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15 results for “Morphological defenses”
Fig. 1 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, adult morphology. a Dorsal habitus. b in The debris-cloaking larva of Catapotia laevissima and the origin of defensive strategies in Anamorphidae and other Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera)
Fig. 1 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, adult morphology. a Dorsal habitus. b Ventral habitus of female. c Antenna. d Frontal view of head. e Ventral view of head. f Abdominal apex of male. g Mesotarsus. h Metatarsal claws
Adaptive specialization and constraint in morphological defenses of planktonic larvae
<ol> <li>Morphological defenses of plankton can include armor, spines, and coloration. Spines defend from gape-limited fish predators while pigmentation increases visibility to fishes but defends from ultraviolet radiation (UVR).</li> <li>Planktonic crab larvae (zoeae) exhibit inter- and intra-specific variability in the lengths of defensive spines, extent of pigmentation, and body size. The determinants of this variability and the relationships among these traits are largely unknown.</li> <li>Larvae may employ generalized defenses against the dual threats of UVR and predation or specialized defenses against their primary threat, with an unknown role of allometric or phylogenetic constraints. Generalization would result in longer spines compensating for the increased predation risk imposed by darker pigments, while specialization would lead to more investment in either defense from predation (long spines) or UVR (dark pigments), at the expense of the other trait.</li> <li>We examined 1) the relationship between spine lengths and pigmentation, 2) the scaling of spine lengths with body size, and 3) phylogenetic constraint in spine lengths, pigmentation, and body size, among and within 21 species of laboratory-hatched and 23 species of field-collected crab larvae from Panama and California.</li> <li>We found a negative relationship between spine length and pigmentation among species from laboratory and field. Within species, we found a marginally significant negative relationship among field-collected larvae.</li> <li>Spine lengths showed positive allometric scaling with carapace length while spine and carapace lengths, but not pigmentation, had significant phylogenetic signals.</li> <li>The negative relationship we observed between pigmentation and spine length supports our defense specialization hypothesis.</li> <li>Positive allometric scaling of spine lengths means larger larvae are better defended from predators, which may indicate that larvae face greater predation risk as they grow larger.</li> <li>Phylogenetic constraint may have arisen because related species encounter similar predation threats. Conversely, phylogenetic constraint in the evolution of spine lengths may induce convergent behaviors resulting in related species facing similar predation threats.</li> <li>Our results improve understanding of the evolution of the larval morphology of crabs, morphological defenses in the plankton, and evolutionary responses of morphology to multiple spatially-segregated selective forces.</li> </ol>
Data for: Sex matters: Predator presence induces sexual dimorphism in a monomorphic prey, from stress genes to morphological defenses
<p>Inducible defences allow prey to increase survival chances when predators are present while avoiding unnecessary costs in their absence. Many studies report considerable inter-individual variation in inducible-defence expression, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. A classic vertebrate example of a predator‐induced morphological defence is the increased body depth in crucian carp (<em>Carassius carassius</em>), which reduces the risk of predation from gape‐size limited predators. Here, we report that among-individual variation in morphological defence expression can be linked to sex. We documented sexual dimorphism in lakes in which crucian carp coexisted with predators, where females showed shallower relative body depths than males, but not in a predator-free lake. When exposing crucian carp from a population without predators to perceived predation risk in a laboratory environment (presence/absence of pike, <em>Esox lucius</em>), we found that males expressed significantly greater morphological defence than females, causing sexual dimorphism only in the presence of predators. We uncovered a correlative link between the sex-specific <em>inducible phenotypic </em>response and gene expression patterns in major stress-related genes (<em>POMC</em>,<em> MC3R</em>,<em> MC4R</em>). Together, our results highlight that sex-specific responses may be an important, yet underappreciated, component underlying inter-individual differences in the expression of inducible defences, even in species without pronounced sexual dimorphism. </p>
Adaptation to host's chemical defenses as a driver of wing morphological evolution and developmental instability in cactophilic Drosophila
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Adaptive specialization and constraint in morphological defenses of planktonic larvae
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Data for: Sex matters: Predator presence induces sexual dimorphism in a monomorphic prey, from stress genes to morphological defenses
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Data from: Gape-limited predators as agents of selection on the defensive morphology of an invasive invertebrate
Invasive species have widespread and pronounced effects on ecosystems and adaptive evolution of invaders is often considered responsible for their success. Despite the potential importance of adaptation to invasion, we still have limited knowledge of the agents of natural selection on invasive species. Bythotrephes longimanus, a cladoceran zooplankton, invaded multiple Canadian Shield lakes over the past several decades. Bythotrephes have a conspicuous caudal process (tail spine) that provides a morphological defense against fish predation. We measured viability selection on the longest component of the Bythotrephes spine, the distal spine segment, through a comparison of the lengths of first and second instar Bythotrephes collected from lakes differing in the dominance of gape-limited predation (GLP) and non-gape-limited predation (NGLP) by fish. We found that natural selection varied by predator gape-limitation, with strong selection (selection intensity: 0.20-0.79) for increased distal spine length in lakes dominated by GLP, and no significant selection in lakes dominated by NGLP. Further, distal spine length was 17% longer in lakes dominated by GLP, suggesting the possibility of local adaptation. As all study lakes were invaded less than twenty years prior to our collections, our results suggest rapid divergence in defensive morphology in response to selection from fish predators.
FIGURE 3. A in A standardized and statistically defensible framework for quantitative morphological analyses in taxonomic studies
FIGURE 3. A visual description of a boxplot to illustrate how outliers are detected. Using this method, values above the maximum range or below the minimum range are considered outliers. The maximum range is defined as the upper quartile (Q3) plus 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR), while the minimum range is defined as the lower quartile (Q1) minus 1.5 times the IQR.
FIGURE 2. The 5 in A standardized and statistically defensible framework for quantitative morphological analyses in taxonomic studies
FIGURE 2. The 5-step workflow for statistical hypothesis testing of morphological characters. Note that mensural and meristic data should be analyzed separately and that Step 4 should only be performed on mensural data. * = parametric tests; ** = nonparametric tests. The non-parametric tests shown here only serve as examples—the appropriate test should be selected based on which assumptions are violated. A companion R script that implements this workflow is provided in the Supplementary Material.
FIGURE 1 in A standardized and statistically defensible framework for quantitative morphological analyses in taxonomic studies
FIGURE 1. Results of the meta-analysis on taxonomic papers focused on amphibians (top) and reptiles (bottom) published in the journal ZooKeys from 2008–2020. The analysis evaluated whether body size corrections or statistical analyses were performed on morphological data.
Data from: Gape-limited predators as agents of selection on the defensive morphology of an invasive invertebrate
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Data from: Choose your weapon: defensive behavior is associated with morphology and performance in scorpions
Morphology can be adaptive through its effect on performance of an organism. The effect of performance may, however, be modulated by behavior; an organism may choose a behavioral option that does not fully utilize its maximum performance. Behavior may therefore be decoupled from morphology and performance. To gain insight into the relationships between these levels of organization, we combined morphological data on defensive structures with measures of defensive performance, and their utilization in defensive behavior. Scorpion species show significant variation in the morphology and performance of their main defensive structures; their chelae (pincers) and the metasoma ("tail") carrying the stinger. Our data show that size-corrected pinch force varies to almost two orders of magnitude among species, and is correlated with chela morphology. Chela and metasoma morphology are also correlated to the LD50 of the venom, corroborating the anecdotal rule that dangerously venomous scorpions can be recognized by their chelae and metasoma. Analyses of phylogenetic independent contrasts show that correlations between several aspects of chela and metasoma morphology, performance and behavior are present. These correlations suggest co-evolution of behavior with morphology and performance. Path analysis found a performance variable (pinch force) to partially mediate the relationship between morphology (chela aspect ratio) and behavior (defensive stinger usage). We also found a correlation between two aspects of morphology: pincer finger length correlates with the relative "thickness" (aspect ratio) of the metasoma. This suggests scorpions show a trade-off between their two main weapon complexes: the metasoma carrying the stinger, and the pedipalps carrying the chelae.
Fig. 3 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, larval morphology. a–h, i–k in The debris-cloaking larva of Catapotia laevissima and the origin of defensive strategies in Anamorphidae and other Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera)
Fig. 3 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, larval morphology. a–h, i–k fourth instar; h third instar. a Fourth instar, dorsal with head removed. b Ventral view of head. c Apex of maxilla. d Left mandible, ventral.
Fig. 2 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, larval morphology. a First instar, dorsal. b Second instar, dorsal. c Third instar, dorsal with exuvial skin attached. d in The debris-cloaking larva of Catapotia laevissima and the origin of defensive strategies in Anamorphidae and other Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera)
Fig. 2 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, larval morphology. a First instar, dorsal. b Second instar, dorsal. c Third instar, dorsal with exuvial skin attached. d Fourth instar (mature larva), dorsal. e Fourth instar (mature larva), ventral
Data from: Choose your weapon: defensive behavior is associated with morphology and performance in scorpions
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