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Fig. 14 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 14. The successive mollusc faunas in the Pontocaspian region provide clear insights into basin connection and isolation. Age and MIS zonation from Cohen et al. (2013). H = Holocene; LP = Late Pleistocene. Regional phases: CN = Chernomorian; Ne = Neoeuxinian; Ka = Karangatian; Uz = Uzunlarian; Ch= Chaudian; Gu = Gurian; Ku = Kujalnikian; NC = Novocaspian; Kv = Khvalynian; Hi = Hircanian; u-Kz = upper or late Khazarian; l-Kz = lower or early Khazarian; Ba = Bakunian; Ap = Apsheronian; Ak = Akshagylian. Representative bivalve species: (1) Flexopecten glaber; (2) Didacna pseudocrassa; (3) Didacnocatilus guriensis; (4) Submonodacna pleistopleura; (5) Avicardium rariiferum; (6) Avimactra subcaspia; (7) Apsheronia raricostata s.l.; (8) Apsheronia propinqua s.l.; (9) Didacna subpyramidata (1) from Büyükmeriç et al., 2016; (2) from Nevesskaya, 2007; (5-8) from Kolesnikov, 1940.

Fig. 8 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 8. Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain. GPTS with Systems and Stages is after Hilgen et al. (2012), oxygen isotope curve with numbered Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) is after Lisiecki and Raymo (2005). On the right side are the time scales for the Caspian Basin and the Black Sea Basin.

Fig. 7 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 7. Paleogeographic maps for the late Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. Arrows indicate the water flow direction in the gateway regions. All maps are based on Yanina (2014).

Fig. 6 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 6. Schematic reconstruction of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea water-level curves in comparison to global oxygen isotopes records of Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) during the Pleistocene to Holocene. Associated interbasinal water exchanges marked by arrows pointing to the right for Mediterranean waters flooding into the Black Sea, arrows pointing to the left for Caspian Sea waters flooding into the Black Sea and double arrows for bidirectional water exchange between Black Sea and Caspian Sea. N.B. Two options exist in literature regarding the position of the Singilian: *Svitoch (2013b and references therein) and **Zastrozhnov et al. (2018 and references therein).

Fig. 12 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 12. Left: Paleogeographic map with the location of hominin-related sites in the study area. Numbers correspond to site description in Table 1. Arrows show migration pathways out of Africa and into Europe. Right: Stratigraphy, archaeology and paleomagnetic dating of the oldest hominin findings in Dmanisi, Georgia (from Ferring et al., 2011).

Fig. 5 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 5. Plio-Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain. GPTS with Systems and Stages are after Hilgen et al. (2012), oxygen isotope curve with numbered Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) is after Lisiecki and Raymo (2005). M=Mammoth (C2An.2r), K=Kaena (C2An.1r), R= Reunion (C2r.1n), O=Olduvai (C2n), C.M.= Cobb Mountain (C1r.2n), J=Jaramillo (C1r.1n). Ages of the Cobb Mountain Subchron are after Channell (2017). On the right side are the time scales for the Caspian Basin, Black Sea Basin and the terrestrial domain (mammal (MN/MQ) zonation and regional (MNR/MQR) biochronological units).

Fig. 2 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 2. Present-day drainage area of the Pontocaspian domain. Yellow circles denote the locations of the stratotype sections of the main Quaternary stages of the Caspian Basin and Black Sea Basin: 1) Akchaghylian on Krasnovodsk peninsula (Turkmenistan), 2) Apsheronian on Apsheron Peninsula (Azerbaijan), 3) Bakunian in Baku (Azerbaijan), 4) Kuyalnikian (Ukraine), 5) Gurian (Georgia), 6) Chaudian on Cape Chauda (Crimea) and 7) Uzunlarian (Crimea). White circles denote the locations of key sections: 1) Pyrnuar (N38.93, E56.26), 2) Malyi Balkhan (N39.27, E54.97), 3) Yuzhny Urundzhik (N39.27, E54.50), 4) Ushak (N40.45, E53.37), 5) Lokbatan (N40.33, E49.75) and Jeirankechmez (N40.24, E47.09), 6) Duzdag (N40.70, E46.92) and Bozdag (N40.80, E46.84), 7) Pantashara (N41.23, E46.36) and 8) Kvabebi (N41.48, E45.68) and Kushkuna (N41.25, E45.44).

Fig. 3. Paleogeographic maps for the Plio-Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. A in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 3. Paleogeographic maps for the Plio-Pleistocene Pontocaspian region. A) Middle Pliocene; B) Late Pliocene; C) Early Pleistocene; D) Middle Pleistocene. Based on Vinogradov, 1961, 1969 and Abdurakhmanov et al. (2002).

Fig. 4 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 4. Distribution of the main ostracod species, foraminifera and charophyta in the Caspian Basin during the Plio-Pleistocene, based on literature data. 1) Cyprideis torosa; 2) Ilyocypris gibba; 3) I. bradyi; 4) Cyprinotus salinus; 5) Eucypris sp.; 6) Pseudocandona compressa (juvenile); 7) Limnocythere aralensis; 8) Zonocypris membranae; 9) Darwinula stevensoni;10) Limnocythere alveolata; 11) L. luculenta; 12) L. tschaplyinae; 13) Typhlocypris gracilis; 14) Loxoconcha eichwaldi (different stages of evolution); 15) Candona candida; 16) C. combibo; 17) Eucythere naphtatscholana; 18a) Amnicythere andrussovi; 18b) A. palimpsesta; 18c) A. normalis; 18d) A. saljanica; 19) Amnicythere nata; 20) Leptocythere gubkini; 21) A.multituberculata; 22) Euxinocythere praebosqueti; 23) A. cymbula; 24) Loxoconcha babazananica; 25) L. petasa; 26) Camptocypria acronasuta; 27) Caspiocypris filona; 28) Tyrrhenocythere bailovi; 29) Xestoleberis chanakovi; 30) T. amnicola donetziensis; 31) T. azerbaidjanica; 32) T. papillosa; 33) Camptocypria acronasuta; 34) Bacunella dorsoarcuata; 35) Loxoconcha gibboides; 36) L. lepida; 37) Euxinocythere bosqueti; 38) Cytherissa bogatschovi; 39) Euxinocythere bacuana; 40) A. quinquetuberculata; 41) Loxoconcha endocarpus

Fig. 16 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 16. Dramatic water level changes in the Pontocaspian domain. Left: Monthly mean Caspian Sea level (CSL) changes observed by tide gauges (1940–1997) and satellite altimetry (1997 to 2015) from Chen et al. (2017). Right: Recent shrinking of the Aral Lake, comparison of satallite images from 1987 (USGS) and 2008 (NASA).

Fig. 15. The 87 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 15. The 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O data from the Black Sea (blue) and Caspian Sea (red) for different time slices (A - D). Different symbols represent different archives; ostracods (boxes), mollusc (triangles), speleothem (circles). The 87Sr/86Sr of the global ocean is obtained from McArthur et al. (2012), for the Black Sea is obtained from Major et al. (2006) and Wegwerth et al. (2014), for the Caspian Sea obtained from Page (2004) and Van Baak (2015). The global benthic δ18O is obtained from Lisiecki and Raymo (2005), for the Black Sea is obtained from Bahr et al. (2006), Major et al. (2006) and the δ18O of the Sofular Cave is obtained from Badertscher et al. (2011).

Fig. 9 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 9. Stratigraphic framework for middle-late Quaternary marine and Pontocaspian intervals in the Marmara Basin and surroundings. The Sofular isotope record is from Badertscher et al. (2011). Blue: Pontocaspian intervals, Red: marine intervals. IL = Iznik Lake. Gateways: (I) Bosphorus, (II) Dardanelles, (III) Sapanca corridor and (IV) Iznik corridor.

Fig. 11 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 11. Dmanisi fauna, selected specimens. Top row from left to right: Homotherium crenatidens, skull, Dm.5/154.A1/87; Megantereon whitei, skull, D1341; Panthera onca georgica, mandible dex., D2027, holotype; Lynx issiodorensis, skull, D3497; Pachycrocuta brevirostris, juvenile mandible dex., Dm.65/ 63.B1x.153; Canis etruscus, skull with mandible, D3420. Second row from left to right: Mammuthus meridionalis taribanensis, articulated hind leg fragment, Dm.64/68.B1x.338; Stephanorhinus etruscus, skull, D3270; Equus stenonis, skull, D353. Third row from left to right: Palaeotragus priasovicus, metatarsus fragment dex., D1757; Cervalces cf. gallicus, antler fragment dex., D1949; Arvernoceros insolitus, antler dex., D2747, holotype; Praemegaceros obscurus, antler fragment dex., D430; Pseudodama nestii, antler sin., D1495. Fourth row from left to right: Bison (Eobison) georgicus, skull fragment, D354, holotype; Gallogoral meneghini sickenbergii, skull, Dm.4/ 154.B1.79; Capra dalii, horn core dex., D75, holotype; Pontoceros surprine, skull fragment D5552, holotype.

Fig. 1 in Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: Interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution

Fig. 1. Ancient map of the Pontocaspian region after Kircher (1678), who in his "Mundus Subterraneus" already envisaged that the Caspian Basin must have been connected to the open ocean to explain its relatively high salinity (> 10 ‰) today. The Caspian Sea is in fact an isolated long-lived lake since at least 2.6 Ma. Kircher considered a subterraneous channel to the Persian Gulf for the marine connection. The location of this marine connection is still enigmatic today.

FIG. 8 in Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929

FIG. 8. — Microphotographs of female specimens of Pseudococcus luciae n. sp. A, body; B, oral rim tubular duct with upper view (picture above) and lateral view (picture down); C, discoidal bilocular pore; D, antenna; E, eyespot with upper view (picture above) and lateral view (picture down); F, tarsal digitules; G, circulus; H, anal lobe; I, multilocular disc pore; J, oral collar tubular duct. Scale bars: A, 300 µm; B, C, H-J, 4 µm; F, µm; 10 D, E, G, 20 µm.

FIG. 6 in Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929

FIG. 6. — Microphotographs of female specimens of Paraputo nasai Caballero n. sp.: A, body; B, cerarii; C, eyespot associated with discoidal pores; D, hind femur and hind tibia with translucent pores; E, tarsal digitules; F, circulus; G, anal lobes; H, multilocular disc pores on abdominal segment VII; I, large oral collar tubular ducts (one-tipped arrow) and small oral collar tubular duct (double-tipped arrow) on margin of abdominal segment V. Scale bars: A, 400 µm; B, 30 µm; C, E, G-I, 20 µm; D, 50 µm; F, 40 µm.

FIG. 5 in Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929

FIG. 5. — Taxonomic illustration of Paraputo nasai n. sp. adult ♀, with enlarged details: A, cerarii; B, trilocular pore; C, smaller discoidal pore; D, larger discoidal pore; E, antenna; F, hind femur and tibia; G, multilocular disc pore; H, smaller oral collar tubular duct; I, larger oral collar tubular duct; J, trilocular pore; K, discoidal pore. Scale bars: A, D, H-J, 5 µm; B, K, 3 µm; C, L, 2 µm; E, F, 100 µm.

FIG. 4 in Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929

FIG. 4. — Microphotographs of female specimens of Distichlicoccus takumasae n. sp.: A, body; B, oral rim tubular duct in lateral and surface views; C, antenna; D, eyespot; E, hind leg with translucent pores (arrows); F, anal lobe; G, multilocular disc pore; H, oral collar tubular duct. Scale bars: A, 300 µm; B, G, H, 5 µm; C, 30 µm; D, 10; E, 40 µm; F 20 µm.

FIG. 1 in Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929

FIG. 1. — Taxonomic illustration of Newsteadia andreae n. sp. adult ♀: A, section of wax plate; B, spine; C, flagellate seta; D, type I quadrilocular pore; E, simple pore; F, type II quadrilocular pore; G, anal ring; H, antenna; I, labium in dorsal (left side) and ventral (right side) view; J, fore leg; K, trochanter with two spine-like setae (arrows); L, thoracic spiracle; M, abdominal spiracle; N, longitudinal section of ovisac band. Scale bars: A, M, N, 20 µm; B-D, F, 5 µm; E, 3 µm; G, K, L, 30 µm; H-J, 100 µm.

FIG. 3 in Four new scale insect species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) associated with coffee roots in Colombia, South America, with identification keys for genera Newsteadia Green, 1902, Distichlicoccus Ferris, 1950, and Paraputo Laing, 1929

FIG. 3. — Taxonomic illustration of Distichlicoccus takumasae n. sp. adult ♀: enlarged details with measurements correspond to: A, cerarius; B, dorsal trilocular pore; C, dorsal oral rim tubular duct; D, dorsal simple discoidal pore; E, dorsal bilocular discoidal pore; F, antenna; G, hind femur and tibia; H, ventral trilocular pore; I*, multilocular disc pore, present in only one paratype; J, ventral simple discoidal pore; K, ventral bilocular pore; L, ventral oral rim tubular duct; M, ventral oral collar tubular duct. Scale bars: B, D, H, J, K, 3 µm; A, C, E, I, L, M, 5 µm; F, G, 50 µm.