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Figura 2 in Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) asociadas a la planta invasora Calotropis procera (Aiton, 1811) Dryand. (Gentianales: Apocynaceae) en la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia

Figura 2. Riqueza de especies (barras grises) y número de plantas (lÍnea con puntos sólidos) para cada sitio muestreado. PN: Polideportivo Norte, PS: Polideportivo Sur, RBS: Relicto de bosque seco y UM: Campus de la Universidad del Magdalena. / Species richness (gray bars) and plants number (lines with black dots) for each sample sites. PN: Polideportivo Norte, PS: Polideportivo Sur, RBS: Relicto de bosque seco y UM: Campus de la Universidad del Magdalena.

Figura 1 in Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) asociadas a la planta invasora Calotropis procera (Aiton, 1811) Dryand. (Gentianales: Apocynaceae) en la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia

Figura 1. Localización de los puntos de muestreo en la ciudad. El mapa fue realizado en RStudio 4.0.3 a partir de la librerÍa ggmap 3.0.0 (Kahle y Wickham 2013; R Core 2020). / Location of sample points on city. The map was built with RStudio 4.0.3 and ggmap 3.0.0 library (Kahle and Wickham 2013; R Core 2020).

Figura 4. A in Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) asociadas a la planta invasora Calotropis procera (Aiton, 1811) Dryand. (Gentianales: Apocynaceae) en la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia

Figura 4. A. Camponotus lindigi alimentándose de la ligamaza de Aphis sp. B. Pseudomyrmex venustus. C. Cephalotes pusillus. D. Camponotus lindigi alimentándose del néctar de las flores de Calotropis procera. E. Entrada del nido de Trichomyrmex destrutor. El cÍrculo blanco indica la posición de este. / A. Camponotus lindigi feeding of nectar of Aphis sp. B. Pseudomyrmex venustus. C. Cephalotes pusillus. D. Camponotus lindigi feeding flower nectar from Calotropis procera. E. Nest entry of Trichomyrmex destrutor. The white circle indicates it position.

Figura 3 in Hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) asociadas a la planta invasora Calotropis procera (Aiton, 1811) Dryand. (Gentianales: Apocynaceae) en la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia

Figura 3. Curva de frecuencias de captura de especies para el total de plantas muestreadas. Solo se destacan las seis especies más frecuentes. Los asteriscos indican especies exóticas. / Capture frequency curve of species for sampling plants. Only show the more frequent species. Asterisks indicate exotic species.

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Figure 2 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory

Figure 2 Boxplots of the percentage of herbivory between patches ofC. procera of different sizes (number of individuals) in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil. Each circle represents the average percentage of herbivory of the branches of each individual sampled. The horizontal thick grey band represents the median value, the boxplot margins indicate first and third quartiles, the whiskers represent the maximum/minimum value within one and a half times the interquartile range.

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Figure 1 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory

Figure 1 (A) Adult individual of Calotropis procera in a pasture area in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil; (B) early and (C) late instars of Danaus erippus.

Fig. 5 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon

Fig. 5. Non-bees recorded on Calotropis procera flowers. a, fly. b, fruit fly. c, bug © Michelson Azo'o Ela.

Fig. 4 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon

Fig. 4. Apidae recorded on the flowers of Calotropis procera. a, Xylocopa inconstans ♂. b, Xylocopa inconstans ♀. c, Xylocopa pubescens ♀. d, Xylocopa pubescens ♂. e, Xylocopa ustulata ♀. f, Amegilla sp. © Michelson Azo'o Ela.

Fig. 6 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon

Fig. 6. Variation of flower visiting insects on Calotropis procera as a function of temperature and time intervals.

Fig. 2 in Identification, characterization, and antifungal activity of cysteine peptidases from Calotropis procera latex

Fig. 2. Three-dimensional models of cysteine peptidases from Calotropis procera (CpCP A, CpCP C and CpCP D). The models were generated with the SWISSMODEL platform and show their active sites for proteolytic activity, which are constituted by the triad Cys, Asn and His. The cysteine peptidase (PDB: 1BY8) was used as a reference.

Fig. 7 in Identification, characterization, and antifungal activity of cysteine peptidases from Calotropis procera latex

Fig. 7. Detection of ROS in spores of F. oxysporum after treatment with latex peptidases (CpCP1, CpCP2 and CpCP3) or inhibited with iodoacetamide (CpCP 1-IAA, CpCP 2-IAA and CpCP 3-IAA). Uptake of DAB was identified by the presence of a reddish-brown precipite. Samples (50 μg/mL) were incubated with spores for 30 min at 27 ̊C, pH 7.0. Control: 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Identification, characterization, and antifungal activity of cysteine peptidases from Calotropis procera latex

Fig. 1. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment of C. procera cysteine peptidases. Sequence alignment was performed with C. procera cysteine peptidases (CpCP A-E), (SnuCalCp 01–20), procerain B, procerain and papain. The highly conserved cysteine residues that participate in the disulfide bond formation are highlighted in gray and the conserved residues involved in the active site are indicated by vertical black arrows.

Fig. 4 in Identification, characterization, and antifungal activity of cysteine peptidases from Calotropis procera latex

Fig. 4. Antifungal activity of three cysteine peptidases (CpCP1, CpCP2 and CpCP3) from Calotropis procera latex on Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum acutatum. The fungal growth was measured by absorbance at 620 nm after 72 h at 27 ̊C. Control: 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, containing 1 mM L-Cysteine). The samples were dissolved in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, containing 1 mM L-cysteine, at 50 μg/mL. Different letters indicate statistical difference compared with the control (p <0.05).

Fig. 6 in Identification, characterization, and antifungal activity of cysteine peptidases from Calotropis procera latex

Fig. 6. Membrane permeabilization induced by cysteine peptidases from Calotropis procera latex in spores of Fusarium oxysporum. Peptidases (50 μg/mL) were incubated with spore suspensions (2 × 106 spores/mL) for 30 min at 27 ̊C and then the fluorescence of propidium iodide was detected using fluorescence microscopy. Bars: 5 μm. Control: 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0).

Fig. 5 in Identification, characterization, and antifungal activity of cysteine peptidases from Calotropis procera latex

Fig. 5. Atomic force microscopic images of Fusarium oxysporum spores treated with the three cysteine peptidases from Calotropis procera (CpCP1, CpCP2 and CpCP3). The changes in the cell morphology (gray arrows) and the leakage of cellular (white arrows) content in the vicinity of the spores treated with peptidases can be observed. Peptidases (50 μg/ mL) were incubated with spore suspensions for 30 min at 27 ̊C. Control: 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0).

Fig. 1 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon

Fig. 1. Location map of the study area. © Michelson Azo'o Ela & Pierre Manga.

Fig. 8 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon

Fig. 8. Daily rhythm of seedling formation.

Fig. 7 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon

Fig. 7. Linear regression between temperature and daily variation of insect visits.

Fig. 3 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon

Fig. 2 in Impact of floral activities of bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on seed yield and germinability of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in northern Cameroon