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Fig. 5 in Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 5. Cluster analysis of fish abundance on mode Q, showing the three zones in the Paraíba do Sul river, in 1997/98. In x-axis = 1: Z I; 2: Z II; 3: Z III.

Fig. 4 in Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Number of species per geometric classes (x 2) in the three zones of the rio Paraíba do Sul, in 1997/99.

Fig. 2 in Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 2. ABC curves for fish species in the three zones of the rio Paraíba do Sul, in 1997/99. Round marks - abundance; triangle marks - biomass. ABC-indexes indicated for each zone.

Fig. 3. K in Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. K-dominance curves for the fish species in the three zones of the rio Paraíba do Sul, in 1997/99.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

The data sheet of "Phytochemicals, Proximate Composition, Minerals and Volatile Oil Analysis of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits"

The dataset of ‘Phytochemicals, Proximate Composition, Minerals and Volatile Oil Analysis of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. Fruits’

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Procalcitonin detection in human plasma specimens using a fast version of proximity extension assay.

Proximity Extension Assay (PEA), an homogeneous, dual-recognition immunoassay, has proven to be sensitive, specific and convenient for detection or quantitation of one or multiple analytes in human plasma. In this paper, the PEA principle was applied to the detection of procalcitonin (PCT), a widely used biomarker for the identification of bacterial infection. A simple, short PEA protocol, with an assay time suitable for point-of-care diagnostics, is presented here as a proof of concept. Pairs of oligonucleotides and monoclonal antibodies were selected to generate tools specifically adapted to the development of an efficient PEA for PCT detection. The assay time was reduced by more than 13-fold compared to published versions of PEA,  without significantly affecting assay performance. It was also demonstrated that T4 DNA polymerase could advantageously be replaced by other polymerases having strong 3’>5’ exonuclease activity. The sensitivity of this improved assay was determined to be about 0.1 ng/mL of PCT in plasma specimen.

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains; c) Pollen grain in distal view showing short colpus with irregular margin and aperture membrane covered by irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny spherical orbicules; e) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170389 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 3 Μm (d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains; c) Pollen grain in distal view showing short colpus with irregular margin and aperture membrane covered by irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny spherical orbicules; e) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170389 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 3 Μm (d), 1.5 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate inflorescence fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing several closely packed, almost sessile stamens that lack a well-developed filament; b, c) Distal and proximal views of pollen grains showing poorly defined aperture with verrucate aperture membrane; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107782 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate inflorescence fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing several closely packed, almost sessile stamens that lack a well-developed filament; b, c) Distal and proximal views of pollen grains showing poorly defined aperture with verrucate aperture membrane; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107782 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains and tiny orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall (arrows); c) Pollen grains in distal view showing short colpi with irregular margins and aperture membrane with irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170387 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains and tiny orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall (arrows); c) Pollen grains in distal view showing short colpi with irregular margins and aperture membrane with irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170387 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 20. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b–h) images of fruits of Appomattoxia sp. (a–d) and anther and pollen of Goczania rugosa (e–h); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Surface rendering of fruit in lateral view showing densely spaced hairs, some with delicate coiled tips; b) Fruit in lateral view showing short, densely spaced hairs and apical stigmatic region; c, d) Detail of fruit surface and hairs from fruit in (b); e) Fragmentary anther showing four pollen sacs; f) Proximal view of pollen grains from an abraded anther showing microechinate surface of pollen wall and clusters of small, spiny orbicules; g, h) Proximal (g) and distal (h) views of pollen grains from an isolated pollen sac, showing short colpus (h), tectate pollen wall and microechinate surface ornamentation. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174913 (a), Catefica 49-S107794 (b–d), Catefica 50-S170391 (e), Catefica 49-S170138 (f), Catefica 49-S170143 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, e), 100 Μm (c), 50 Μm (d), 6 Μm (f–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 20. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b–h) images of fruits of Appomattoxia sp. (a–d) and anther and pollen of Goczania rugosa (e–h); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Surface rendering of fruit in lateral view showing densely spaced hairs, some with delicate coiled tips; b) Fruit in lateral view showing short, densely spaced hairs and apical stigmatic region; c, d) Detail of fruit surface and hairs from fruit in (b); e) Fragmentary anther showing four pollen sacs; f) Proximal view of pollen grains from an abraded anther showing microechinate surface of pollen wall and clusters of small, spiny orbicules; g, h) Proximal (g) and distal (h) views of pollen grains from an isolated pollen sac, showing short colpus (h), tectate pollen wall and microechinate surface ornamentation. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174913 (a), Catefica 49-S107794 (b–d), Catefica 50-S170391 (e), Catefica 49-S170138 (f), Catefica 49-S170143 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, e), 100 Μm (c), 50 Μm (d), 6 Μm (f–h).

Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of staminate inflorescences and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminate inflorescences composed of numerous tetrasporangiate stamens; each stamen lacks a filament and there is no clear indication of other floral organs; note apparently paired arrangement of stamens in (b) (asterisks); c) Pollen in situ in anther from specimen in (a) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d) Detail of pollen from specimen in (a) showing narrow muri with beaded surface ornamentation; e) Distal and proximal views of pollen in situ in an anther fragment; f) Orbicules attached to surface of in situ pollen from anther fragment. Specimens, Catefica M282-P0341 (holotype, a, c, d), Catefica 150-S174257 (b), Catefica 50-S170393 (e, f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, e), 1.5 Μm (d, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of staminate inflorescences and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Staminate inflorescences composed of numerous tetrasporangiate stamens; each stamen lacks a filament and there is no clear indication of other floral organs; note apparently paired arrangement of stamens in (b) (asterisks); c) Pollen in situ in anther from specimen in (a) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d) Detail of pollen from specimen in (a) showing narrow muri with beaded surface ornamentation; e) Distal and proximal views of pollen in situ in an anther fragment; f) Orbicules attached to surface of in situ pollen from anther fragment. Specimens, Catefica M282-P0341 (holotype, a, c, d), Catefica 150-S174257 (b), Catefica 50-S170393 (e, f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, e), 1.5 Μm (d, f).

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

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Input data from: Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity

Vertebrate limb morphology often reflects the environment due to variation in locomotor requirements. However, proximal and distal limb segments may evolve differently from one another, reflecting an anatomical gradient of functional specialization that has been suggested to be impacted by the timing of development. Here we explore whether the temporal sequence of bone condensation predicts variation in the capacity of evolution to generate morphological diversity in proximal and distal forelimb segments across more than 600 species of mammals. Distal elements not only exhibit greater shape diversity, but also show stronger within-element integration and, on average, faster evolutionary responses than intermediate and upper limb segments. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that late-developing distal bones display greater morphological variation than more proximal limb elements. However, the higher integration observed within the autopod deviates from such developmental predictions, suggesting that functional specialization plays an important role in driving within-element covariation. Proximal and distal limb segments also show different macroevolutionary patterns, albeit not showing a perfect proximo-distal gradient. The high disparity of the mammalian autopod, reported here, is consistent with the higher potential of development to generate variation in more distal limb structures, as well as functional specialization of the distal elements.

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The role of neighbour proximity and context on meerkat close call acoustic structure

In many animal species, including humans, producer arousal state is considered a key modifier of vocal production and structure. Encoding of affective arousal state in vocalisations provides a rapid means of information transfer about an individual's internal state, potentially reflecting its response to external stimuli. Meerkats, Suricata suricatta, are a highly vocal species. They use close calls to maintain group cohesion while foraging. Due to their patchily distributed prey, motivation for neighbour proximity varies; being too close results in competition (increased arousal - aggression), while too far results in risks of losing the group and predation threats (increased arousal - fear). We investigated how neighbour proximity, and also behavioural, social and environmental context, influence the acoustic structure of wild wild meerkats' close calls. We found little effect of neighbour distance on the majority of the acoustic parameters measured. However, there was a consistent effect of the behavioural context in which the call was given across several acoustic parameters. Additionally, if the nearest neighbour was a pup calls became longer, lower and quieter. Overall, meerkat close calls potentially convey information on current behaviour and are modified in relation to social context. This highlights a potential mechanism in the diversification of acoustic signals.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Proximate biochemical composition and Fatty acid profile of IMTA produced new and innovative products

Proximate biochemical composition and Fatty acid profile of IMTA produced new and innovative products. Sea cucumbers (H. sanctori), Abalone (H. tuberculata), Scallops (Chlamys varia), Oysters (Ostrea edulis) and macroalgae Ulva spp, Gracilaria cornea, Alaria esculenta, Palmaria palmata, Saccharina latissima.