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163 results for “Cobweb spider”
Рис. 3. Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778) — самка, поймавшая хрущика Sericania fuscolineata Motschulsky, 1860 Fig. 3. Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778) — female caught Sericania fuscolineata Motschulsky, 1860 in New records of cobweb spiders Araneae: Theridiidae from Sakhalin Island
Рис. 3. Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778) — самка, поймавшая хрущика Sericania fuscolineata Motschulsky, 1860 Fig. 3. Steatoda albomaculata (De Geer, 1778) — female caught Sericania fuscolineata Motschulsky, 1860
Рис. 5. Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838): a — внешний виΑ самки; b — интактная эпигина вентраΛьно; c — эпигина вентраΛьно (по Kim 2021) Fig. 5. Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838): a — female, dorsal view; b — intact epigyne, ventral view; c — epigyne, ventral view (Kim 2021) in New records of cobweb spiders Araneae: Theridiidae from Sakhalin Island
Рис. 5. Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838): a — внешний виΑ самки; b — интактная эпигина вентраΛьно; c — эпигина вентраΛьно (по Kim 2021) Fig. 5. Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838): a — female, dorsal view; b — intact epigyne, ventral view; c — epigyne, ventral view (Kim 2021)
Рис. 4. Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838): a — самец ΑорсаΛьно; b — Λевая паΛьпа самца вентраΛьно; c — Λевая паΛьпа самца (по Kim 2021) Fig. 4. Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838): a — male, dorsal view; b — left male palp, ventral view; c — left male palp, ventral view (Kim 2021) in New records of cobweb spiders Araneae: Theridiidae from Sakhalin Island
Рис. 4. Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838): a — самец ΑорсаΛьно; b — Λевая паΛьпа самца вентраΛьно; c — Λевая паΛьпа самца (по Kim 2021) Fig. 4. Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838): a — male, dorsal view; b — left male palp, ventral view; c — left male palp, ventral view (Kim 2021)
Linked collectors and determiners for: Notes on the " Pinocchio-cobweb-spider " Craspedisia cornuta (Keyserling, 1891) from southeastern of Brazil (Theridiidae, Pholcommatinae).
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Notes on the " Pinocchio-cobweb-spider " Craspedisia cornuta (Keyserling, 1891) from southeastern of Brazil (Theridiidae, Pholcommatinae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/b26a6032-62d2-4b97-a37d-f35e05bbad32">https://bionomia.net/dataset/b26a6032-62d2-4b97-a37d-f35e05bbad32</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/b26a6032-62d2-4b97-a37d-f35e05bbad32">https://gbif.org/dataset/b26a6032-62d2-4b97-a37d-f35e05bbad32</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Figure 111 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 111. Results of the Continuous Jackknife Function Analysis (Miller, 2003). The current analysis is converging on the preferred hypothesis. The stability of the data is greater than in any morphological, and most molecular (or total evidence), datasets explored by Miller. In other words, comparatively few data are necessary to recover e.g. 50% and 90% of the nodes, supported by the entire matrix (S50 = 77, S90 = 18). Interestingly, at 50% probability of character removal, 73% of the nodes are retained.
Figure 108 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 108. Evolution of the theridiid web. A three-dimensional cobweb (thick lines) is an unambiguous synapomorphy of the theridioids, but has been lost, or modified, multiple times. Ambiguous optimization is indicated with broken lines, unknown web types with question marks. Taxa marked with a star are autapomorphic. Thwaitesia does not make the typical H-shaped web of other spintharines, but still depends on only a few lines. Phoroncidia builds a unique single line web (sometimes a few lines) with sticky silk on one end (see Fig. 97B–D); related taxa are probably all litter dwellers and some may well be web-less.
Figure 107 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 107. Optimization of kleptoparasitism and araneophagy within Argyrodinae. Kleptoparasitic behaviour unambiguously optimizes at the base of Argyrodinae (clade 32); specialized araneophages have secondarily lost kleptoparasitism. Araneophagy is present in some but probably not all Faiditus species; the behaviour of the species included in this phylogeny is not known. Given the cladogram, the optimization of this character will either be ambiguous (gain and loss, or two gains), or if Faiditus is primitively nonaraneophagous, multiple gains will be inferred. However, given the data at hand, and logical preference for retaining homology of complex features, I prefer the hypothesis that araneophagy arose once and was lost in the strictly kleptoparasitic Argyrodes.
Figure 103 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 103. Cladogram of outgroups and basal theridiids. Clade numbers in circles at nodes; other Pholcomma numbershirsutum indicate characters changing on those nodes; underlined characters have perfect fit to the cladogram. Numbers on terminal branches are branch lengths (steps) when different from zero. All changes are shown cf. chickeringi
Figure 101. A–D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 101. A–D, 'nonstar' Achaearanea spp. webs (225-3, 226-0, 227-1). A, platform and gumfoot lines, surrounding a tree trunk (Ranamofana, Madagascar). B, ditto, gumfoot lines. C, gumfoot lines radiating in several directions, attached to a tree trunk and surrounding leaves (Ranamofana, Madagascar). D, ditto, gumfoot lines. E, Achaearanea sp. web covered with flies that use silk lines for resting (Fanies Island, S. Africa), the extremely simple, nonsticky, web of the argyrodine Ariamnes helps to lure nematocerous flies into proximity with the spider. F, Theridion sp., egg sac is protected in a special (nonsnare) web (Fanies Island, S. Africa). G, Chrysso sp. female and egg sac (Fanies Island, S. Africa).
Figure 102 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 102. Single most parsimonious cladogram (L = 759, CI = 37, RI = 73) and preferred phylogenetic hypothesis of theridiid spiders with major groups identified and the family Theridiidae shown with thick lines. Numbers above branches indicate Bremer support; below branches are bootstrap values (above 50%). Parsimony jackknife scores were nearly identical and are not shown.
Figure 99 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 99. Webs and habitus of species all previously in Anelosimus. A, Kochiura attrita web (Puyehue, Chile, 225-3). B. Selkirkiella luisi web (Puyehue, Chile, 225-3, 226-1). C. Anelosimus eximius web (Kaieteur falls, Guyana, 225-1). D, A. eximius female, standing on the dense mat of silk which forms the dome of the web (Bartika, Guyana). E, Selkirkiella luisi, female habitus (Puyehue, Chile). F, Kochiura sp., female habitus (Puyehue, Chile).
Figure 98. Argyrodinae. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 98. Argyrodinae. A, Argyrodes sp. and Faiditus sp. stealing food caught by its Nephila host (Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica). B, Argyrodes sp. pilfering tiny prey, ignored by the Nephila host (Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica). C, Faiditus female in a nonsnare web at edge of host web, attaching egg sac. D, Faiditus sp. egg sac; note distinct stalk (230-1), a synapomorphy of Argyrodinae (Cabo Blanco, Costa Rica). E, Ariamnes female with egg sac (231-3), both extremely elongated (Gunn's Landing, Guyana). F, Rhomphaea draca (Chamberlin & Ivie) female in a very simple, nonsticky web (Gunn's Landing, Guyana).
Figure 97. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 97. A, Episinus sp. in web (225-4), posterior line held with one leg IV; leg pairs I, II both holding on to the line in front of the animal (Perinét, Madagascar). B–D, Phoroncidia spp., simple line webs (225-6). B, typical posture of a single line web, the spider holding on to dry silk near substrate; note transition to sticky silk (Ranamofana, Madagascar). C, similar position to Episinus, but uses only single leg I to hold line in front of the animal (Puyehue, Chile). D, closer. E, Thwaitesia sp. habitus (Sodwana Bay, S. Africa). F, Tidarren sp. (Fanies Island, S. Africa); note characteristic thin white band on abdomen. G, ditto, web.
Figure 100 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 100. Achaearanea spp. webs. The 'star-shaped' web (225-3, 226-0, 227-1) of all species displayed here is typical of many Achaearanea and has also been reported in some Theridion and Chrysso. A–C from Gunn's Landing, Guyana. D from Ranamofana, Madagascar. E, F from Fanies Island, S. Africa. This web structure will no doubt be of use in further phylogenetic studies on Theridiinae. Some species consistently have a leaf retreat in the web's centre (E, F).
Figure 83. Thwaitesia male. A–F in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 83. Thwaitesia male. A–F, Thwaitesia sp. A–E, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, ventral close-up; note extra tegular apophysis (ETA, 101-1). E, the extremely elongated tibia is a putative synapomorphy of Thwaitesia. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, T. margaritifera, epiandrous gland spigots. Scale bars: A–C, E, 100 Mm. D, F, G, 20 Mm.
Figure 89 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 89. Male palps of outgroups. A, Pimoa rupicola (redrawn from Hormiga, 1994a). B, Linyphia triangularis (redrawn from Hormiga, 1994b). C, Synotaxus monoceros. D, Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck) (redrawn from Huber, 1993). E, Eidmanella pallida.
Figure 96. Latrodectus female and web. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 96. Latrodectus female and web. A, Latrodectus sp., ventral view (Phinda, S-Africa). B, ditto, dorsal view. C–F, L. geometricus web (Berenty reserve, Madagascar). C, female in retreat of web, located in a crevice on a tree trunk about 1.5 m above the ground. D, the retreat opens to a domed sheet, that leads down nearer to the ground. E, 20-30 cm above the ground the sheet turns into a typical cobweb mesh, from which gumfoot lines lead to the ground. F, tips of gumfoot lines (227-1); this trapping area of the web is nearly 2 m away from the female's retreat.
Figure 93. A–D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 93. A–D, models of male sperm duct trajectory. A, Anelosimus eximiu: ectal view, numbers indicate where the duct completes loops 1-3. B, A. eximius, dorsal view. C. Theridion. D, Faiditus. E-J, schematic illustrations. E, Faiditus chickeringi, ducts. F, Anelosimus rupununi, epigynum. G, Kochiura aulica, epigynum. H, A. rupununi, internal female genitalia. I, Dipoena nigra, internal female genitalia. J, Kochiura aulica, internal female genitalia. (F–H & J, drawn by Sarah Crews.)
Figure 79. Theridion varians, male. A–D, palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 79. Theridion varians, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial; note apophysis on MA (arrow, 71-1). B, ventral. C, ectal. D, apical; note membranous (67-1) conductor base (Cb). E, prosomal stridulatory ridges. F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, prosoma. Scale bars: A–D, G, 100 Mm. E, 50 Mm. F, 20 Mm.
Figure 86. Tidarren sisyphoides. A–F, highly modified male palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 86. Tidarren sisyphoides. A–F, highly modified male palp. A, ventral, close-up. B, ectal from below; note single trichobothrium (arrow). C, ectal. D, apical; note extremely modified cymbium. E, dorsal. F, details of cymbial ridges (23-2), and the tarsal organ. G, epigynum. Scale bars: A, 50 Mm; B–E, G, 100 Mm; F, 20 Mm.
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