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Data repository for the paper "Tectonics and seismicity in the Northern Apennines driven by slab retreat and lithospheric delamination"
<p>Output data from a numerical modeling study analyzing the Tectonics and seismicity of the Northern Apennines in relation to the geodynamic mechanism (slab retreat and crustal delamination) suggested to be driving the orogenic system.</p> <p>Understanding how long-term subduction dynamics relates to short-term seismicity and crustal tectonics is a challenging but crucial topic in seismotectonics. We attempt to address this issue in the context of the Northern Apennines orogenic belt, which displays characteristic tectonic and seismogenic behaviors on a wide range of spatiotemporal scales. We use a visco-elasto-plastic seismo-thermo-mechanical (STM) modeling approach with a realistic 2D setup based on available geological and geophysical data. In accordance with regional geodynamics, subduction dynamics and seismicity are simulated together, driven solely by slab pull. Our numerical experiments suggest that lower crustal rheology and lithospheric mantle temperatures modulate the crustal tectonics of the Northern Apennines. Results indicate that the observed spatial distribution of the upper crustal tectonic regimes requires buoyant and highly ductile material beneath the suture zone. This allows protrusion of the asthenosphere in the lower crust, lithospheric delamination, and slab retreat. The resulting horizontal velocities and principal stress axis orientations agree with observations, suggesting that slab delamination and retreat are compatible with regional deformation. Our simulations successfully reproduce the presence of seismicity in the thrust front and on normal faults in the interior of the range. Slab temperatures and lithospheric mantle stiffness distinctly affect the cumulative seismic moment release and the spatial distribution of upper crustal earthquakes. The properties of deep, sub-crustal material are thus shown to influence model shallow seismicity, even though the upper crust is largely mechanically decoupled from the lithospheric mantle. Our simulations therefore highlight the important effect of deep crustal rheologies and self-driven subduction dynamics in controlling the shallow, brittle deformation and related seismicity during an ongoing orogeny.</p> <p>The repository consists of the following: 1) the executable code for running the model (i2_istm and in2_istm, the latter of which is used to initialise the model); 2) the setting files for which timesteps to output (mode.t3c and mode_istm.t3c, the latter of which is for the short-term phase of the model), the model setting files (init_istm.t3c), rock type and temperature setup images (prf_app.tif and tfin.tif, respectively); and 3) the output quantities in the model for the last timestep in HDF5 format (app400.gzip.h5), the list of ruptured markers (pick_events_app.txt) and GPS-station-like markers at the surface (eachdt_gpsmarker_app.txt), and the time limits used for computing average velocities from the GPS marker positions (timelims.mat).</p> <p>The files used for the figures in the paper relate to the reference model and 9 other models: 2 models with different rheology for the Adriatic lower crust, 2 models with different temperatures in the mantle, and 5 models with different shear modulus in the Adriatic lithospheric mantle. The two models with different lower crust rheology (granulite and plagioclase) were not run in short-term mode and therefore no GPS-like or ruptured markers logs are available for them. Descriptive prefixes are used to identify which model each file refers to. The rock type setup is common to all models included here. The reference temperature setup is also used for the models with different shear modulus in the slab and the model with granulite lower crust rheology. The model with plagioclase lower crust rheology has a different temperature setup with a hotter lower crust, as mentioned in the paper; it is not a simple exploration of the effect of rheology, but an attempt to get the lower crust to be very ductile through a combination of a ductile rheology (but less so than in the reference model) and high temperatures.</p> <p>For information about the modeling code, setup, results, and interpretation, please refer to the paper. This repository will be updated with the final paper information after publication.</p>
Vulnerability tools - Northern Apennines (Italy)
<p><span>The MOVING project has developed accessible <strong>tools </strong>designed to assess susceptibility and vulnerability within the region, ready to be used by both experts and the general audience. This document synthesises crucial information for the Northern Apennines Region, particularly focusing on the Participatory Vulnerability Matrix and the Spatial Vulnerability Map. Furthermore, it includes <strong>supplementary maps and figures </strong>detailing various aspects such as the delineation of Reference Landscape, distribution of land systems, areas affected by wildfires, susceptibility to floods across different return periods, severity of forest disturbances, rainfall erosivity, and more.</span></p>
Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome
Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils.
Fig. 1 in Eurasian badger Meles meles habitat and sett site selection in the northern Apennines
Fig. 1 - Geographic position of the study area, with Sett Points, Random Points and water (rivers and streams) layer.
Text-fig. 5. CA climate charts for the Monte Tondo and Tossignano floras, showing climatic ranges of the Nearest Living Relatives of the fossil taxa with respect to MPwarm. For legend see Text-fig. 3. in Palaeoenvironmental Analysis Of The Messinian Macrofossil Floras Of Tossignano And Monte Tondo (Vena Del Gesso Basin, Romagna Apennines, Northern Italy)
Text-fig. 5. CA climate charts for the Monte Tondo and Tossignano floras, showing climatic ranges of the Nearest Living Relatives of the fossil taxa with respect to MPwarm. For legend see Text-fig. 3.
Text-fig. 4. CA climate charts for the Monte Tondo and Tossignano floras, showing climatic ranges of the Nearest Living Relatives of the fossil taxa with respect to MAP. For legend see Text-fig. 3. in Palaeoenvironmental Analysis Of The Messinian Macrofossil Floras Of Tossignano And Monte Tondo (Vena Del Gesso Basin, Romagna Apennines, Northern Italy)
Text-fig. 4. CA climate charts for the Monte Tondo and Tossignano floras, showing climatic ranges of the Nearest Living Relatives of the fossil taxa with respect to MAP. For legend see Text-fig. 3.
Text-fig. 1. Location of the Tossignano and Monte Tondo sites in the Romagna Apennines (modified after Lugli et al. 2010). 1 – Tossignano quarry, 2 – Monte Tondo quarry. in Palaeoenvironmental Analysis Of The Messinian Macrofossil Floras Of Tossignano And Monte Tondo (Vena Del Gesso Basin, Romagna Apennines, Northern Italy)
Text-fig. 1. Location of the Tossignano and Monte Tondo sites in the Romagna Apennines (modified after Lugli et al. 2010). 1 – Tossignano quarry, 2 – Monte Tondo quarry.
Text-fig. 3. CA climate charts for the Monte Tondo and Tossignano floras, showing climatic ranges of the Nearest Living Relatives of the fossil taxa with respect to MAT. Right-hand positoned large bold figures and shaded areas in each case indicate the Coexistence Interval, with the number of overlapping taxa being at a maximum. in Palaeoenvironmental Analysis Of The Messinian Macrofossil Floras Of Tossignano And Monte Tondo (Vena Del Gesso Basin, Romagna Apennines, Northern Italy)
Text-fig. 3. CA climate charts for the Monte Tondo and Tossignano floras, showing climatic ranges of the Nearest Living Relatives of the fossil taxa with respect to MAT. Right-hand positoned large bold figures and shaded areas in each case indicate the Coexistence Interval, with the number of overlapping taxa being at a maximum.
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphy of western part of the Romagna Apennines (after Roveri et al. 2006). Symbol "arrow" – stratigraphical position of the studied floras of Tossignano and Monte Tondo. in Palaeoenvironmental Analysis Of The Messinian Macrofossil Floras Of Tossignano And Monte Tondo (Vena Del Gesso Basin, Romagna Apennines, Northern Italy)
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphy of western part of the Romagna Apennines (after Roveri et al. 2006). Symbol "arrow" – stratigraphical position of the studied floras of Tossignano and Monte Tondo.
Fig. 3. A in First record of the ichnofossil Atollites from the Late Cretaceous of the Northern Apennines, Italy
Fig. 3. A. Schematic and simplified pre−diagenetic reconstruction of the whole architecture of Atollites italicum ichnosp. nov., For drawing purposes, the number of lateral cylinders and clubs has been reduced to less than half of those actually present. B–D. Computer visualization of gradual compaction of the structure.
Fig. 1 in First record of the ichnofossil Atollites from the Late Cretaceous of the Northern Apennines, Italy
Fig. 1. Location map of the site (asterisk) where the specimen was collected.
FIGURE 3 in Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group
FIGURE 3. Hypothetical phylogeny of Verdanus rosaurus-bensoni-limbatellus group. Synapomorphic characters: 5 = presence of subapical lateral processes of aedeagus; 8 = ovipositor-base protruding anteriorly; 11 = broad shaft of aedeagus; 12 = spur-shaped subapical lateral processes of aedeagus; 13 = margin of apical aedeagus appendages angular; 14 = aedeagus shaft widening from basis to apex; 15 = apical aedeagus appendages in caudal direction; 16 = apical aedeagus appendages oriented perpendicularly to sagittal plane; 17 = subapical lateral aedeagus processes shifted in median position; 18 = apical aedeagus appendages narrow, dagger-shaped.
FIGURE 5 in Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group
FIGURE 5. Aedeagus. Verdanus tyrannus sp. nov., male (paratype: Italy, Emilia Romagna, Passo delle Radici), (A) ventral view; (B) ventrolateral view; (C) lateral view; (D) caudal view. - Verdanus saurosus sp. nov., male (paratype: Italy, Toscana, M. Corchia), (E) ventral view; (F) ventrolateral view; (G) lateral view; (H) caudal view.
FIGURE 8 in Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group
FIGURE 8. Aedeagus. Verdanus limbatellus (Zetterstedt) (Russia, bassin of Manya river, Great Ural, Liapin & Flerov leg., 21.-23. VII. 1927), (A) ventral view; (B) caudal view (base and apodemes are not drawn); (C) lateral view. - Verdanus kyrilli (Emeljanov) (Mongolia, Delger-Muren river near Buren-Chan Chubsugul aimag, Emeljanov leg., 28.- 29.VI. 1968), (D) caudal view (base and apodemes are not drawn); (E) ventral view; (F) lateral view. - Verdanus sichotanus (Anufriev) (Mongolia, Bulgan, Dlabola, 5/8/1965, MNHN 3497), (G) ventral view; (H) lateral view; (I) caudal view (base and apodemes are not drawn).
FIGURE 2 in Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group
FIGURE 2. (A) Landscape in the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines near Passo delle Radici, type locality of Verdanus tyrannus sp. nov.; (B) Southern slope of M. Corchia (Alpi Apuane), type locality of Verdanus saurosus sp. nov.; (C) Southern slopes of Alpe di Succiso, type locality of Verdanus rosaurus rosaurus ssp. nov.; (D) M. Cavalbianco, type locality of Verdanus rosaurus rex ssp. nov.; (E) Verdanus rosaurus rosaurus ssp. nov., male.
FIGURE 1 in Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group
FIGURE 1. Distribution map of new taxa. ♦ = Verdanus tyrannus sp. nov.; ˑ = Verdanus saurosus sp. nov.; ● = Verdanus rosaurus rosaurus ssp. nov.; ․ = Verdanus rosaurus rex ssp. nov..
FIGURE 10 in Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group
FIGURE 10. Base of ovipositor, ventral view, (A) Verdanus rosaurus rosaurus ssp. nov., female, (paratype: Italy, Emilia Romagna, M. Navert); (C) Verdanus bensoni (China) (Krkonoše [Czech Republic], 10.VI.1946, Dlabola, MNHN 3507); (F) Verdanus limbatellus (Zetterstedt) (Russia, bassin of Manya river, Great Ural, Liapin & Flerov leg., 21.-23. VII. 1927). - Base of ovipositor, rostral view, (B) Verdanus rosaurus rosaurus ssp. nov., female, (paratype: Italy, Emilia Romagna, M. Navert); (D) Verdanus bensoni (China) (Krkonoše [Czech Republic], 10.VI.1946, Dlabola, MNHN 3507); (E) Verdanus limbatellus (Zetterstedt) (Russia, bassin of Manya river, Great Ural, Liapin & Flerov leg., 21.-23. VII. 1927).
FIGURE 9 in Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group
FIGURE 9. Left genital plate, ventral view, (A) Verdanus rosaurus rosaurus ssp. nov., male (paratype: Italy, Emilia Romagna, M. Navert); (B) Verdanus bensoni (China) (paratype of Deltocephalus obenbergeri Dlabola: Bohemia, det. Dlabola, 1945, MNHN (EH) 3502); (C) Verdanus limbatellus (Zetterstedt) (Russia, bassin of Manya river, Great Ural, Liapin & Flerov leg., 21.-23. VII. 1927). - Right genital plate, dorsal view, (D) Verdanus tyrannus sp. nov., male (paratype: Italy, Emilia Romagna, M. Cervarola).
FIGURE 7 in Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group
FIGURE 7. Aedeagus. Verdanus bensoni (China) (paratype of Deltocephalus obenbergeri Dlabola: Bohemia, det. Dlabola, 1945, MNHN (EH) 3502), (A) ventral view; (B) caudal view; (C) lateral view. - Verdanus kaszabi (Dlabola) (Mongolia, Central Aimag, near Ulan Bator, Emeljanov leg., 24-29.VI.1970), (D) ventral view; (E) caudal view (base and apodemes are not drawn); (F) lateral view.
FIGURE 6 in Northern Apennines as centre of speciation: a new Verdanus species group (Hemiptera, Cicadomorpha, Cicadellidae) from Italy and its phylogenetic relationships with V. bensoni and the V. limbatellus group
FIGURE 6. Aedeagus. Verdanus rosaurus rosaurus ssp. nov., male (paratype: Italy, Emilia Romagna, Alpe di Succiso), (A) ventral view; (B) ventrolateral view, (C) lateral view; (D) caudal view. - Verdanus rosaurus rex ssp. nov., male (paratype: Italy, Emilia Romagna, M. Cavalbianco), (E) ventral view; (F) ventrolateral view; (G) lateral view; (H) caudal view.
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