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247 results for “Large mammals”
Effects of large mammal herbivory on salt marsh invertebrate communities varies with grazing type
We studied mammalian grazing (cattle, feral horses, and artificial grazing) on three barrier islands on the coast of Georgia, USA. All three grazing types altered invertebrate community composition, but in different ways. Cattle grazing had the most negative impact on plant height, chlorophyll content and toughness, and on the density and diversity of invertebrates, while artificial grazing produced some positive effects on planthoppers, herbivorous Chaetopsis spp. flies, and spiders. Although the responses to grazing of some plant traits and some invertebrate taxa were variable, plant height and katydid (Orchelimum fidicinium) density were consistently reduced by the three grazing types. Katydids did not have a feeding preference for grazed versus ungrazed plants, but grew better on ungrazed plants.
Data from: Sex differences in the relationship between maternal and foetal glucocorticoids in a free-ranging large mammal
<p><strong>Description</strong><br> <br> This registration contains the data and scripts used for the analysis in the manuscript "Sex differences in the relationship between maternal and neonate cortisol in a free-ranging large mammal" (https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.04.538920). All versions and additional material are posted on the OSF project page: https://osf.io/4ymc8/ </p> <p>Important to note: this is an updated registration from a previous version (www.osf.io/wynke). OSF currently does not allow to change the files that were uploaded previously, which is why we switched to Zenodo. Future updates to the dataset and scripts will take place here. </p> <p><br> <strong>Changes to previous version</strong></p> <p>Following our review process at PCI Ecology, we made some changes (mostly additions) to the previous version. This includes the addition of more raw data. </p> <p>Changes to the previous version include: </p> <p>- We added the raw faecal data (“Raw_faecal_data.csv) along with a script (“Faecal exploration .R”), which loads the raw faecal datafile and does some minor investigations on it. These include checking whether the sampling time or day matter, and calculating a repeatability estimate.<br> - In “Faecal exploration.R”, we highlight the outlier that we removed. <br> - We have added the t-test reported in the manuscript to the script “Analysis.R”.<br> - In “Analysis.R”, we now also run the analysis both with as well as without the outlier. We also have adapted our code to plot the outlier in the figure along with the other values. <br> - We have updated the README file to include a description of both the data files and the scripts. <br> </p>
Trait-based sensitivity of large mammals to a catastrophic tropical cyclone: DNA metabarcoding data
<p>Extreme weather events perturb ecosystems and increasingly threaten biodiversity<sup>1</sup>. Ecologists emphasize the need to forecast and mitigate the impacts of these incidents, which requires knowledge of how risk is distributed among species and environments, but the scale and unpredictability of extreme events complicates assessment<sup>1</sup><sup>–4</sup>. These challenges are compounded for large animals ('megafauna'), which play crucial ecological roles but are hard to study<sup>5</sup>. Traits such as body size, dispersal ability, and habitat affiliation are among the hypothesized determinants of animals' vulnerability to natural hazards<sup>1,6,7</sup>. However, it has rarely been possible to test these propositions or, more generally, to link short- and longer-term effects of weather-related disturbance<sup>8,9</sup>. Here, we show how large herbivores and carnivores in Mozambique responded to Intense Tropical Cyclone Idai, the deadliest storm on record in Africa, across scales ranging from individual decisions in the hours after landfall to community-level responses nearly 20 months later. Animals occupying low-elevation habitats exhibited strong spatial responses to rising floodwaters. Body size predicted species' subsequent numerical responses: small-bodied species exhibited the greatest population declines. We trace this sensitivity to limited mobility, which increased likelihood of death during the flood and constrained animals' capacity to withstand food shortages afterward. Our results identify potentially general trait-based mechanisms underlying animal responses to severe weather and may help to inform strategies for wildlife conservation in a volatile climate.</p> <ol> <li><span><em><span>Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</span></em><span> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, (2022).</span></span></li> <li><span><span>Smith, M. An ecological perspective on extreme climatic events: A synthetic definition and framework to guide future research. <em>J. Ecol.</em> <strong>99</strong>, 656-663 (2011).</span></span></li> <li><span><span>Ummenhofer, C. C., & Meehl, G. A. Extreme weather and climate events with ecological relevance: a review, <em>Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. </em><strong>372</strong>, 20160135 (2017).</span></span></li> <li><span><span>Jentsch, A., Kreyling, J., & Beierkuhnlein, C. A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends. <em>Front. Ecol. Environ. </em><strong>5</strong>, 365-374 (2007).</span></span></li> <li><span><span>Pringle, R. M., et. al. Impacts of large herbivores on terrestrial ecosystems. <em>Current Biology</em> <strong>33</strong>, R584-R610 (2023).</span></span></li> <li><span><span>Spiller, D. A., Losos, J. B., & Schoener, T. W. Impact of a catastrophic hurricane on island populations. <em>Science </em><strong>281</strong>, 695-697 (1998). </span></span></li> <li><span><span>Schoener, T. W., & Spiller, D. A. Nonsynchronous recovery of community characteristics in island spiders after a catastrophic hurricane. <em>PNAS </em><strong>103</strong>, 2220-2225 (2006).</span></span></li> <li><span><span>Pruitt, N., Little, A. G., Majumdar, S. J., Schoener, T. W., & Fisher, D. N. Call-to-Action: A global consortium for tropical cyclone ecology. <em>TREE </em><strong>34</strong>, 588-590 (2019).</span></span></li> <li><span><span>Lin, T. C., Hogan, J. A., & Chang, C. T. Tropical cyclone ecology: a scale-link perspective. <em>TREE </em><strong>35</strong>, 594-604 (2020).</span></span></li> </ol>
Individual behaviour, growth, survival and vulnerability to hunting in a large mammal
<p>Humans have exploited wild animals for thousands of years. Recent studies indicate that harvest-induced selection on life-history and morphological traits may lead to ecological and evolutionary changes. Less attention has been given to harvest-induced selection on behavioural traits, especially in terrestrial systems. We assessed in a wild population of large terrestrial mammals whether decades of hunting led to harvest-induced selection on trappability, a proxy of risk-taking behaviour. We investigated links between trappability, horn growth and survival across individuals in early life and quantified the correlations between early life trappability and horn growth with availability to hunters and probability of being shot. We found positive among-individual correlations between early life trappability and horn growth, early life trappability and survival, and early life horn growth and survival. Faster growing individuals were more likely to be available to hunters and shot at a young age. We found no correlations between early life trappability and availability to hunters or probability of being shot. Our results show that correlations between behaviour and growth can occur in wild terrestrial population but may be context dependent. This result highlights the difficulty in formulating general predictions about harvest-induced selection on behaviour, which can be affected by species ecology, harvesting regulations, and harvesting methods used. Future studies should investigate mechanisms linking physiological, behavioural, and morphological traits and how this effects harvest vulnerability to evaluate the potential for harvest to drive selection on behaviour in wild animal populations.</p>
Neonate personality affects early-life resource acquisition in a large social mammal
<p>This file contains the raw data files and R-scripts used for producing the final data sets analyzed in the paper: "Neonate personality affects early-life resource acquisition in a large social mammal". A full and detailed description of the methods can be found in the manuscript, or at request from the author (BA).</p> <p> The R-scripts can be used to follow all the steps taken in producing the final data sets. The findings in the paper can be then reproduced by using the code provided in the supplementary materials (of the paper). </p> <p>The file contains data taken from >150 newborn fallow deer fawns (<em>Dama dama</em>), in two different cohorts. Data were taken at capture and recapture of these fawns, during their first weeks of life. During this period, fallow deer fawns adopt a hiding-strategy where they hide in the vegatation from potential predators. Furthermore, it contains time budget data taken at summer, when fawns were 1-2 months old, and at autumn, when fawns were 3-6 months old. The final file is a datafile that contains data on the days that fawns were spotted in a group of deer for the first time, after their hider-phase.</p> <p>We have provided a README.docx file, which contains additional descriptions of the raw data set and the variables it includes.</p>
Behavior preferences between medium-large mammals in Atlantic Forest and Cerrado inside a public university of Southeastern Brazil
<p>We studied large and medium-sized mammals in a modified landscape between the Atlantic Forest and a Cerrado transitional zone (Brazil). We used eight camera traps between August 2016 and August 2017, totaling 75840 camera hours or 3,160 camera trap days. The sampling effort was evaluated from a rarefaction curve based on the daily sampling. We conducted comparative univariate and multivariate ordination statistical analyses. We recorded 19 species in 13 families. The most recorded species were S. scrofa and Cerdocyon thous , while the least recorded were Cuniculus paca, Didelphis albiventris and Tamandua tetradactyla. Richness and total records do not differ among day period, month, season, vegetation type, and moon phase. Individually, species abundance nevertheless sometimes showed trends for these factors. S. scrofa dominated all landscapes and periods of the year because it is an opportunist species that rapidly reproduces and lacks natural efficient predators. The presence of this species reduces the dissimilarity of the community, but when it is removed, the dissimilarity of native species increases. The modified landscape studied here is an important area for mammalian fauna owing to high richness; some species in the area are threatened with extinction. The wide temporal sampling effort contributed to a high number of mammal species records, although without spatial variation.</p>
Medium-sized to large mammals of a human-modified area in the state of São Paulo
<p>Habitat modification is a major threat to biodiversity, and the Cerrado has been under high disturbances for the last decades, therefore, natural remnants lands play an important role in conserving local biodiversity. The São Paulo state contains few native remnants of Cerrado, generally surrounded by agriculture, which can shelter some species. Here we report the medium- and large-sized mammals found in a rural landscape in the Cerrado of São Paulo and the assessed annual richness. We set camera traps to survey mammals from 2013 to 2018. We recorded 21 different species from 13 families and 8 orders, from which 5 were exotic. The presence of exotic species indicates anthropogenic influence. The observed and estimated species richness showed almost no difference in the first year of sampling, but from 2014 onwards, the richness difference became greater. The most record species in 2018 was the coati (<em>Nasua nasua</em>), followed by the puma (<em>Puma concolor</em>), the giant anteater (<em>Myrmecophaga tridactyla</em>). Small natural remnants in private lands can work as ecological corridors, guaranteeing connectivity among patches in the landscape. These results highlight the importance of the small remnants in the southern domain of the Cerrado.</p>
Text-fig. 21. Femur head from White Patch Bone Site belonging to a large mammal approximately the size of a pygmy hippopotamus, probably an embrithopod. View of ligamentary fossa. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique
Text-fig. 21. Femur head from White Patch Bone Site belonging to a large mammal approximately the size of a pygmy hippopotamus, probably an embrithopod. View of ligamentary fossa.
Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils.
Data from: "Landscape context and behavioral clustering contribute to flexible habitat selection strategies in a large mammal"
<p>Processed datasets used for analysis in "Landscape context and behavioral clustering contribute to flexible habitat selection strategies in a large mammal" by Hooven et al. published in <em>Mammal Research</em>. R scripts used to process and analyze these data are available from: <a href="https://github.com/nhooven/elk-individual-habitat">https://github.com/nhooven/elk-individual-habitat</a></p> <p>WS_sampled.csv, SU_sampled.csv, UA_sampled.csv, AW_sampled.csv - Processed telemetry datasets (with relocation data removed), resultant files from script "01 - Pre-processing.R".</p> <p>WS_HRs.csv, SU_HRs.csv, UA_HRs.csv, AW_HRs.csv - Home range areas (derived from autocorrelated kernel density estimators) and associated variables, by individual. </p> <p>WS_groups.csv, UA_groups.csv, AW_groups.csv - Home range areas (derived from autocorrelated kernel density estimators) and associated variables, by groups. </p> <p>Note: Raw telemetry data and home range polygons are not available due to the sensitive nature of providing animal locations publicly. Please direct any questions or concerns to the corresponding author (nathan.d.hooven@gmail.com). </p>
Figure 6 in Taxonomy as the first step towards conservation: an appraisal on the taxonomy of medium- and large-sized Neotropical mammals in the 21 century
Figure 6. Log body mass as a function of log range area for Neotropical non-volant terrestrial mammals. Taxonomic studies help define species limits, which in turn affect species' geographic range and population size, key criteria defined by the IUCN for assigning species into a threatened category. Note that a reduced range increases the risk of a species being threatened. Polygons are color-coded by IUCN threatened status. Vertical blue line represents a body mass of 1.5 kg. Horizontal red line represents the area of the Neotropical region. Gray horizontal lines represent one of the IUCN thresholds (extent of occurrence) for classifying species as Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered. Note that extent of occurrence as defined by the IUCN is not the same as geographic range but they are correlated.
Figure 5 in Taxonomy as the first step towards conservation: an appraisal on the taxonomy of medium- and large-sized Neotropical mammals in the 21 century
Figure 5. Proportion of Neotropical medium and large mammalian genera lacking (orange bars) taxonomic studies organized per order. It is noteworthy however that even for those genera that underwent recent taxonomic studies (gray bar), uncertainties in some species limits still remain and they should not be considered fully understood.
Fig. 6 in Constraints on the lamina density of laminar bone architecture of large-bodied dinosaurs and mammals
Fig. 6. Lamina density vs. femur length of sauropodomorph dinosaur taxa (Plateosaurus and neosauropods). Among the neosauropods, lamina density does not correlate with femur length, although a slight decrease may take place with increasing femur length (Slope = -0.001; Intercept = 5.61; Pearson's R = -0.372, two-tailed p = 0.052). High variability of lamina density in Plateosaurus may be related to its developmental plasticity (cf. Sander and Klein 2005).
Fig. 5 in Constraints on the lamina density of laminar bone architecture of large-bodied dinosaurs and mammals
Fig. 5. Comparison of dinosaur and mammal lamina density. A test for normality of the combined distributions failed (which is common for large datasets), but descriptive statistics suggest the dataset may still be normal (skew [lopsidedness] = 0.449; kurtosis [peakedness or flatness] = -0.107). Mean mammal lamina density differs significantly from mean dinosaur lamina density (independent t-test, t = 5.928; p <0.001). A non-parametric alternative suggests an equally significant difference between the medians (Mann-Whitney U statistic = 752.0; two-tailed p value <0.001). For discussion of these results, please refer to the main text.
Fig. 4 in Constraints on the lamina density of laminar bone architecture of large-bodied dinosaurs and mammals
Fig. 4. Comparison of the frequency distributions of lamina density of the different mammal groups. These data represent 24 of our own samples complemented with 15 elephantid samples from Curtin et al. (2012). Mammal lamina density follows a normal distribution. Descriptive statistics of mammal lamina density: mean = 4.154 laminae/mm; SD = 1.517 laminae/ mm; skew = 0.964 and kurtosis = 0.289. For further discussion please refer to the main text.
Fig. 3 in Constraints on the lamina density of laminar bone architecture of large-bodied dinosaurs and mammals
Fig. 3. Comparison of the frequency distributions of lamina density of sauropodomorph dinosaur taxa. The distribution follows a normal distribution. Descriptive statistics for sauropod lamina density: mean = 5.76 laminae/mm; SD = 1.386 laminae/mm; skew = 0.842; kurtosis = 0.021. For further discussion please refer to the main text.
Fig. 2 in Constraints on the lamina density of laminar bone architecture of large-bodied dinosaurs and mammals
Fig. 2. Laminar bone tissue in a Brachiosaurus humerus (MFN t7). One lamina is defined as the distance from the center of a vascular canal to the center of the following vascular canal, as indicated by the arrows (cf. Sander and Tückmantel 2003).
Fig. 1. Static and dynamic osteogenesis. A in Constraints on the lamina density of laminar bone architecture of large-bodied dinosaurs and mammals
Fig. 1. Static and dynamic osteogenesis. A. Static osteogenesis by static osteoblasts proliferating in situ from mesenchymal tissue. The random orientation of the osteoblasts creates a random local fibre orientation of the produced matrix. B. Static osteoblasts turn into static osteocytes as they become entrapped in the mineralizing woven bone matrix. C. Dynamic osteoblasts arrange themselves on the woven bone and start producing highly organized primary bone, occasionally trapping a dynamic osteoblast, which will then become a dynamic osteocyte. D. Static and dynamic osteocyte lacunae in a longitudinal section of a humerus of the titanosaur Alamosaurus. A–C modified from Marotti (2010), D modified from Stein and Prondvai (2014).
Fig. 12 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans
Fig. 12. Character matrix of Daouitherium and other primitive lophodont proboscideans (see text: features 1–19) and most parsimonious cladogram resulting from parsimony analysis with Hennig86 program, with distribution of the derived features. Length = 56; CI = 85; RI = 82. This cladogram is unrooted. The significance of Daouitherium for the ancestral morphotype of proboscideans and the basal relationships of lophodont proboscidean taxa with respect to other proboscideans (e.g., Moeritherium, deinotheres) and tethytherians will be investigated separately with the study of the new material of Phosphatherium (work in preparation). Analysed features are additive and are weighted according to their relative importance (see matrix);howeverananalysisofthismatrixwithoutweightingthefeaturesdoes not change the resulting topology. Several reversions that are possible according to the algorithm have been discounted as being anatomically unlikely (features 1, 3, 4). Asterisk indicates convergent feature.
Fig. 9 in A new large mammal from the Ypresian of Morocco: Evidence of surprising diversity of early proboscideans
Fig. 9. Log transformed plot comparing the relative size (length × width) of the jugal teeth of Daouitherium and Numidotherium. After Court (1995: fig. 1). Note the slightly smaller size of Daouitherium and the strong size difference between m1 and m2. N. koholense is probably specialized in its large p2 with respect to p3 (feature 7).
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.