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10 results for “Actinemys”
Data for: Morphological species delimitation in the Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys): Can machine learning methods aid in cryptic species identification?
<p>As the discovery of cryptic species has increased in frequency, there has been interest in whether geometric morphometric data can detect fine-scale patterns of variation that can be used to morphologically diagnose such species. We used a combination of geometric morphometric data and an ensemble of five supervised machine learning methods to investigate whether plastron shape can differentiate two putative cryptic turtle species, <em>Actinemys marmorata</em> and <em>Actinemys pallida</em>. <em>Actinemys</em> has been the focus of considerable research due to its biogeographic distribution and conservation status. Despite this work, reliable morphological diagnoses for its two species are still lacking. We validated our approach on two datasets, one consisting of eight morphologically disparate emydid species, and the other consisting of two subspecies of <em>Trachemys</em> (<em>T. scripta scripta</em>, <em>T. scripta elegans</em>). The validation tests returned near-perfect classification rates, demonstrating that plastron shape is an effective means for distinguishing taxonomic groups of emydids via machine learning methods. By contrast, the same methods did not return high classification rates for a set of alternative phylogeographic and morphological binning schemes in <em>Actinemys</em>. All classification hypotheses performed poorly relative to the validation datasets and no single hypothesis was unequivocally supported for <em>Actinemys</em>. Two hypotheses had machine learning performance that was marginally better than our remaining hypotheses. In both cases, those hypotheses favored a two-species split between <em>A. marmorata</em> and <em>A. pallida</em> specimens, lending tentative morphological support to the hypothesis of two <em>Actinemys</em> species. However, the machine learning results also underscore that <em>Actinemys</em> as a whole have lower levels of plastral variation than other turtles within Emydidae, but the reason for this morphological conservatism is unclear.</p>
Data for: Morphological species delimitation in the Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys): Can machine learning methods aid in cryptic species identification?
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FIGURE 6 in Competing generic concepts for Blanding's, Pacific and European pond turtles (Emydoidea, Actinemys and Emys)-Which is best?
FIGURE 6. Thoracic ribs of Actinemys marmorata (Museum of Zoology Dresden, MTD 24914), Emydoidea blandingii (MTD 8480), and Emys orbicularis (MTD 44202). Note enlarged, strongly bent thoracic ribs in Emydoidea serving for anchorage of neck muscles. Drawings: C. Schmidt.
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic hypotheses for emydine turtles 1 in Competing generic concepts for Blanding's, Pacific and European pond turtles (Emydoidea, Actinemys and Emys)-Which is best?
FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic hypotheses for emydine turtles 1 (outgroups removed for clarity). Nomenclature follows the respective references. Top left: Phylogeny based on morphological evidence (Gaffney & Meylan 1988). Synapomorphies: (1) plastral hinge and suprascapula present; (2) episcapula present. Top right: Phylogeny based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences (redrawn from Bickham et al. 1996). Bottom left: Phylogeny based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences plus morphological, ethological and life history evidence (redrawn from Burke et al. 1996). Bottom right: Phylogeny based on the mitochondrial cyt b and ND4 genes and adjacent DNA coding for tRNAs (modified from Feldman & Parham 2002; weakly resolved relationships of 'Emys' blandingii, 'E.' marmorata, and E. orbicularis shown as polytomy).
FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic hypotheses for emydine turtles 2 in Competing generic concepts for Blanding's, Pacific and European pond turtles (Emydoidea, Actinemys and Emys)-Which is best?
FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic hypotheses for emydine turtles 2 (outgroups removed for clarity). Nomenclature follows the respective references except for Emys orbicularis in the two upper trees. Here, the subspecies names and mitochondrial lineages according to Lenk et al. (1999), Fritz et al. (2005, 2007, 2009) and Pedall et al. (2011) are given. Branch lengths in the upper trees are Maximum Likelihood divergence estimates; bottom, Bayesian divergence estimates. Top left: Phylogeny based on the mitochondrial cyt b gene (redrawn from Spinks & Shaffer 2009). Top right: Phylogeny based on three nuclear loci (non-coding introns: HNF-1α, RELN, R35; redrawn from Spinks & Shaffer 2009). Note the short basal branch lengths of more inclusive clades. Bottom left: Phylogeny based on the mitochondrial cyt b and ND4 genes (redrawn from Wiens et al. 2010; the sister group relationship of Glyptemys and the Deirochelyinae is very weakly supported). Bottom right: Phylogeny based on six nuclear loci (coding: NGFB; introns: ETS, GAPD, ODC, R35, Vim). Redrawn from Wiens et al. (2010).
FIGURE 2 in Competing generic concepts for Blanding's, Pacific and European pond turtles (Emydoidea, Actinemys and Emys)-Which is best?
FIGURE 2. Anterior views of (a) the right scapula of emydine turtle with ancestral character state as occurring in Actinemys, Clemmys, and Glyptemys species, (b) bipartite scapula of Emys, (c) tripartite scapula of Emydoidea, and (d) tripartite scapula of Terrapene. Abbreviations: esc: episcapula, ssc: suprascapula, sc: scapula, gl: glenoid, acr: acromion. Redrawn from Bramble (1974); reproduction from Fritz (2003) with permission of Laurenti Verlag.
FIGURE 1 in Competing generic concepts for Blanding's, Pacific and European pond turtles (Emydoidea, Actinemys and Emys)-Which is best?
FIGURE 1. Longitudinal sections of a Terrapene shell (left) and cross sections of right scapulo-carapacial articulation of Terrapene (right) to demonstrate relationships between scapula and carapace when shell is open (a), corresponding to a 'locked' scapulo-carapacial articulation (1), and when shell is closed (b), corresponding to a disengaged scapulo-carapacial articulation (3). The medial figure right (2) shows the disengaging of the scapulo-carapacial articulation during shell closure. Abbreviations: esc: episcapula, ssc: suprascapula, sc: scapula, rs: recessus scapularis, Mts: Musculus testoscapularis, lig: ligament, dr: dorsal rib, dv: dorsal vertebra. Redrawn and modified from Bramble (1974); reproduction from Fritz (2003) with permission of Laurenti Verlag.
FIGURE 5 in Competing generic concepts for Blanding's, Pacific and European pond turtles (Emydoidea, Actinemys and Emys)-Which is best?
FIGURE 5. Neck vertebrae of Actinemys marmorata (Museum of Zoology Dresden, MTD 24915), Emydoidea blandingii (MTD 44419), and Emys orbicularis (MTD 44202). Note elongated vertebrae in Emydoidea. Drawings: C. Schmidt.
FIGURE 7 in Competing generic concepts for Blanding's, Pacific and European pond turtles (Emydoidea, Actinemys and Emys)-Which is best?
FIGURE 7. Visceral (dorsal) view of plastra top from left to right: Actinemys marmorata (Michigan State University Museum, MSU 14447), Emydoidea blandingii (Museum of Zoology Dresden, MTD 8480), and bottom from left to right: Emys orbicularis (MTD 12363), Terrapene carolina (MTD 8481). Grey bridge region in Actinemys indicates solid bone; in the other taxa, the bridge region of adult turtles is a ligamentous connection between carapace and plastron. Arrows in Emydoidea, Emys and Terrapene indicate plastral hinges. Note different shapes of entoplastra. Modified and reproduced from Holman & Fritz (2001).
FIGURE 4 in Competing generic concepts for Blanding's, Pacific and European pond turtles (Emydoidea, Actinemys and Emys)-Which is best?
FIGURE 4. Dorsal and lateral views of skulls of Actinemys marmorata (Museum of Zoology Dresden, MTD 24914), Emydoidea blandingii (MTD 44419), and Emys orbicularis (MTD 44202). Note much elongated skull shape in Emydoidea. Drawings: C. Schmidt.
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