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FIGURE 3 in A new genus and species of Muridae (Rodentia) from the Quaternary deposits of the Denizli Basin, South-western Turkey

FIGURE 3. Occlusal views of Extrarius orhuni nov. gen. and sp. from Gökpınar (GOP). 1, left M1 (GOP-5001); 2, right M1 (GOP-5002); 3, right M1 (GOP-5003); 4, left M2 (GOP-5004); 5, left M2 (GOP-5005); 6, left m1 (GOP-5006); 7, right m2 (GOP-5007); 8, right m2 (GOP-5008).

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FIGURE 1. 1 in A new genus and species of Muridae (Rodentia) from the Quaternary deposits of the Denizli Basin, South-western Turkey

FIGURE 1. 1, Location of the Denizli Basin in western Turkey (modified from Bozkurt, 2003); 2, Geological map of the Denizli Basin modified from Erten et al. (2014) with the position of Gökpınar locality.

FIGURE 3 in First report of Quaternary mammals from the Qalehjough area, Lut Desert, Eastern Iran

FIGURE 3. Stratigraphic section and the situation of fossil occurrence in Qalehjough fossil site (drawn by Narges Hashemi).

FIGURE 2. 1 in First report of Quaternary mammals from the Qalehjough area, Lut Desert, Eastern Iran

FIGURE 2. 1, Map depicting major cities and local villages around the Qalehjough fossil site. 2, Photograph of the fossil bearing sediments (photographed by Narges Hashemi).

FIGURE 1 in First report of Quaternary mammals from the Qalehjough area, Lut Desert, Eastern Iran

FIGURE 1. Locations of the Qalehjough fossil site, near Faizabad of Khorassan Razavi province, and other Quaternary fossil sites in Iran. Fossil vertebrate assemblages from these sites consist of following elements (E = Equus, R = Rhinocerotidae, and C = Caprinae): Qalehjough (E, R, C), Tapeh Naderi (E, C), Shadiakh (E, C), Qazvin (E, R, C), Saveh (E, R), Luristan (E), Qaleh bozi (E, R, C), Kermanshah (E, R), Shahreza (E), and Shahre Soukhteh (E).

FIGURE 4 in First report of Quaternary mammals from the Qalehjough area, Lut Desert, Eastern Iran

FIGURE 4. Photographs of selected vertebrate fossils from the Qalehjough fossil site. 1-2, a right P4 of Stephanorhinus cf. kirchbergensis (QHJ-45) in lateral (1) and occlusal (2) views. 3-5, three incisors of Equus (QHJ-12–14) in lateral views. 6-7, a right M3 of Equus (QHJ-22) in lateral (6) and occlusal (7) views. 8-9, a left M3 of Equus (QHJ-42) in lateral (8) and occlusal (9) views. 10, a first phalange of Sus (QHJ-37) in lateral view. 11, a left mandible of Ovis aries with P4 (QHJ-44) in lateral view. 12-13, a left M2 of O. aries (QHJ-5) in lateral (12) and occlusal (13) views. 14, a left mandible of Bos (QHJ-1) in lateral view. 15-16, a horn core (mesiodistal part) of Bos (QHJ-26) in internal (15) and external (16) views. 17-18, a left M2 of Gazella (QHJ-23) in lateral (17) and occlusal (18) views. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

Fig. 13 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 13. Map showing potential Akchagylian transgression mechanisms and possible connection points with brief outline of the requirements for each and the observed phenomena each would be able to explain. The main mechanisms discussed are climate driven base level rise and connection with an adjacent basin. Three potential adjacent water bodies are considered as the source of incoming water (Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean and the Black Sea). For each of the three two potential gateways are suggested.

Fig. 10 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 10. Left: Correlation of late Pliocene - Pleistocene continental stages and reference faunas of the Pontocaspian domain with standard chronostratigraphy and mammal-based biochronological units. Right: Map of mammal reference localities. MN 16: Early Villafranchian/Early Villanyian 1) Diliska (N41.43, E43.46), 2) Kushkuna 1 (N41.28, E45.45), 3) Veselovka (N45.13, E36.92). MN 17: Middle Villafranchian/ Late Villanyian 4) Sablya (N44.53, E43.23¬), 5) Kryzhanovka 1,2 (N46.56, E30.8), 6) Kotsakhuri (N41.35, E46.23), 7) Kryzhanovka 3 (N46.56, E30.8). MN 17-MQ1: Late Villafranchian/Late Villanyian-Early Biharian 8) Muhkai 2 (N42.25, E47.36), 9) Psekups (N44.73, E39.23), 10) Dmanisi (N41.33, E44.34), 11) Tsalka (N41.6, E44.09). Late Villafranchian – Early Galerian / Early Biharian 12) Duzdag 1 (N40.68, E46.89), 13) Tizdar (N45.36, E37.1), 14) Nesmeyanovka (N47.29, E41.5), 15) Sarkel (N47.7, E42.2), 16) Iskra (N45.35, E36.83), 17) Akhalkalaki (N41.4, E43.48). Galerian / Late Biharian 18) Margaritovo 2 (N46.94, E38.87), 19) Haykadzor (N40.54, E43.65). Aurelian / Toringian 20) Chernyi Yar (N48.01, E46.11).

Fig. 14 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 14. The successive mollusc faunas in the Pontocaspian region provide clear insights into basin connection and isolation. Age and MIS zonation from Cohen et al. (2013). H = Holocene; LP = Late Pleistocene. Regional phases: CN = Chernomorian; Ne = Neoeuxinian; Ka = Karangatian; Uz = Uzunlarian; Ch= Chaudian; Gu = Gurian; Ku = Kujalnikian; NC = Novocaspian; Kv = Khvalynian; Hi = Hircanian; u-Kz = upper or late Khazarian; l-Kz = lower or early Khazarian; Ba = Bakunian; Ap = Apsheronian; Ak = Akshagylian. Representative bivalve species: (1) Flexopecten glaber; (2) Didacna pseudocrassa; (3) Didacnocatilus guriensis; (4) Submonodacna pleistopleura; (5) Avicardium rariiferum; (6) Avimactra subcaspia; (7) Apsheronia raricostata s.l.; (8) Apsheronia propinqua s.l.; (9) Didacna subpyramidata (1) from Büyükmeriç et al., 2016; (2) from Nevesskaya, 2007; (5-8) from Kolesnikov, 1940.

Fig. 8 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 8. Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain. GPTS with Systems and Stages is after Hilgen et al. (2012), oxygen isotope curve with numbered Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) is after Lisiecki and Raymo (2005). On the right side are the time scales for the Caspian Basin and the Black Sea Basin.

Fig. 7 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 7. Paleogeographic maps for the late Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. Arrows indicate the water flow direction in the gateway regions. All maps are based on Yanina (2014).

Fig. 6 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 6. Schematic reconstruction of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea water-level curves in comparison to global oxygen isotopes records of Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) during the Pleistocene to Holocene. Associated interbasinal water exchanges marked by arrows pointing to the right for Mediterranean waters flooding into the Black Sea, arrows pointing to the left for Caspian Sea waters flooding into the Black Sea and double arrows for bidirectional water exchange between Black Sea and Caspian Sea. N.B. Two options exist in literature regarding the position of the Singilian: *Svitoch (2013b and references therein) and **Zastrozhnov et al. (2018 and references therein).

Fig. 12 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 12. Left: Paleogeographic map with the location of hominin-related sites in the study area. Numbers correspond to site description in Table 1. Arrows show migration pathways out of Africa and into Europe. Right: Stratigraphy, archaeology and paleomagnetic dating of the oldest hominin findings in Dmanisi, Georgia (from Ferring et al., 2011).

Fig. 5 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 5. Plio-Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain. GPTS with Systems and Stages are after Hilgen et al. (2012), oxygen isotope curve with numbered Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) is after Lisiecki and Raymo (2005). M=Mammoth (C2An.2r), K=Kaena (C2An.1r), R= Reunion (C2r.1n), O=Olduvai (C2n), C.M.= Cobb Mountain (C1r.2n), J=Jaramillo (C1r.1n). Ages of the Cobb Mountain Subchron are after Channell (2017). On the right side are the time scales for the Caspian Basin, Black Sea Basin and the terrestrial domain (mammal (MN/MQ) zonation and regional (MNR/MQR) biochronological units).

Fig. 2 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 2. Present-day drainage area of the Pontocaspian domain. Yellow circles denote the locations of the stratotype sections of the main Quaternary stages of the Caspian Basin and Black Sea Basin: 1) Akchaghylian on Krasnovodsk peninsula (Turkmenistan), 2) Apsheronian on Apsheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan), 3) Bakunian in Baku (Azerbaijan), 4) Kuyalnikian (Ukraine), 5) Gurian (Georgia), 6) Chaudian on Cape Chauda (Crimea) and 7) Uzunlarian (Crimea). White circles denote the locations of key sections: 1) Pyrnuar (N38.93, E56.26), 2) Malyi Balkhan (N39.27, E54.97), 3) Yuzhny Urundzhik (N39.27, E54.50), 4) Ushak (N40.45, E53.37), 5) Lokbatan (N40.33, E49.75) and Jeirankechmez (N40.24, E47.09), 6) Duzdag (N40.70, E46.92) and Bozdag (N40.80, E46.84), 7) Pantashara (N41.23, E46.36) and 8) Kvabebi (N41.48, E45.68) and Kushkuna (N41.25, E45.44).

Fig. 3. Paleogeographic maps for the Plio-Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. A in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 3. Paleogeographic maps for the Plio-Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. A) Middle Pliocene; B) Late Pliocene; C) Early Pleistocene; D) Middle Pleistocene. Based on Vinogradov, 1961, 1969 and Abdurakhmanov et al. (2002).

Fig. 4 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 4. Distribution of the main ostracod species, foraminifera and charophyta in the Caspian Basin during the Plio-Pleistocene, based on literature data. 1) Cyprideis torosa; 2) Ilyocypris gibba; 3) I. bradyi; 4) Cyprinotus salinus; 5) Eucypris sp.; 6) Pseudocandona compressa (juvenile); 7) Limnocythere aralensis; 8) Zonocypris membranae; 9) Darwinula stevensoni;10) Limnocythere alveolata; 11) L. luculenta; 12) L. tschaplyinae; 13) Typhlocypris gracilis; 14) Loxoconcha eichwaldi (different stages of evolution); 15) Candona candida; 16) C. combibo; 17) Eucythere naphtatscholana; 18a) Amnicythere andrussovi; 18b) A. palimpsesta; 18c) A. normalis; 18d) A. saljanica; 19) Amnicythere nata; 20) Leptocythere gubkini; 21) A.multituberculata; 22) Euxinocythere praebosqueti; 23) A. cymbula; 24) Loxoconcha babazananica; 25) L. petasa; 26) Camptocypria acronasuta; 27) Caspiocypris filona; 28) Tyrrhenocythere bailovi; 29) Xestoleberis chanakovi; 30) T. amnicola donetziensis; 31) T. azerbaidjanica; 32) T. papillosa; 33) Camptocypria acronasuta; 34) Bacunella dorsoarcuata; 35) Loxoconcha gibboides; 36) L. lepida; 37) Euxinocythere bosqueti; 38) Cytherissa bogatschovi; 39) Euxinocythere bacuana; 40) A. quinquetuberculata; 41) Loxoconcha endocarpus

Fig. 16 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 16. Dramatic water level changes in the Pontocaspian domain. Left: Monthly mean Caspian Sea level (CSL) changes observed by tide gauges (1940–1997) and satellite altimetry (1997 to 2015) from Chen et al. (2017). Right: Recent shrinking of the Aral Lake, comparison of satallite images from 1987 (USGS) and 2008 (NASA).

Fig. 15. The 87 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 15. The 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O data from the Black Sea (blue) and Caspian Sea (red) for different time slices (A - D). Different symbols represent different archives; ostracods (boxes), mollusc (triangles), speleothem (circles). The 87Sr/86Sr of the global ocean is obtained from McArthur et al. (2012), for the Black Sea is obtained from Major et al. (2006) and Wegwerth et al. (2014), for the Caspian Sea obtained from Page (2004) and Van Baak (2015). The global benthic δ18O is obtained from Lisiecki and Raymo (2005), for the Black Sea is obtained from Bahr et al. (2006), Major et al. (2006) and the δ18O of the Sofular Cave is obtained from Badertscher et al. (2011).

Fig. 9 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 9. Stratigraphic framework for middle-late Quaternary marine and Pontocaspian intervals in the Marmara Basin and surroundings. The Sofular isotope record is from Badertscher et al. (2011). Blue: Pontocaspian intervals, Red: marine intervals. IL = Iznik Lake. Gateways: (I) Bosphorus, (II) Dardanelles, (III) Sapanca corridor and (IV) Iznik corridor.