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Fig. 11 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 11. Rank-abundance distribution of bulk samples (A) and museum collection (Whittaker plots) (B). Y axis shows species abundance; X axis ranks each species in order from most to least abundant. Black dots represent species.

Fig. 2 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 2. Location (B) and geological map (A) of the study area (Verona and Vicenza provinces, Northern Italy), modified from http://gisgeologia.regione. veneto.it/, author: Regione Veneto, Sezione Geologia e Georisorse, and released under the Italian Open Data License 2.0 (https://www.dati.gov.it/content/ italian-open-data-license-v20). Outline of the Lessini Shelf during the Eocene modified from Bosellini (1989). The sponge-bearing outcrop is indicated by the white star near Chiampo. Cf, Castelvero fault; SVf, Schio-Vicenza fault; Pf, Pedemontana thrust fault.

Fig. 4 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 4. Rarefaction curve (line in the middle) of the Chiampo sponge fauna at Lovara. Grey area demarcate 95% confidence intervals of diversity estimates.

Fig. 12 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 12. In situ Eocene specimen of Laocoetis patula from Lovara Quarry, Italy; showing its characteristic morphology with canal openings in quadrate arrangement, indicated by the white arrow. Coin for scale is 22 mm in diameter.

Fig. 10 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 10. Percent similarity (A) and Jaccard similarity (B) measurements between bulk and museum collection material at different taxonomic levels.

Fig. 3 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 3. Bulk collection of Eocene sponges at Lovara Quarry. Some of the sponge specimens are indicated by white arrows.

Fig. 1 in Biodiversity of museum and bulk field samples compared: The Chiampo sponge fauna (Eocene, Lessini Mountains, Italy)

Fig. 1. Sponge fossils from the Eocene of Chiampo. A. The lyssacinosid Stauractinella eocenica Frisone, Pisera, and Preto, 2016. B. The lychniscosid Callicylix eocenicus Pisera and Busquets, 2002. C. The lithistid demosponge Platychonia sp. D. The hexactinosid Laocoetis patula Pomel, 1872. Scale bars 10 mm. Photos S. Castelli.

Fig. 6. A–C in Emergence and extinction of the Givetian to Frasnian bryozoan faunas in the Kostomłoty facies zone, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 6. A–C. Eostenopora nimia Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section (A), transverse section (B), longitudinal section (C) of the holotype PIN 4873/1 from Givetian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Laskowa Góra Beds. D–G. Primorella nitida Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section (D), longitudinal section (E), transverse section (F) of the holotype PIN 4873/11 from Givetian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Laskowa Góra Beds, tangential section (G) of the paratype PIN 4873/12; locality and age are the same. H–J. Primorella indigena Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section (H), longitudinal section (I), transverse section (J) of the holotype PIN 4873/16 from Frasnian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Wietrznia Beds. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 5. A–C in Emergence and extinction of the Givetian to Frasnian bryozoan faunas in the Kostomłoty facies zone, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 5. A–C. Eridotrypella arguta Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section with capillaries indicated with arrows (A), oblique longitudinal section (B), transverse section (C) of the holotype PIN 4873/5 from Frasnian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Wietrznia Beds. D–H. Eridotrypella exserta Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section (D), oblique tangential section with exilazooecia forming small accumulations in macula (E), transverse section of the main stem (F), longitudinal section of a lateral branch (G), longitudinal section of the main stem (H) of the holotype PIN 4873/20 from Frasnian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Wietrznia Beds. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 4. A–C. Lioclema celebratum Morozova, 1961 in Emergence and extinction of the Givetian to Frasnian bryozoan faunas in the Kostomłoty facies zone, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 4. A–C. Lioclema celebratum Morozova, 1961. Tangential section (A), longitudinal section (B), and transverse section (C) of the specimen PIN 4873/41 from Givetian of Laskowa Quarry, Laskowa Góra Beds. D, E. Atactotoechus polygonius Bigey, 1988. Tangential section (D), longitudinal section (E) of the specimen PIN 4873/43 from Givetian of Laskowa Quarry, Laskowa Góra Beds. F. Eridotrypella arguta Morozova and Weis, sp. nov. Tangential section of the paratype PIN 4873/6 from Frasnian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Wietrznia Beds. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Emergence and extinction of the Givetian to Frasnian bryozoan faunas in the Kostomłoty facies zone, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 2. Position of the bryozoan−bearing sections under study (see Fig. 1B) against developmental stages of the Middle to Late Devonian bank−to−reef complex of the Holy Cross Mountains; stratigraphic−facies cross−section (after Racki 1993: fig. 3, changed) is shown to emphasise eustatic rhythmic control of the depositional pattern and main bryzozoan immigrational events in the Kostomłoty basin (asterisked); Ic–IId, transgressive−regressive cycles modified from Johnson et al. (1985); GC, Góra Cmentarna; GŁ, Góra Łgawa; M, Marzysz; P, Posłowice; GZ, Góra Zamkowa; SG, Sowie Górki; JB, Jurkowice−Budy; Sk, Skały; K, Kostomłoty (eastern hill).

Fig. 1 in Emergence and extinction of the Givetian to Frasnian bryozoan faunas in the Kostomłoty facies zone, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 1. Location of bryozoan sites in Poland (A) and Holy Cross Mountains (B, based on Racki 1993: fig. 2); see also Fig. 2 for palaeographic−facies setting.

Fig. 3. A, B. Fistulipora pavimenta Bigey, 1988 in Emergence and extinction of the Givetian to Frasnian bryozoan faunas in the Kostomłoty facies zone, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 3. A, B. Fistulipora pavimenta Bigey, 1988. Shallow tangential (A) and longitudinal (B) sections of the specimen PIN 4873/23 from Givetian of Laskowa Quarry, Laskowa Góra Beds. C–F. Canutrypa francqana Bassler, 1952. Shallow tangential section (C), longitudinal section (D), transverse section (E), and oblique tangential section with well visible longitudinal section of the autozooecial chambers with diaphragms (F) of the specimen PIN 4873/25 from Frasnian of Górno, Józefka Hill, Wietrznia Beds. Scale bars 1 mm.

FIGURES 4–9 in Allodapine Bees in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera: Apidae): A New Species of Braunsapis from the Sarawat Mountains, with an Overview of the Arabian Fauna

FIGURES 4–9. Male terminalia of Braunsapis alqarnii Engel and Michener, new species. 4. Hind leg, small arrow indicates weakly concave, polished, asetose area just apical of metafemoral tubercle. 5. Eighth metasomal tergum (genital chamber roof). 6. Fused and hidden seventh and eighth metasomal sterna. 7. Genital capsule, dorsal view. 8. Genital capsule, lateral view. 9. Genital capsule, ventral view. LAP = lateral apical process of gonocoxite; MVAP = medioventral apical process of gonocoxite.

FIGURES 10–12 in Allodapine Bees in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera: Apidae): A New Species of Braunsapis from the Sarawat Mountains, with an Overview of the Arabian Fauna

FIGURES 10–12. Female paratype of Braunsapis alqarnii Engel and Michener, new species. 10. Lateral habitus. 11. Dorsal habitus. 12. Facial aspect.

FIGURES 1–3 in Allodapine Bees in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera: Apidae): A New Species of Braunsapis from the Sarawat Mountains, with an Overview of the Arabian Fauna

FIGURES 1–3. Male paratype of Braunsapis alqarnii Engel and Michener, new species. 1. Lateral habitus. 2. Dorsal habitus. 3. Facial aspect.

FIGURES 16–18 in Allodapine Bees in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera: Apidae): A New Species of Braunsapis from the Sarawat Mountains, with an Overview of the Arabian Fauna

FIGURES 16–18. Representative species of Arabian Allodapini. 16. Braunsapis arabica Engel and Dathe, 2011, female, lateral aspect. 17. B. arabica, male, ventrolateral oblique aspect. 18. Compsomelissa boerneri Alfken, female, lateral aspect (Note: specimen is considerably faded and so many of the darkened areas of the head and mesosoma are light chestnut brown or paler).

FIGURE 19. K-T in Allodapine Bees in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera: Apidae): A New Species of Braunsapis from the Sarawat Mountains, with an Overview of the Arabian Fauna

FIGURE 19. K-T boundary (65 Ma) geography showing biogeographic connections between the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions including the Arabian Plate. The Oman-Kohistan-Dras archipelago persisted in one form or another into at least the late Eocene and close to the time of contact between India and Asia (map reproduced with permission from Chatterjee and Scotese, 2010). Such physical connections permitted plants and animals to move between these biogeographic realms and perhaps permitted ancestral species of the mixta species group to disperse from India into eastern Arabia, while ancestors of the sarawatensis species group would have come from the connection between Africa and western Arabia. Abbreviations: Af = Africa; An = Antarctica; Au = Australia; Ke = Kerguelen Plateau; Ma = Madagascar.

FIGURES 13–15 in Allodapine Bees in the Arabian Peninsula (Hymenoptera: Apidae): A New Species of Braunsapis from the Sarawat Mountains, with an Overview of the Arabian Fauna

FIGURES 13–15. Representative species of Arabian Allodapini. 13. (top) Braunsapis arabica Engel and Dathe, 2011, female, facial view; (bottom) B. arabica, female, dorsal view. 14. (top) B. arabica, male, facial view; (bottom) B. arabica, male, dorsal view. 15. (top) Compsomelissa boerneri Alfken, female, facial view; (bottom) C. boerneri, female, dorsal view (Note: specimen is considerably faded and so many of the darkened areas of the head and mesosoma are light chestnut brown or paler).