></tr><tr><th>Undet.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Engystomops pustulosus</i> (Cope,</td><td>Leptodactylidae</td><td>Bosque del Rio Tigre, Golfito, Puntarenas</td><td>[32]</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>1864)</td><td></td><td>Province, Costa Rica</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undet.</th><td>Theraphosinae</td><td><i>Rhinella marina</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)</td><td>Bufonidae</td><td>Manu National Park, Madre do Dios, Peru</td><td>[33]</td></tr></tbody></table><p>*Misidentified as <i>Xenesthis immanis</i> (Ausserer, 1875); **misidentified as <i>Tliltocatl vagans</i> (Ausserer, 1875); ***misidentified as <i>Eupalaestrus campestratus</i> (Simon, 1891).</p><p>[1] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/172411312, [2] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/125458764, [3] https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10160781211613712, [4] https:// www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=411156599666996, [5] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/266251, [6] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/209144699, [7] https://www.inatural ist.org/observations/206501111, [8] https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10153238906520170, [9] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/117511527, [10] https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/67928814, [11] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2981542, [12] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110802457, [13] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ 151080, [14] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20414694, [15] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69356138, [16] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72305901, [17] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78145809, [18] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162334153, [19] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155826470, [20] https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/16261103, [21] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/163547664, [22] https://www.facebook.com/profile/100063464321508/search/?q =seemanni, [23] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112197934, [24] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203122573, [25] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/47659937, [26] https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/10620369, [27] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/16617418, [28] https://www.flickr.com/photos/colms_photos/15447166140/, [29] https://www.inatural ist.org/observations/516215, [30] https://fineartamerica.com/featured/tarantula-and-frog-gregory-g-dimijian-md.html, [31] https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/92328064, [32] https:// www.flickr.com/photos/birdernaturalist/8570818315, [33] https://www.flickr.com/photos/rainforests/4592123067/in/album-72157623917519157/.</p>
Data from: Ecological speciation in anemone-associated snapping shrimps (Alpheus armatus species complex)
Divergent natural selection driven by competition for limited resources can promote speciation, even in the presence of gene flow. Reproductive isolation is more likely to result from divergent selection when the partitioned resource is closely linked to mating. Obligate symbiosis and host fidelity (mating on or near the host) can provide this link, creating ideal conditions for speciation in the absence of physical barriers to dispersal. Symbiotic organisms often experience competition for hosts, and host fidelity ensures that divergent selection for a specific host or host habitat can lead to speciation and strengthen pre-existing reproductive barriers. Here, we present evidence that diversification of a sympatric species complex occurred despite the potential for gene flow and that partitioning of host resources (both by species and by host habitat) has contributed to this diversification. Four species of snapping shrimps (Alpheus armatus, A. immaculatus, A. polystictus and A. roquensis) are distributed mainly sympatrically in the Caribbean, while the fifth species (A. rudolphi) is restricted to Brazil. All five species are obligate commensals of sea anemones with a high degree of fidelity and ecological specificity for host species and habitat. We analysed sequence data from 10 nuclear genes and the mitochondrial COI gene in 11–16 individuals from each of the Caribbean taxa and from the only available specimen of the Brazilian taxon. Phylogenetic analyses support morphology-based species assignments and a well-supported Caribbean clade. The Brazilian A. rudolphi is recovered as an outgroup to the Caribbean taxa. Isolation–migration coalescent analysis provides evidence for historical gene flow among sympatric sister species. Our data suggest that both selection for a novel host and selection for host microhabitat may have promoted diversification of this complex despite gene flow.
Data from: Rapid diversification associated with ecological specialization in Neotropical Adelpha butterflies
Rapid diversification is often associated with morphological or ecological adaptations that allow organisms to radiate into novel niches. Neotropical Adelpha butterflies, which comprise over 200 species and subspecies, are characterized by extraordinary breadth in host plant use and wing colour patterns compared to their closest relatives. To examine the relationship between phenotypic and species diversification, we reconstructed the phylogenetic history of Adelpha and its temperate sister genus Limenitis using genomewide restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing. Despite a declining fraction of shared markers with increasing evolutionary distance, the RAD-Seq data consistently generated well-supported trees using a variety of phylogenetic methods. These well-resolved phylogenies allow the identification of an ecologically important relationship with a toxic host plant family, as well as the confirmation of widespread, convergent wing pattern mimicry throughout the genus. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that evolutionary innovations in both larvae and adults have permitted the colonization of novel host plants and fuelled adaptive diversification within this large butterfly radiation.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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