Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 4 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 4. (a) Differences in latencY to first orientation towards loudspeakers of male Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) tested at RFAD with plaYbacks of acoustic stimuli built from recordings of natural calls. (b) Differences in latencY to focal males approach within 30 cm of loudspeakers in the same experiments. Values in top-right corner of (b) and (c) correspond to Kruskall-Wallis Test statistics and p-values, assuming Chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom.

Fig. 3 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 3. (a) Waveform (upper graph) and spectrogram (lower graph) of a 14 s bout of advertisement calls of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) recorded near Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil. First three calls are considered warm-up calls, formed by four notes. Remaining calls are formed by six notes. (b) Detailed view of waveform and spectrogram of a single call formed by six notes, originating from the same call bout. Roman numerals correspond to the designation of silent intervals between notes; arabic numerals correspond to the designation of notes (see Table 1 for a description of parameters of notes and silent intervals). Air temperature at the time of recording was 29.0°C.

Fig. 2 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 2. Sample spectrograms of stimuli used in the playback experiments conducted at Reserva Ducke (RFAD), in Manaus, Brazil, from December 2011 to April 2012. The original advertisement calls of A. femoralis males used for the stimuli were recorded in (a) RFAD, Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil in June 2008, by L. K. Erdtmann; (b) Belterra, State of Pará, Brazil, in January 2007, by P. I. Simões; (c) Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil, in March 2009, by A.P. Lima. Air temperature at the time of recording was 24.7 °C, 24.7 °C, 28.6 °C, respectivelY. Advertisement calls were analYZed in Raven 1.2 using Blackmann window, 80% overlapping and a fast Fourier transform with frequency resolution of 80 Hz and 2048 points.

Fig. 1 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 1. (A) Location of the study site and sources of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) acoustic stimuli in the Central Brazilian Amazon. Open triangle: Reserva Ducke (RFAD), north of Manaus, State of Amazonas, where behavioral experiments were conducted. At RFAD A. femoralis males emit advertisement calls formed by four notes. Open dot: Belterra, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males also emit calls formed by four notes. Solid dot: Altamira, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males emit calls formed by six notes. (B) Distribution of the six-note advertisement call phenotype of A. femoralis in the Altamira region (graY dots) and depiction of hYpothesiZed effects of Belo Monte power plant along the area delimited bY a black dashed line in (A). The estimation of impacted areas was adapted from SEVÁ FILHO (2005) and does not depict effects predicted from forest clearing and other human activities around the urban perimeters of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu.

FIGURE 9 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 9. (A), (B) and (C) Dorsolateral color pattern of three specimens of Allobates femoralis photographed near Barranquita (6.2653°S, 76.0434°W), 36 km from Allobates femoralis type locality in Yurimaguas, Loreto, Peru. (D) Ventral view of same individual B, showing exclusively black and white color patterning on belly and ventral surface of thighs. Photos are courtesy of Jason L. Brown.

FIGURE 7 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 7. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree reconstructed from unique haplotypes of a 518 b.p. fragment of the mitochondrial gene 16S rRNA of Allobates femoralis and Allobates hodli sp. nov. sampled in 13 localities in Brazilian Amazon. Data set included reference sequences from Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Suriname and other localities in Brazil obtained from GenBank. (A) Phylogenetic position of the clade including A. hodli sp. nov. and A. femoralis in relation to outgroups supports Allobates zaparo as their sister group. Clade labels represent support values from 5000 bootstrap replicates (only values above 50 are shown). (B) Relative phylogenetic placement of clades within the ingroup. Sample oscillograms and sonograms of advertisement calls from populations within clades display natural variation in number of notes. A. hodli is closely related to populations of A. femoralis from the southern Brazilian state of Acre (clade Acre 01), which present a four-note advertisement call and color pattern characteristic of A. femoralis. Both form the sister group to samples from northwestern Acre and from the Madre de Dios River basin (clade Acre 02). The basal clade containing A. hodli and Acre 01 and Acre 02 clades is the sister group to a basal clade containing A. femoralis sensu stricto (placed in the weakly supported clade femo 04) and the other reference sequences from populations referred to as A. femoralis (clades femo 01, femo 02, femo 03, femo 04). Samples from Ecuador form a divergent and well supported clade, with advertisement calls formed by a single note. Individuals from Panguana (placed in clade femo 04) present a distinctive 3- note advertisement call (not shown). All remaining populations have advertisement calls constituted by four notes. Calls from Yasuní, Ecuador, published by Read (2000). Calls from Pongo de Cainarachi, Peru (about 45 km south from A. femoralis type-locality in Yurimaguas) provided by Jason L. Brown. (C) Corresponding values on axes of oscillograms and sonograms of advertisement call samples.

FIGURE 8 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 8. Advertisement calls of Allobates femoralis recorded in (A) Chazuta (6.5419°S, 76.1083°W) and (B) Pongo de Cainarachi (6.2974°S, 76.2343°W), both localities in San Martin, south of A. femoralis type-locality in Yurimaguas. In both sites, calls are constituted by groups of four frequency-modulated notes. Sounds appearing with peak frequency at approximately 4.0 kHz in B are background noise. Recordings are courtesy of Jason L. Brown.

FIGURE 6 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 6. The advertisement calls of Allobates hodli are constituted by trills of two notes repeated in series. (A) Waveform and sonogram of advertisement calls of A. hodli holotype (INPA–H 16555) recorded at Cachoeira do Jirau, Rondônia, at 07:55 h., in November 2004, air temperature 25.3°C, scaled to evidence ascending frequency modulation of notes. (B) Advertisement call of holotype in a larger scale, evidencing continuous repetition of two-note calls. (C) Advertisement call of an A. hodli male paratype (SVL = 24.62 mm) from Abunã, Rondônia, recorded at 24.7°C. (D) Courtship call of one A. hodli male (INPA-H 16553, SVL = 23.84 mm) recorded at type locality at 09:00 h, in November 2004, air temperature 26.3°C.

FIGURE 3 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 3. (A) Dorsal and (B) ventral views of Allobates hodli holotype (INPA-H 16555), a male collected at Cachoeira do Jirau in November, 2004. This individual lacks the disgestive tract and liver, removed for diet and genetic analyses respectively. (C) and (D) Hand and foot of A. hodli holotype.

FIGURE 2 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 2. Color in life of Allobates hodli sp. nov. (A) Lateral view of and adult male from Abunã, in Rondônia. (B) Dorsal view of a male from Cachoeira do Jirau, Rondônia. (C) Ventral view of an adult male from Fazenda Catuaba, in Acre, photographed through a transparent plastic bag. Note bright reddish–orange color of posterior abdomen and ventral surface of legs. (D) Ventral view of a male (left) and a female (right) from Cachoeira do Jirau. (E) Dorsolateral view of a male from Cachoeira do Jirau. Note irregular reddish-orange and black blotches and spots on dorsal surface of thighs and bright yellow flash marks on upper arms. (E) Juvenile from Abunã, photographed in laboratory after completion of metamorphosis. Photos A–C taken under natural light conditions. Photos A, B, D and E taken in July 2004; C in January 2003; A–E by Walter Hödl. F taken in February 2005 by A.P. Lima.

FIGURE 1 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 1. Relative location and denomination of (A) sampling sites in the Brazilian States of Acre and Rondônia, and (B) sampling sites and locations from where Allobates femoralis 16S rRNA mtDNA reference sequences were available in the Amazon Basin (shaded in paler gray). Yellow dots represent the distribution of Allobates hodli sp. nov. Lightgreen, dark-green, and black dots represent localities of samples referred to as A. femoralis, including two sites (5 and 9) where A. hodli reaches contact zones with these populations. Dot colors stand for major lineages recovered by phylogenetic analysis of a partial sequence of the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene (see text and Fig. 7). Site 20, Yurimaguas, is considered the closest to A. femoralis type locality.

FIGURE 4 in The description of a cryptic species related to the pan-Amazonian frog Allobates femoralis (Boulenger 1883) (Anura: Aromobatidae)

FIGURE 4. (A) Dorsal view of preserved Allobates hodli tadpole in developmental stage 36 collected at Abunã, on the left bank of the upper Madeira River, in Rondônia, Brazil, on January 2005 (INPA-H 23693). (B) and (C) Ventral and lateral views of the same tadpole, respectively.