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Figures 22-28 from: Peng L-f, Li J-l, Hou Y-m, Zhang X (2018) Descriptions of immature stages of Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Cryptonychini). ZooKeys 764: 91-109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.764.24168

Figures 22-28 Prepupa of Octodonta nipae (Maulik). 22 part of head, dorsal view 23 vertical setae of head 24 setae of antenna 25 seta of scolus 26 seta of abdomen 27 seta of head (Fb1, Fb2) 28 seta of head (Fc2). Abbreviations: Fa/b/c – frontal setae, row a/b/c; v – vertical setae.

Figures 16-21 from: Peng L-f, Li J-l, Hou Y-m, Zhang X (2018) Descriptions of immature stages of Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Cryptonychini). ZooKeys 764: 91-109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.764.24168

Figures 16-21 Prepupa of Octodonta nipae (Maulik). 16 antenna 17 head, latero-front view 18 clypeus and labrum 19 mouthpart, ventral view 20 labial palp 21 head, ventral view. Abbreviations: c – clypeus; la – labrum; lp – labial palp; li – ligula; ma – mala; mp - maxillary palp; post – postmentum; pp – palpifer; pr – prementum; st - stipes.

Figures 7-15 from: Peng L-f, Li J-l, Hou Y-m, Zhang X (2018) Descriptions of immature stages of Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Cryptonychini). ZooKeys 764: 91-109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.764.24168

Figures 7-15 Octodonta nipae (Maulik). 7 eggs 8 egg 9 surface of egg 10 head of first larva, front view 11 head of second instar, front view 12 head of third instar, front view 13 head of fourth instar, front view 14 head of prepupa, front view 15 head of prepupa, dorsal view.

Figures 1-6 from: Peng L-f, Li J-l, Hou Y-m, Zhang X (2018) Descriptions of immature stages of Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Cryptonychini). ZooKeys 764: 91-109. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.764.24168

Figures 1-6 Octodonta nipae (Maulik) body dorsal view. 1 first instar (spiracles are indicated) 2 second instar 3 third instar (tubercles are arrowed) 4 fourth instar 5 prepupa 6 pupa. Scale bar: 1mm.

Figures 28-34 from: Liao C, Zhang Z, Xu J, Staines CL, Dai X (2018) Description of immature stages and biological notes of Cassidispa relicta Medvedev, 1957, a newly recorded species from China (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Hispini). ZooKeys 780: 71-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.780.23280

Figures 28-34 Life stages of Cassidispa relicta on host plants Betula platyphylla. 28 Eggs 29 A leaf with new mines of hatching larvae and larval resting places focusing on their egg points: r – resting place of larva 30 Shared large mine of three older larvae in a same leaf 31–32 Mature larva leaves its original mine and builds a new one for overwintering and pupation, in Fig. 32 the red arrow indicates the location of mature larva 33 Pupae in the leaf litter in spring 34 A pupal mine in the fallen leaf.

Figures 22-27 from: Liao C, Zhang Z, Xu J, Staines CL, Dai X (2018) Description of immature stages and biological notes of Cassidispa relicta Medvedev, 1957, a newly recorded species from China (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Hispini). ZooKeys 780: 71-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.780.23280

Figures 22-27 Life stages of Cassidisparelicta on host plants (all on Betulaplatyphylla except Fig. 26 on Ulmuspumila). 22–23 Adults and their feeding pattern 24 Adults copulate on upper surface of host leaf 25–26 Females laying eggs on lower surface of host leaves 27 Female laying eggs on the tree trunk.

Figures 16-19 from: Liao C, Zhang Z, Xu J, Staines CL, Dai X (2018) Description of immature stages and biological notes of Cassidispa relicta Medvedev, 1957, a newly recorded species from China (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Hispini). ZooKeys 780: 71-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.780.23280

Figures 16-19 Cassidispa relicta. 16 Larva, dorsal view 17 Larva, ventral view 18 Pupa, dorsal view 19 Pupa, ventral view.

Figures 8-15 from: Liao C, Zhang Z, Xu J, Staines CL, Dai X (2018) Description of immature stages and biological notes of Cassidispa relicta Medvedev, 1957, a newly recorded species from China (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Hispini). ZooKeys 780: 71-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.780.23280

Figures 8-15 Cassidispa relicta, larva. 8 Dorsal view of head: cs – campaniform sensilla 9 Ventral view of head 10 Dorsal view of labrum 11 Ventral view of labrum 12 Mandible 13 Leg 14 Antenna 15 Maxillae and labium, ventral. Abbreviations: hyp – hypopharynx; mal – mala; mp – maxillary palp; pp – palpifer; lp – labial palp; pre – prementum; post – postmentum; st – stipes.

Figures 42-49 from: Pereira C, Silva D, Vargas H, Moreira G (2018) Description of immature stages and natural history of Stigmella schinivora (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a leaf-miner associated with the Brazilian peppertree. Zoologia 35: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e24485

Figures 42-49 Natural history of Stigmellaschinivora on Schinusterebinthifolius: (42) host-plant leaf bearing leaf mine on the adaxial surface of a foliole (indicated by closed arrow); (43) general view of leaf mine on foliole, showing last instar larva seen through transparence (arrow points to empty egg, and letters indicate position of histological sectioning (treated in Figs 50, 51); (44) empty egg chorium in detail; (45) dissected mine at the final portion, showing last instar larva; (46) exit hole, used by a last instar larva to leave the mine; (47) pupal cocoon adhered to abaxial leaf surface; (48) pupa in detail, after removal of the cocoon, ventral; (49) adult on the leaf, dorsal view. Scale bars: 10, 1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.15, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.5 mm, respectively.

Figures 32-41 from: Pereira C, Silva D, Vargas H, Moreira G (2018) Description of immature stages and natural history of Stigmella schinivora (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a leaf-miner associated with the Brazilian peppertree. Zoologia 35: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e24485

Figures 32-41 Pupa of Stigmellaschinivora under scanning electron microscopy: (32) general view, lateral; (33) head and mouthparts, ventral; (34) eye-cap in detail, anteroventral; (35) third, fourth and fifth abdominal segments, laterodorsal; (36) detail of dorsal spines of fifth abdominal segment (indicated by rectangular area marked in Fig. 35), laterodorsal; (37) detail of fourth abdominal segment seta (indicated by arrow in Fig. 35), laterodorsal; (38) spiracles of third abdominal segment, laterodorsal; (39) spiracle (apparently closed) of eighth abdominal segment, lateral; (40) cocoon, with pupal exuvium extruded, ventral; (41) weaving pattern of the pupal cocoon surface (enlarged area marked by rectangle in Fig. 40). Scale bars: 200, 100, 40, 100, 30, 10, 20, 10, 500, and 50 μm, respectively.

Figures 12-18 from: Pereira C, Silva D, Vargas H, Moreira G (2018) Description of immature stages and natural history of Stigmella schinivora (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a leaf-miner associated with the Brazilian peppertree. Zoologia 35: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e24485

Figures 12-18 Last larval instar and pupal morphology of Stigmellaschinivora under light microscopy: (12, 16) larva general, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; (13, 14) detail of tergal and sternal prothoracic plates seen through transparency, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; (15) anal rods of last abdominal segment, dorsal. (17, 18) pupa, dorsal and ventral, respectively. Scale bars: 300, 150, 150, 150, 300, 200, and 200 μm, respectively.

Figures 1-11 from: Pereira C, Silva D, Vargas H, Moreira G (2018) Description of immature stages and natural history of Stigmella schinivora (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a leaf-miner associated with the Brazilian peppertree. Zoologia 35: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e24485

Figures 1-11 Egg and third instar of Stigmellaschinivora under scanning electron microscopy: (1) egg; (2) general view of larva, lateral; (3–5) head, under dorsal, ventral and anterior views, respectively; (6) antenna, anterior; (7) labrum, anteroventral; (8) labium, showing spinneret in detail, ventral; (9) spiracle of fourth abdominal segment, lateral; (10) last abdominal segment, dorsal; (11) seta of last abdominal segment in detail, dorsal. Scale bars: 50, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 5, 5, 1, 25, and 10 μm, respectively.

Figures 19-31 from: Pereira C, Silva D, Vargas H, Moreira G (2018) Description of immature stages and natural history of Stigmella schinivora (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a leaf-miner associated with the Brazilian peppertree. Zoologia 35: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e24485

Figures 19-31 Last larval instar of Stigmellaschinivora under scanning electron microscopy: (19) general view, lateral; (20, 21) head, lateral and dorsal views, respectively; (22) mouthparts, anterior; (23) antenna, anterior; (24, 25) mesothoracic ambulatory calli, lateral and ventral views, respectively; (26) ambulatory calli of sixth abdominal segment, ventral; (27) spiracle of eighth abdominal segment, lateral; (28) last abdominal segment, dorsal; (29) detail of tenth abdominal segment showing distal portion of anal rods (indicated by asterisk), posterior projections (indicated by closed arrow) and vestigial setae (indicated by open arrow), dorsal; (30) D2 and L1 setae, indicated by open and closed arrows, respectively, lateral; (31) last abdominal segment showing lateral projection (indicated by closed arrow) and L1 setae (indicated by open arrow). Scale bars: 200, 20, 150, 10, 10, 50, 50, 50, 5, 20, 20, 20, and 20 μm, respectively.

Figures 50-51 from: Pereira C, Silva D, Vargas H, Moreira G (2018) Description of immature stages and natural history of Stigmella schinivora (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a leaf-miner associated with the Brazilian peppertree. Zoologia 35: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e24485

Figures 50-51 Transverse histological sections of Schinusterebinthifolius leaf (indicated by dashed lines "a" and "b" in Fig. 43), showing the organization of Stigmellaschinivora mine during larval ontogeny. (50) First instar, initial linear section of mine (position indicated by letter "a" in Fig. 43); (51) last instar, final section of mine (position indicated by letter "b" in Fig. 43). Asterisks indicate leaf mine. (Ab) Abaxial surface of epidermis, (Ad) adaxial surface of epidermis, (Ep) epidermis, (Pp) palisade parenchyma, (Sp) spongy parenchyma. Scale bars: 0.1 and 0.2 mm, respectively.

Figures 98-100 from: Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Łętowski J, Szwaj E (2018) Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae). ZooKeys 808: 23-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.808.28172

Figures 98-100 Miarusabnormis pupa habitus. 98 Ventral view 99 Lateral view 100 Dorsal view. Abbreviations: d – dorsal s., ds – discal s., es – epistomal s., fes – femoral s., l, ls – lateral s., os – orbital s., pas – postantennal s., pls – posterolateral s., rs – rostral s., sls – super lateral s., sos – super orbital s., v – ventral s., vs – vertical s., ur – urogomphi.

Figures 94-96 from: Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Łętowski J, Szwaj E (2018) Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae). ZooKeys 808: 23-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.808.28172

Figures 94-96 Cleopomiarusmedius pupa habitus. 94 Ventral view 95 Lateral view 96 Dorsal view. Abbreviations: d – dorsal s., ds – discal s., fes – femoral s., l, ls – lateral s., os – orbital s., pas – postantennal s., pls – posterolateral s., rs – rostral s., sls – super lateral s., v – ventral s., vs – vertical s., ur – urogomphi.

Figures 90-92 from: Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Łętowski J, Szwaj E (2018) Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae). ZooKeys 808: 23-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.808.28172

Figures 90-92 Cleopomiaruslongirostris pupa habitus. 90 Ventral view 91 Lateral view 92 Dorsal view. Abbreviations: d – dorsal s., ds – discal s., es –epistomal s., fes – femoral s., l, ls – lateral s., os – orbital s., pas – postantennal s., pls – posterolateral s., rs – rostral s., sls – super lateral s., sos – super orbital s., v – ventral s., vs – vertical s., ur – urogomphi.

Figures 82-84 from: Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Łętowski J, Szwaj E (2018) Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae). ZooKeys 808: 23-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.808.28172

Figures 82-84 Cleopomiarusdistinctus pupa habitus and chaetotaxy. 82 Ventral view 83 Lateral view 84 Dorsal view. Abbreviations: d – dorsal s., ds – discal s., fes – femoral s., l, – lateral s., os – orbital s., pas – postantennal s., pls – posterolateral s., rs – rostral s., sls – super lateral s., v – ventral s., ur – urogomphi.

Figures 8-10 from: Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Łętowski J, Szwaj E (2018) Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae). ZooKeys 808: 23-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.808.28172

Figures 8-10 Cleopomiarusdistinctus mature larva, habitus. 8 Lateral view of thoracic segments 9 Lateral view of abdominal segment I 10 Lateral view of abdominal segments VII–X. Abbreviations: as – alar s., ds – dorsal s., eps – epipleural s., eus – eusternal s., lsts – laterosternal s., pda – pedal s., pds – postdorsal s., prns – pronotal s., prs – prodorsal s., ss – spiracular s., ps – pleural s., sts – sternal s., Th1–3 – number of thoracic segments, Ab1–10 – number of abdominal seg.

Figures 86-88 from: Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Łętowski J, Szwaj E (2018) Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae). ZooKeys 808: 23-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.808.28172

Figures 86-88 Cleopomiarusgraminis pupa habitus. 86 Ventral view 87 Lateral view 88 Dorsal view. Abbreviations: d – dorsal s., ds – discal s., fes – femoral s., l, ls – lateral s., os – orbital s., pas – postantennal s., pls – posterolateral s., rs – rostral s., sls – super lateral s., sos – super orbital s., v – ventral s., vs – vertical s., ur – urogomphi.