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12,683 results for “tolerability”
Urban tolerance data for African insectivorous bats
<p>With increasing urbanization, particularly in developing countries, it is important to understand how local biota will respond to such landscape changes. Bats comprise one of the most diverse groups of mammals in urban areas, and many species are threatened by habitat destruction and land use change. Yet, in Africa, the response of bats to urban areas is relatively understudied. Therefore, we collated data on urban presence, phylogenetic relationship, and ecological traits of 54 insectivorous bats in Africa from available literature to test if their response to urbanization was phylogenetically and/or ecologically driven. Ancestral state reconstruction of urban tolerance, defined by functional group and presence observed in urban areas, suggests that ancestral African bat species could adapt to urban landscapes, and significant phylogenetic signal for urban tolerance indicates that this ability is evolutionarily conserved and mediated by pre‐adaptations. Specifically, traits of high wing loading and aspect ratio, and flexible roosting strategies, enable occupancy of urban areas. Therefore, our results identify the traits that predict which bat species will likely occur in urban areas, and which vulnerable bat clades conservation efforts should focus on to reduce loss of both functional and phylogenetic diversity in Africa. We, additionally, highlight several gaps in research that should be investigated in future studies to provide better monitoring of the impact urbanization will have on African bats.</p>
Rapid evolutionary tradeoffs between resistance to herbivory and tolerance to abiotic stress in an invasive plant
<p>The datatset was collected from field survey, common garden experiments and lab experiments. All data analyses were performed in R 4.1.3 (R Development Core Team 2021) and SPSS 20.0 (IBM SPSS, Somers, NY, USA). The effects of re-association history (infested vs. uninfested; 0-, 9-, 13-, 17-year-reassociation) on insect bioassays (i.e., development time, weight, pepsin and trypsin enzyme activity of <em>O. communa</em>), plant assays including biomass ratio, MDA change rate and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS), and leaf chemical assays (concentrations of tannin, lignin, CGA, two individual flavonol derivates, nitrogen and carbon) were estimated using general linear mixed models (LMMs) in R, with reassociation history as a fixed factor and population (nested within reassociation history) as a random factor. For all these data, we also separately assessed correlations with the duration of re-association with the specialist natural enemy (the number of re-association years, i.e., 0, 9, 13, 17) at the individual level using Spearman correlation assays in SPSS 20.0. To analyze the correlation between insect traits (i.e., development time, weight, pepsin and trypsin enzyme activity of <em>O. communa</em>) and leaf defensive chemicals (i.e., tannin and lignin), we calculated the mean value of each index at the population level for each of the four re-association durations and used Pearson correlation assays in SPSS 20.0. The same procedure was followed for analyzing the correlation between drought stress tolerance and concentrations of leaf antioxidant chemicals. In addition, for the widely targeted metabolic data, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using R to visualize the sample distributions.</p>
Modifying the expression of cysteine protease gene PCP affects pollen develop-ment, germination and plant drought tolerance in maize
<p>Figure S1: The sequencing results of pollen grains of T2 mutants. Figure S2: The relative expression levels of <em>PCP</em> were analyzed via RT-qPCR in <em>pcp</em> mutant lines. Data represent means ± SD of three replicates. Significant differences were indicated with different letters (<em>P</em> < 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Figure S3: Pictures of pollen germination and growth in <em>vitro</em> between wild type and transgenic lines after 4 h and 6 h incubation. Scale bar: 100 μm; Figure S4: Phenotypic observation of wild-type and transgenic maize at flowering stage. Scale bar: 10 cm. Figure S5. DAB staining detection of ROS in WT, <em>KO</em> and <em>OE</em> plants under drought stress. Table S1: PCR primers used in this study.</p>
Data from: Trade-offs between baseline thermal tolerance and thermal tolerance plasticity are much less common than it appears
<p>Thermal tolerance plasticity is a core mechanism by which organisms can mitigate the effects of climate change. As a result, there is a need to understand how variation in tolerance plasticity arises. The Baseline Tolerance/Plasticity Trade-off Hypothesis (hereafter referred to as the Trade-off Hypothesis, TOH) has recently emerged as a potentially powerful explanation. The TOH posits that organisms with high baseline thermal tolerance have reduced thermal tolerance plasticity relative to those with low baseline tolerance. Many studies have found support for the TOH. However, this support must be regarded cautiously because the most common means of testing the TOH can yield spurious 'trade-offs' due to regression to the mean. I acquired data for 25 previously-published analyses that supported the TOH at the intraspecific level and reanalyzed them after applying a method that adjusts plasticity estimates for regression to the mean. Only six of the 25 analyses remained statistically significant after adjustment, and effect size and variance explained decreased in all cases. The few data sets in which support for the TOH was maintained after adjustment point to areas of future study, but are too few to make generalizations at this point. In sum, regression to the mean has led to a substantial overestimation of support for the TOH and must be accounted for in future tests of the hypothesis. </p>
FIG. 3 in A potent anti-inflammatory response in bat macrophages may be linked to extended longevity and viral tolerance
FIG. 3. Bat-specific sites under positive selection in the investigated immune genes. Sites that had statistically significant evidence of positive selection acting across eutherian mammals were investigated for any amino acid substitutions unique to the ancestral bat lineage, the vespertilionid lineage or the pteropodid lineage. Bat lineages-specific sites are highlighted in yellow
FIG. 2 in A potent anti-inflammatory response in bat macrophages may be linked to extended longevity and viral tolerance
FIG. 2. Signatures of adaptive evolution in genes involved in sensing of viral infection and activation of antiviral/proinflammatory signalling. Genes under positive selection (site-test) in mammals are highlighted in green. Genes with sites under positive selection in bat lineages are indicated with an asterix
FIG. 1. Myotis myotis and M in A potent anti-inflammatory response in bat macrophages may be linked to extended longevity and viral tolerance
FIG. 1. Myotis myotis and M. musculus macrophages present differential response to LPS and Poly(I:C) challenge. Change in gene expression of A — IFN-β, B — IL-1β, C — TNF, D — Il-10 in response to LPS and Poly(I:C) treatment at 1, 4 and 24 hr time points are presented as changes in delta Ct values normalized to actin-β. Ratios of the fold induction of anti-inflammatory Il-10 to proinflammatory TNF (E) and Il-1β (F) are also presented. G — Literature derived Il-10/TNF ratios for other mammals. H — NO generated by stimulated M. myotis and mouse macrophages. Bars represent the mean of two experimental repeats ± SEM. Presented P -values indicate the significance of the difference between species from analysis of variance (ANOVA)
The Jak/Stat pathway mediates disease tolerance during systemic bacterial infection in Drosophila
<p>Data and code for </p> <p>Prakash, A., Bonnet, M., Monteith, K. M., & Vale, P. F. (2021). The Jak/Stat pathway mediates disease tolerance during systemic bacterial infection in Drosophila. <em>bioRxiv</em>.</p>
Characterization of UDP-glycosyltranferases genes and their roles in chlorfenapyr tolerance in Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
<p>The raw data of the relative expression levels of <em>GpUGTs</em> exposed to chlorfenapyr at different time points by RT-qPCR.</p>
Maximally Error-Tolerant MZI Mesh-based Optical Neural Networks
<p>Codes.zip contains code that trains and tests maximally error-tolerant Mach-Zehnder mesh optical neural networks on MNIST, FashionMNIST, and KMNIST.</p> <p>models.zip contains all the trained model parameters.</p>
Dataset Accompanying: Simultaneous single-qubit driving of semiconductor spin qubits at the fault-tolerant threshold
<p> The promise of quantum information technology hinges on the ability to control large numbers of qubits with high fidelity. Quantum dots define a promising platform due to their compatibility with semiconductor manufacturing. Moreover, high-fidelity operations above 99.9\% have been realized with individual qubits \cite{Yoneda2018,Yang2019a,Hendrickx2021}, though their performance has been limited to 98.67\% when driving two qubits simultaneously \cite{Xue2019}. \textcolor{red}{Here we present single-qubit randomized benchmarking in a two-dimensional array of spin qubits, finding native gate fidelities as high as 99.992(1)\%. Furthermore, we benchmark single qubit gate performance while simultaneously driving two and four qubits. To do this, we develop a novel benchmarking technique called $N$-copy randomized benchmarking, designed for simple experimental implementation, while providing a good estimate of the simultaneous qubit gate fidelity. We find two- and four-copy randomized benchmarking fidelities as high as 99.905(8)\% and 99.34(4)\% respectively. We also find that two-copy benchmarking of next-nearest neighbour pairs can return fidelities within the error margin of their single qubit cases, indicating that cross talk can be highly local in the absence of an exchange interaction.} These characterizations of the single-qubit gate quality and the ability to operate simultaneously are crucial aspects for scaling up germanium based quantum information technology. </p>
Slow heating rates increase thermal tolerance and alter mRNA HSP expression in juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)
<p><span>Fresh</span><span>water fish such as white sturgeon (<em>Acipenser transmontanus</em>) are particularly vulnerable to the effects of anthropogenically induced global warming. Critical thermal maximum tests (CT<sub>max</sub>) are often conducted to provide insight of the impacts of changing temperatures; however, little is known about how the rate of temperature increase in these assays affects thermal tolerance. To assess the effect of heating rate (0.3<span>°C/min, 0.03°C/min, 0.003°C/min) we measured thermal tolerance, somatic indices, and Hsp mRNA expression. </span>Contrary to what has been observed in most other fish species,<span> white sturgeon thermal tolerance</span> was highest at the slowest heating rate of 0.003°C/min, suggesting an ability to rapidly acclimate to slowly increasing temperatures. Hepatosomatic index decreased in all heating rates relative to control fish, indicative of the metabolic costs of thermal stress. <span>At the transcriptional level</span>, slower heating rates resulted in higher mRNA expression of<em> Hsp90a,</em> <em>Hsp90b, </em>and <em>Hsp70. Hsp70 </em>mRNA expression was increased in all heating rates relative to controls, whereas<em> </em>expression of<em> Hsp90a </em>and <em>Hsp90b</em> mRNA only increased in the two slower trials. Together these data indicate that white sturgeon have a very plastic thermal response, which is likely energetically costly to induce. <span>Acute temperature changes may be more detrimental to sturgeon as they struggle to acclimate to rapid changes in their environment, however under slower warming rates they demonstrate strong thermal plasticity to warming.</span></span></p>
Fitness and cold tolerance of Spodoptera frugiperda fed on corn and two winter crops(Original data)
<p>Fall armyworm (FAW) <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> is a major migratory and polyphagous pest. Overwintering, migrating and colonizing characters of FAW are closely related to vegetation and host adaptation. In this study, oviposition preference, feeding preference, fitness and cold tolerance of FAW fed on spring & summer crop (corn) and two winter crops (cabbage, <em>Brassica campestris </em>and rape,<em> B. napus</em>). We observed that FAW could complete their life cycle by feeding cabbage and rape, although fitness was not as good as corn. FAW fed on cabbage had higher survival, pupal weight, and host suitability index than rape while larvae preferred to feed on rape leaves and females preferred to lay eggs on rape plants. In addition, FAW larvae fed on cabbage had the shortest recovery time from chill coma compared to corn and rape, indicating that cold tolerance of FAW larvae was improved by feeding on cabbage. Consequently, cabbage could be an ideal host for FAW which needed to survive and reproduction in winter. These results improve our understanding of host selection and adaption of FAW, as well as lay a foundation for the prediction of FAW overwintering.</p>
Fig. 2 in Balance of Δ -and Δ -sterols and stanols in halophytes in connection with salinity tolerance
Fig. 2. GCxGC–MS chromatogram of silylated free sterols from S. perennans (A) and projection of the GCxGC–MS chromatogram down to two dimensions (B). Peak numbers are as used in Fig. 1. The x-axis is the ZB-5ms column retention time (min), and the y-axis is the Rxi-17 column retention time (s).
Fig. 3. Ordination diagram for discriminant analysis using the P in Balance of Δ -and Δ -sterols and stanols in halophytes in connection with salinity tolerance
Fig. 3. Ordination diagram for discriminant analysis using the P <0.05 chisquare subset; 21 cases were used to develop a model to discriminate among the 3 types of halophytes. Six predictor variables were entered: campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and the sum of Δ5 -, Δ7-and Δ0-STs. Eu – euhalophytes (n = 11), Re – recretophytes (n = 5), Ex – salt excluders (n = 5).
Fig. 1 in Balance of Δ -and Δ -sterols and stanols in halophytes in connection with salinity tolerance
Fig. 1. Representative GC–MS chromatograms of silylated free sterols from C. crassa (A) and S. linifolia (B). Peaks: cholesterol (1), lathosterol (cholest-7-en- 3β-ol) (2), campesterol (3), campestanol (4), stigmasterol (5), lophenol (4- methylcholest-7-en-3β-ol) (6), 22-stigmastenol (stigmast-22-en-3β-ol) (7), unknown sterol X1 with m/z 484 (8), β-sitosterol (9), spinasterol (stigmasta-7,22- dien-3β-ol) (10), sitostanol (11), β-amyrin (12), Δ5-avenasterol (13), unknown sterol X2 with m/z 484 (14), α-amyrin (15), Δ7-stigmastenol (=Δ7-sitosterol) (16), Δ7-avenasterol (17). * – nonsteroid component.
Fig. 5 in Balance of Δ -and Δ -sterols and stanols in halophytes in connection with salinity tolerance
Fig. 5. Principal component analysis of the relationship between the composition of ST and soil characteristics of Chenopodiaceae. Vector designations: M – mineralization, Н О – moisture, pH – soil acidity; Δ5, Δ7 and Δ0 are the sums of 2 Δ5 -, Δ7-and Δ0-STs, respectively; Сhol, Camp, β-sito, Stig are the contents of cholesterol, campesterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. The dots indicate the names of the species: A. aphyla – I, C. arenarius – II, C. crassa – III, H. strobilaceum – IV, B. prostrata – V, S sedoides – VI, S. perennans – VII, S. eltonica –VIII, S. linifolia – IX, S. physophora – X, S. salsa –XI, A. cana – XII, H. verucifera – XIII. The content of mineral residue, moisture and acidity of the soil in the root zone of plants of the Chenopodiaceae are shown in Table 3.
Fig. 4 in Balance of Δ -and Δ -sterols and stanols in halophytes in connection with salinity tolerance
Fig. 4. The content of molecular types of sterols (% of the total) in the halophyte groups: Ex – excluders (n = 5), Re – recretophytes (n = 5), Eu – euhalophytes (n 11); A – sum of Δ5-STs, B – sum of Δ7-STs, C – sum of Δ0-STs; D – = stigmast-5-en-3β-ol, E stigmast-7-en-3β-ol, F – stigmastan-3β-ol, G – stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, H – stigmasta- 7,22-dien-3β-ol, I – stigmast-22-en-3β-ol. Data are presented as the mean values in each group and the error of the mean (mean ± SE).
Fig. 8 in NtCOMT1 responsible for phytomelatonin biosynthesis confers drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum
Fig. 8. The expression level of drought-related genes in NtCOMT1 overexpressing lines, WT, and OE-Empty tobacco after drought treatment. Data are means ±SE of three biological replicates and means followed by different letters are significantly different (p <0.05).
Fig. 7 in NtCOMT1 responsible for phytomelatonin biosynthesis confers drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum
Fig. 7. Histochemical staining with DAB for detection of H2O2 (A), the content of H2O2 (B) and MDA (C), and the antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT (D) and SOD (E) in NtCOMT1 overexpressing lines, WT, and OE-Empty tobacco after drought treatment. Data are means ± SE of three biological replicates and means followed by different letters are significantly different (p <0.05).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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