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144 results for “Sauropodomorph”
Figure 7 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 7. Phylogenetic trees obtained after new analyses were performed. They are based on a compilation of data sets and three scorings by different authors. Out-groups are indicated in grey. The shared part, not shared previously, is shaded in grey. A, strict consensus tree of the four most-parsimonious trees found using the scoring in Upchurch et al. (2007a) (tree length, TL: 1078 steps). The matrix includes 469 characters. B, strict consensus tree of the six most-parsimonious trees found using the scoring in Yates et al. (2010) (TL: 1118 steps). The matrix includes 450 characters. C, strict consensus tree of the three most-parsimonious trees found using the scoring in Pol et al. (2011) (TL: 996 steps). The matrix includes 450 characters.
Figure 6 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 6. Adams consensus trees (except for Yates et al., 2010) found after a reduction of the taxonomic scope (21 ingroups). Out-groups are not represented. A, Adams consensus tree of the 252 most-parsimonious trees obtained running the data set from Upchurch et al. (2007a) (tree length, TL: 680 steps). B, most-parsimonious tree obtained running the data set from Yates et al. (2010) (TL: 896 steps). C, Adams consensus tree of the 88 most-parsimonious trees obtained running the data set of Pol et al. (2011) (TL: 546 steps). D, strict consensus of trees A, B, and C. Branches in grey illustrate the common parts in the three analyses.
Figure 5 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 5. Strict consensus trees (except for Yates et al., 2010) found after a reduction of the taxonomic scope (21 ingroups). Out-groups are not represented. A, strict consensus tree of the 252 most-parsimonious trees obtained running the data set from Upchurch et al. (2007a) (tree length, TL: 680 steps). B, most-parsimonious tree obtained running the data set from Yates et al. (2010) (TL: 896 steps). C, strict consensus tree of the 88 most-parsimonious trees obtained running the data set from Pol et al. (2011) (TL: 546 steps). D, strict consensus of the trees A, B, and C. Branches in grey indicate areas in common among the three analyses.
Figure 1 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 1. Original phylogenetic tree and character distribution map from the analysis presented by Upchurch et al. (2007a). A, strict consensus tree, where Blikanasaurus was removed a posteriori. Out-group taxa branches are in grey; in-group taxa branches are in black. B, character distribution map where the x-axis represents the percentage of total characters in each major subdivision (e.g. cranial, axial, and appendicular), and the y-axis represents the percentage of characters within a region (for instance skull roof, braincase, etc., in the cranial region). The percentage written in the rectangle formed by each minor subdivision represents its contribution to the total number of characters.
Figure 2 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 2. Original phylogenetic tree and character distribution map from the analysis presented by Yates et al. (2010). A, strict consensus tree, where authors removed Blikanasaurus, Camelotia, and Isanosaurus a priori. Out-group taxa branches are in grey; in-group taxa branches are in black; Plateosaurus e, Plateosaurus engelhardti; Plateosaurus g, Plateosaurus gracilis. B, character distribution map where the x-axis represents the percentage of total characters in each major subdivision (e.g. cranial, axial, and appendicular), and the y-axis represents the percentage of characters within a region (for instance skull roof, braincase, etc., in the cranial region). The percentage written in the rectangle formed by each minor subdivision represents its contribution to the total number of characters.
Figure 3 in Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships
Figure 3. Original phylogenetic tree and character distribution map from the analysis presented by Pol et al. (2011). A, strict consensus tree, where Jingshanosaurus, Blikanasaurus, Camelotia, and Ferganasaurus were removed a posteriori. Out-group taxa branches are in grey; in-group taxa branches are in black; Azendhosaurus m, Azendhosaurus madagascar; Azendhosaurus l, Azendhosaurus laroussi. B, character distribution map, where the x-axis represents the percentage of total characters in each major subdivision (e.g. cranial, axial, and appendicular), and the y-axis represents the percentage of characters within a region (for instance skull roof, braincase, etc., in the cranial region). The percentage written in the rectangle formed by each minor subdivision represents its contribution to the total number of characters.
Figure 26. Sauropodomorph skeletal forms. A in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 26. Sauropodomorph skeletal forms. A, Plateosaurus (a prosauropod). B, Nigersaurus (a sauropod). Gastralia are present in the prosauropod, but no sauropods possess gastralia. Images kindly provided by Scott Hartman who retains the copyright of each. Scale bar in centimetres.
Figure 3 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus
Figure 3. Model of the basioccipital of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192, in dorsal (A), ventral (B), left lateral (C), anterior (D) and posterior (E) views. Abbreviations: bn, basioccipital neck; bt, basal tubera; ef, endocranial floor; fm, foramen magnum; mfi, metotic fissure; mr, median ridge; oc, occipital condyle; ooas, otoccipital articular surface; psas, parabasisphenoid articular surface; ug, unossified gap. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 1 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus
Figure 1. The braincase and endocast of Thecodontosaurus antiquus. A, fossil specimen YPM 2192 in left anterolateral view. (courtesy of the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, YPM 2192, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; peabody.yale.edu) B, segmented three-dimensional (3D) model of the braincase in left lateral view. C, composite of the braincase (transparent) and endocast 3D models. D, segmented 3D model of the endocast in left lateral view, showing brain in blue, labyrinth in pink, nerves in yellow and arteries in red. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Figure 6 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus
Figure 6. Model of the left otoccipital of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192, in anterior (A), posterior (B), ventral (C), dorsal (D), lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations: boas, basioccipital articular surface; ci, crista interfenestralis; ct, crista tuberalis; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; lscp, lateral semicircular canal passage; mf, metotic foramen; oc, occipital condyle; poas, prootic articular surface; pp, paraoccipital process; psas, parabasisphenoid articular surface; pscp, posterior semicircular canal passage; pyp, pyramidal projection; soas, supraoccipital articular surface; vc, vestibular chamber; XII, hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) foramina. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 9 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus
Figure 9. Model of the labyrinths of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192. A–D, left labyrinth in lateral (A), anterior (B), posterior (C) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, right labyrinth in lateral (E), anterior (F), posterior (G) and dorsal (H) views. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; asca, ampulla of the anterior semicircular canal; cc, crus commune; ecd, endosseous cochlear duct; fv, foramen vestibuli; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, ampulla of the lateral semicircular canal; psc, posterior semicircular canal; ve, vestibule. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 8 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus
Figure 8. Model of the endocast of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192, in posterior (A), right lateral (B), left lateral (C), anterior (D), dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views. Abbreviations: ce, cerebellum; fl, floccular lobe; ic, internal carotid artery; laby, endosseous labyrinth; mo, medulla oblongata; pit, pituitary; V, trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V); VII, facial nerve (cranial nerve VII); XII, hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII). Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 2 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus
Figure 2. Model of the braincase of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192, in dorsal (A), ventral (B), anterior (C), posterior (D), left lateral (E) and left internal (F) views. Abbreviations: BO, basioccipital; bpp, basipterygoid process; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tubera; ccp, crus commune passage; cdg, dorsal groove of cultriform process; ci, crista interfenestralis; cp, cultriform process; cpo, crista prootica; ct, crista tuberalis; dld, dorsolateral depression of prootic; flf, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; icaf, internal carotid foramina; LS, laterosphenoid; lsas, laterosphenoid articular surface; mf, metotic foramen; mpp, musculus protactor pterygoideus attachment site; nc, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; OO, otoccipital; PO, prootic; pp, paraoccipital process; PS, parabasisphenoid; SO, supraoccipital;
Figure 4 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus
Figure 4. Model of the parabasisphenoid of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192, in dorsal (A), ventral (B), anterior (C), left lateral (D) and posterior (E) views. Abbreviations: boas, basioccipital articular surface; bpp, basipterygoid process; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tubera; cdg, dorsal groove of cultriform process; cp, cultriform process; icaf, internal carotid foramina; ooas, otoccipital articular surface; poas, prootic articular surface; pp, preotic pendant; ptas, pterygoid articular surface; ssr, subsellar recess; st, sella turcica. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Data from: Palaeobiology of the early sauropodomorph Mussaurus patagonicus inferred from its long bone histology
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Data from: Ontogeny of the Massospondylus labyrinth: implications for locomotory shifts in a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur
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Data from: An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs
The rise of sauropodomorphs is still poorly understood due to the scarcity of well-preserved fossils in early Norian rocks. Here, we present an association of complete and exceptionally well-preserved dinosaur skeletons that helps filling that gap. They represent a new species, which is recovered as member of a clade solely composed of Gondwanan Triassic taxa. The new species allows defining a set of anatomical changes that shaped sauropodomorph evolution along a period from 233–225 Ma, as recorded in the well dated Late Triassic beds of Brazil. In that time span, apart from achieving a more herbivorous diet, sauropodomorph dinosaurs increased their size in a ratio of 230% and their typical long neck was also established, becoming proportionally twice longer than those of basal taxa. Indeed, the new dinosaur is the oldest-known sauropodomorph with such an elongated neck, suggesting that the ability to feed on high vegetation was a key trait achieved along the early Norian. Finally, the clustered preservation mode of the skeletons represents the oldest evidence of gregarious behaviour among sauropodomorphs.
Fig. 30 in Diversity and taxonomy of the Late Triassic sauropodomorphs (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha) stored in the Palaeontological Collection of Tübingen, Germany, historically referred to Plateosaurus
Fig. 30. Skeletal elements of specimen GPIT-PV-30789 on display in the diorama, referred to as Plateosaurus 'quenstedti' by von Huene (see Fig. 14) comprising a right hindlimb, with a femur, a tibia, a fibula, and a complete pes.
Data from: Craniodental functional evolution in sauropodomorph dinosaurs
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Data from: An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs
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