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Fig. 13 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 13. Phylogeny of dendrobatids redrawn from Vences et al. (2003a: 219, fig. 3), based on maximum likelihood analysis (under the GTR + I + C model) of 368 bp of 16S rDNA aligned ''using the clustal option of Sequence Navigator (Applied Biosystems)'' (parameters not specified) and excluding ''all regions of the gene fragments that could not be clearly aligned among all taxa'' (p. 217). Numbers above branches are neighbor-joining bootstrap frequencies (frequencies.50% shown); numbers below branches are frequency of clades among trees sampled in Bayesian analysis (frequencies.70% shown).

Fig. 10 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 10. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from La Marca et al. (2002: 239, fig. 4), based on maximum likelihood analysis (model not specified) of 16S DNA sequences (alignment method not stated), excluding hypervariable regions. Numbers are maximum likelihood/parsimony/neighborjoining bootstrap frequencies.

Fig. 22. Character 0, dorsal skin texture. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 22. Character 0, dorsal skin texture. A: State 0, smooth (galactonotus, AMNH live exhibit). B: State 1, posteriorly tubercular (fraterdanieli, MHNUC 364). C: State 2, granular (macero, AMNH 129473). D: State 3, spiculate (Dendrophryniscus minutus, AMNH 93856).

Fig. 20 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 20. Posterior view of several species of dendrobatids, showing variation in morphology of the vent. A: edwardsi (ICN 21936). Contrary to the other species depicted, the vent of edwardsi is conspicuously enlarged and elongated relative to that of other anurans. B: molinarii (UMMZ 176222, paratype), a species referred to Nephelobates by La Marca (1994). The vertical folds vary as an artifact of preservation. C: alboguttatus (AMNH 10503), the type species of Nephelobates. D: trinitatis (AMNH 125796), a species referred to Mannophryne by La Marca (1992). E: petersi (AMNH 42546). F: petersi (AMNH 42506). This species has never been claimed to be part of or closely related to Nephelobates. Note the differing prominence and apparent shape and size of the vent as an artifact of preservation.

Fig. 7 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 7. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Vences et al. (2000: 37, fig. 1), based on neighbor-joining analysis of 16S DNA sequences aligned manually and excluding highly variable regions. Numbers are bootstrap frequencies (unlabeled nodes present in fewer than 50% of replicates).

Fig. 3 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 3. Hypothesized phylogeny of Mannophryne, redrawn from La Marca (1995: 70, fig. 11). Synapomorphies are: A1, narrow collar, uniformly colored; B1, tadpoles with small papillae (presumably B1 on the cladogram is B0 from the text on p. 53); B2, tadpoles with large papillae (B2 is undefined in the text on p. 53; presumably it refers to B1); C1, uniformly colored dorsum; A2, wide collar without conspicuous pale markings; D1, posteroventral dark band present; A3, wide collar with pale flecks or spots; E1, bright throat coloration reduced, melanophores on anterior part of throat; A4, wide collar with large pale dots.

Fig. 2 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 2. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Myers et al. (1991: 29, fig. 20). All evidence is shown on the cladogram. In this scenario, Aromobates nocturnus is postulated to be the sister species of all other dendrobatids. All of the unquestioned synapomorphies listed for Dendrobatidae apply only to A. nocturnus and are unknown in any other dendrobatid.

Fig. 8 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 8. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Widmer et al. (2000: 561, fig. 2), based on parsimony analysis of cytochrome b sequences aligned with Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994) (parameters not specified). Numbers are parsimony/maximum likelihood/neighbor-joining bootstrap frequencies.

Fig. 4 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 4. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Kaplan (1997: 373, fig. 3). Numbered synapomorphies are: (1) tympanum posterodorsally tilted under anterior edge of massive superficial slip of m. depressor mandibulae, (2) mercaptanlike defensive odor, (3) diurnal activity, (4) riparian–terrestrial habitat preference, (5) smaller size (,50 mm SVL), (6) m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis absent (''s'' pattern), (7) neopalatines absent, (8) finger three of males swollen, and (9) lipophilic alkaloids present.

Fig. 19 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 19. Examples of variation in dendrobatid maxillary teeth. A, B: lateral (A) and lingual (B) views of pictus (UMMZ 184099). Note that the teeth do not protrude beyond the edge of the maxilla. C: lateral view of riveroi (AMNH 134144). D: lateral view of subpunctatus (UMMZ 221159). E: lateral view of undulatus (AMNH 159142). F: lateral view of molinarii (UMMZ 176207). G: lateral view of dunni (UMMZ 167131). H: lateral view of nocturnus (AMNH 129940).

Fig. 11 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 11. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Santos et al. (2003: 12794, fig. 1), based on unweighted parsimony analysis of the mitochondrial transcription unit H1 (ca. 2,400 bp), aligned with ClustalX (Thompson et al., 1997) ''under various parameters … and finally adjusted by eye to produce a parsimonious alignment'' whereby ''informative sites were minimized'' (Santos et al., 2003:

Fig. 6 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 6. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Clough and Summers (2000: 342, fig. 1), based on parsimony analysis of 12S, 16S, and cytochrome b DNA sequences aligned with Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994) (parameters not specified) and modified by eye and excluding ambiguously aligned regions. Numbers are bootstrap frequencies (unlabeled nodes present in fewer than 50% of replicates).

Fig. 12 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 12. Hypothesized phylogeny of Dendrobates, redrawn from Symula et al. (2003: 459, fig. 3), based on maximum likelihood (under the GTR + C model) analysis of cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I DNA sequences aligned with ClustalX (Thompson et al., 1997) (parameters not specified). Maximum likelihood branch lengths shown above branches, parsimony bootstrap frequencies shown below branches (frequencies.75% shown).

Figure 9 in Name-bearing types of scorpions deposited at the Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba (Arachnida: Scorpiones)

Figure 9: Tityus ebanoverde. Male holotype. A, carapace and first tergites; B, sternum, genital operculum, and pectines; C, sternite V; D, right pedipalpal chela, dorsal aspect; E, telson, lateral aspect.

Figure 7 in Name-bearing types of scorpions deposited at the Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba (Arachnida: Scorpiones)

Figure 7: Centruroides zayasi. Female holotype. A, Carapace and first tergites; B, sternum, genital operculum, and basal plate of pectines; C, right pedipalpal patella and chela, dorsal aspect; D, metasomal segment V and telson, lateral aspect.

Figure 5 in Name-bearing types of scorpions deposited at the Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba (Arachnida: Scorpiones)

Figure 5: Centruroides sissomi. Female holotype. A, carapace; B, sternum, genital operculum, and pectines; C, left pedipalp chela, dorsal aspect; D, metasomal segment V and telson, lateral aspect.

Figure 3 in Name-bearing types of scorpions deposited at the Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba (Arachnida: Scorpiones)

Figure 3: Centruroides jaragua. Male holotype. A, Carapace and first tergites; B, sternum, genital operculum and pectines; C, right pedipalpal chela, dorsal aspect; D, metasomal segment V and telson, lateral aspect.

Figure 8 in Name-bearing types of scorpions deposited at the Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba (Arachnida: Scorpiones)

Figure 8: Rhopalurus bonetti. Male holotype. A, Carapace and first tergites; B, sternum, genital operculum, and pectines; C, right pedipalpal chela, dorsal aspect; D, metasomal segment V (posterior half) and telson, lateral aspect.

Figure 2 in Name-bearing types of scorpions deposited at the Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba (Arachnida: Scorpiones)

Figure 2: Centruroides alayoni. Female holotype. A, carapace and first tergites; B, sternum, genital operculum, and basal plate of pectines; C, pedipalpal right chela, dorsal aspect; D, telson, lateral aspect.

Figure 4 in Name-bearing types of scorpions deposited at the Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Havana, Cuba (Arachnida: Scorpiones)

Figure 4: Centruroides luceorum. Female holotype. A, Carapace and first tergites; B, sternum, genital operculum, and basal plate of pectines; C, pedipalpal right chelae, dorsal aspect; D, metasomal segment V and telson, lateral aspect.