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Fig. 2 in Workflow of Lotmaria passim isolation: Experimental infection with a low-passage strain causes higher honeybee mortality rates than the PRA-403 reference strain

Fig. 2. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the experimental groups (C1, control and PRA-403), showing the cumulative mortality over time. Vertical ticks indicate censored observations.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Workflow of Lotmaria passim isolation: Experimental infection with a low-passage strain causes higher honeybee mortality rates than the PRA-403 reference strain

Fig. 1. Workflow for the isolation of bee-infecting trypanosomatid parasites from honeybee guts. A. Dissection and tissue processing (steps 1–4), and trypanosomatid culture and expansion (step 5) in liquid or Solid Cultures. B. Growth curve of L. passim PRA-403 strain in decreasing concentrations of 5-Fluorocytosine (1 × 106 μg/ mL-100 μg/mL) to determine the maximum dose for parasite survival. C. Giemsa staining of L. passim C1 (CCP 1). D. Hoescht DNA staining of live L. passim C1 (CCP 1): N, Nucleus; K, Kinetoplast; E, Scanning Electron Microscopy of L. passim C1 (CCP 1) grown in Agar Solid cultures 20 days post-inoculation.

Fig. 5 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 5. Greatest length vs. width for the lower (A, N = 74) and upper (B, N = 105) cave bear canines from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP).

Fig. 6 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 6. Percentage of juveniles vs. females (A) and old individuals vs. males (B) of cave bears from Urşilor, (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP). Data derived from SOM: tables 3 and 4.

Fig. 3 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 3. Tripolar graphs showing the distribution of the teeth and mandibles (A) of cave bears from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP) in the three main age categories (according to Stiner 1994); and distribution of age classes (B) from different cave bear sites in the three main age categories, as proposed by Stiner (1994): NNVA (Normal Non-Violent Assemblage), grey dashed polygon; LS (Living age Structure), black dashed polygon.

Fig. 2 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 2. Mortality profile of cave bears from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP). A. Right M1 (N = 44). B. Right M2 (N = 36). C. Left mandible (N = 82).

Fig. 1 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 1. Geographic localization (A) and plan (C) of Urşilor Cave of Chişcău. B. Long profile (section) of the Excavation Chamber from the Scientific Reserve. D. Plan of the lower level of the cave (= Scientific Reserve).

Fig. 4 in Fossil population structure and mortality analysis of the cave bears from Urşilor Cave, north-western Romania

Fig. 4.Transverse diameters of all of the adult lower (A, N = 74) and upper (B, N = 105) cave bear canines from Urşilor (~45–40 calendar kyrs BP).

Fig. 2 in Molecular and epidemiological surveillance of Plasmodium spp. during a mortality event affecting Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) at a zoo in the UK

Fig. 2. Histopathology associated with mortality of a Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti) infected with Plasmodium sp. Penguin paraffinembedded heart tissue section (5 μm) stained with haematoxylin and eosin a. Four sites of chromogenic in situ hybridization with a Plasmodium-specific probe occurred in what appeared to be cardiac macrophages. Magnification: x10. b. Same Penguin heart tissue sections inspected under light microscopy. Magnification: x100. Exoerythrocytic meronts are seen breaking out of a cardiac macrophage (ellipse).

Fig. 3 in Molecular and epidemiological surveillance of Plasmodium spp. during a mortality event affecting Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) at a zoo in the UK

Fig. 3. Temporal distribution of mosquito and Plasmodium spp. prevalence at Chester Zoo between May and November 2017. Continuous top line: total number of mosquitoes collected on a weekly basis; Continuous bottom line: total number of Plasmodium infections; Dashed line: parasite prevalence estimated as a proportion of infected mosquitoes of the total captured on a weekly basis.

Fig. 1 in Molecular and epidemiological surveillance of Plasmodium spp. during a mortality event affecting Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) at a zoo in the UK

Fig. 1. Mosquito abundance and Plasmodium prevalence compared at ten sampling sites across Chester Zoo. The Chester Zoo site (zoo perimeter is outlined) overlaid with a heat map of total mosquito numbers trapped at 10 sampling sites. Locations of traps are indicated by numbers 1–7, 10–12 inclusive. The location of the penguin exhibit in 2017 is indicated by a penguin symbol. a. Mosquito abundance. b. Plasmodium prevalence in trapped mosquitoes. Heat maps were generated using Heatmapper with a Gaussian radius multiplier of 1.

Fig. 4 in Molecular and epidemiological surveillance of Plasmodium spp. during a mortality event affecting Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) at a zoo in the UK

Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Plasmodium spp. cytb sequences. The phylogeny was estimated from a 378bp multiple sequence alignment using a GTR+Γ+І model (α = 0.488; proportion of invariant sites = 0.248). The tree is rooted with an outgroup of Leucocytozoon sequences (boxed). Node accuracy is indicated by an SH-like log-Likelihood ratio metric; bootstrap values greater than 0.5 are displayed in the tree. Novel sequences obtained in this study are shaded with their corresponding reference sequence; P. matutinum (MK443241), P. vaughani (MK652243) and P. relictum (JN164731). The clusters contain sequences derived from penguins, mosquitoes or wild birds, which is indicated by a penguin, mosquito or a bird symbol. One wild bird sequence is present in the P. matutinum cluster (OM912814); and three (MW814062, MW814149, MW814045), two (MW814453, MW814028) and two (MW814503, MW814500) mosquito sequences are present in the P. matutinum, P vaughani and P. relictum clusters respectively. The rest of the sequences in those clusters correspond to 23 novel sequences from penguins infected in the UK, indicating their origin (CZ: Chester Zoo, LZ: London Zoo, PZ: Paignton Zoo, BZ: Blackpool Zoo, CWP: Cotswold Wildlife Park) and year of sampling, if not 2017. Other shade sequences correspond to recognized morphospecies. P. vaughani cluster represents 145 novel sequences, P. matutinum cluster represents 345 novel sequences and P. relictum clusters represents 31 novel sequences. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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Estimating future climate change impacts on human mortality and crop yields via air pollution: supplemental files

Atmospheric chemistry model output and other gridded data sets necessary to estimate human mortality and crop yield losses associated with future climate change, as used in Murray et al. [PNAS, 2024] doi:10.1073/pnas.2400117121.

Fig. 5 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 5. Mean (± SE) development time of parasitoid eggs to adult emergence of (A) Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis and (B) Tamarixia radiata that developed on different Diaphorina citri instars in no-choice experiments. Treatment means with the same letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05).

Fig. 3 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 3. Mean (± SE) emergence of adult Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis from second through fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs in no-choice experiments when females foraged alone or with hetero- and conspecific competitors. Foraging scenario only affected parasitoid emergence when D. aligarhensis foraged for fourth instar D. citri nymphs (means with the same letters are not significantly different; P> 0.05).

Fig. 2 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 2. The effect of foraging scenario on mean (± SE) Diaphorina citri mortality when (A) second, (B) third, (C) fourth, and (D) fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs were exposed to female parasitoids in no-choice experiments. In each panel, means with the same letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05).

Fig. 1 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 1. Mean (± SE) proportion of oviposition events (αi), indicating preference of female parasitoids for second through fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs in choice arenas. For each parasitoid species, means with the same letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05).

Fig. 4 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 4. Mean (± SE) adult Tamarixia radiata emergence from second through fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs in no-choice experiments. Means with the same letters are not significantly different (P> 0.05). *Only 1 F1 Tamarixia radiata emerged from second instar D. citri nymphs (mean [± SE] = 0.028 ± 0.028 F1 adults).

Fig. 6 in Two parasitoids of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) have shared, stage-specific preference for host nymphs that does not impact pest mortality rates

Fig. 6. The survival probability of adult (A) Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis and (B) Tamarixia radiata that emerged from second, third, fourth, and fifh instar Diaphorina citri nymphs in no-choice experiments.