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Fig. 7. a in Notes of the internal adult male reproductive system of Pimelia subglobosa (Pallas, 1781) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 7. a. The histological section of the distal region of the ductus ejaculatorius (x100) (H&E) (LM). b. SEM photograph of the tracheae (Tr) and tracheoles (Tl) on the ductus ejaculatorius surface (SEM). c. The longitudinal section of the proximal region of the ductus ejaculatorius (x100) (H&E) (LM). d. SEM photograph of the cross section of the ductus ejaculatorius. e. The attachment of the ductus ejaculatorius to the aedeagus (SM). f. The general view muscle bundles (Mb) and the aedeagus (SEM). Ep-epithelium, Sp-spine, In-intima, Lu-lumen, Ml-muscle layer, Mlbmiddle lobe of the aedeagus, Lb-lateral lobe, Phphallobase, LM-light microscope, SM-stereo microscope, SEM-scanning electron microscope, H&E-Haematoxylin and Eosin.

Fig. 5. a in Notes of the internal adult male reproductive system of Pimelia subglobosa (Pallas, 1781) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 5. a. The general view of the first pair of accessory glands (Ag1) and second pair of the accessory gland (Ag2) (SM). b. Tracheae (Tr) and tracheoles (Tl) on surface of spiral shaped accessory gland 1 (SEM). c, d. The columnar epithelium and secretion material (Sm) in the first pair of accessory gland (x100) (H&E) (LM, SEM). e, f. A single layered columnar epithelium with round nucleus surrounded by muscle layer in first pair of accessory gland (x400) (H&E) (LM, SEM). Nu-nucleus, Ml-muscle layer, Epepithelium, LM-light microscope, SM-stereo microscope, SEM-scanning electron microscope, H&E-Haematoxylin and Eosin.

Fig. 6. a in Notes of the internal adult male reproductive system of Pimelia subglobosa (Pallas, 1781) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 6. a. The general view of the second pair of accessory gland (Ag2) (SM). b. The tracheae (Tr) and tracheoles (Tl) on the surface of second pair of accessory gland (SEM). c. SEM photograph of the cross section of the second pair of accessory gland (SEM). d. The muscle layer (Ml) and a single layer of cuboidal cells with round

Fig. 4. a in Notes of the internal adult male reproductive system of Pimelia subglobosa (Pallas, 1781) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 4. a. The histological section of the junction of testicular follicles into the vas deferens (x40) (H&E) (LM). b. SEM photograph of sperm tails in vas deferens lumen. c. The longitudinal section of seminal vesicle and ductus ejaculatorius (x40) (H&E) (LM). d. The tracheae (Tr) and tracheoles (Tl) on the surface of seminal vesicle (SEM). e. The muscle layer and a monolayer epithelium with round nucleus surrounding the seminal vesicle (x400) (H&E) (LM). f. SEM photograph of sperm tails in seminal vesicle lumen. Vd-vas deferens, Ep-epithelium, Sl-sperm tails, Deductus ejaculatorius, Sv-seminal vesicle, LM-light microscope, SEM-scanning electron microscope, H&E-Haematoxylin and Eosin.

Fig. 3. a, b in Notes of the internal adult male reproductive system of Pimelia subglobosa (Pallas, 1781) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 3. a, b. The differentiation of spermatogonia into spermatocytes in the growth zone located in the anterior part of the testicular follicle (x1000) (H&E) (LM, SEM). c, d. The spermatids in the maturation zone located towards the middle of the testicular follicle (x1000) (H&E) (LM, SEM). e, f. The regular bundles of spermatozoa in the differentiation zone located posterior to the testicular follicle (x400) (H&E) (LM, SEM). g. SEM photograph of convoluted sperm tails of spermatozoa. h. SEM photograph of the elongated head regions of spermatozoa. Cy-cyst, Sg-spermatogonia, Sp-spermatocytes, Hd-sperm head region, Fl-flagellum, LM-light microscope, SEM-scanning electron microscope, H&E-Haematoxylin and Eosin.

Fig. 2. a in Notes of the internal adult male reproductive system of Pimelia subglobosa (Pallas, 1781) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 2. a. The cross section of testis in P. subglobosa (x100) (LM) (H&E). b. Tracheae and tracheoles on the surface of testicular follicles (SEM). c. The longitudinal section of testis follicles (x200) (LM) (H&E). d. The detailed view of longitudinal section of a testis follicle (x400) (LM) (H&E). Fl-testis follicle, Sg-spematogonia, Spspematocytes, St-spermatids, Sz-spermatozoa, LM-light microscope, SEM-scanning electron microscope, H&E-Haematoxylin and Eosin.

Fig. 1. a in Notes of the internal adult male reproductive system of Pimelia subglobosa (Pallas, 1781) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Fig. 1. a. The general view of adult male reproductive organs in P. subglobosa (SM). b. SEM photograph of testis and first pair of accessory glands. c. SM photograph of adult male reproductive organs in P. subglobosa. d. The connection to seminal vesicle by vas deferens, of testis in P. subglobosa (SEM). Te-testis, Vd-vas deferens, Sv-seminal vesicle, De-ductus ejaculatorius, Ag1- the first pair of accessory glands, Ag2- the second pair of accessory glands, Tr-tracheae, Tltracheoles, SM-stereo microscope, SEM-scanning electron microscope.

Figure 10 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 10. Dorsal, lateral, ventral (Amblyptera) and front (Magrebmelia) view of characteristic or taxonomically relevant specimens of: A, P. (Amblyptera) tristis, B, P. (Amblyptera) scabrosa, C, P. (Amblyptera) fornicatiformis, D, P. (Magrebmelia) xauenensis, E–F, P. (Magrebmelia) escalerai, F, P. (Magrebmelia) escalerai.

Figure 9 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 9. Hypothetical stages of Pimelia dispersal by tsunamis: A, after an earthquake occurs, surface oscillations move water columns towards the coast, B, tsunami waves impact and coastal inundation occurs, C, sea water recedes, dragging offshore organic coastal debris with living animals such as Pimelia, D, currents disperse the rafts until they touch shore again.

Figure 6. Ancestral ranges within Magrebmelia inferred with the package BioGeoBEARS using the DEC model. Temporal estimates derived from a in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 6. Ancestral ranges within Magrebmelia inferred with the package BioGeoBEARS using the DEC model. Temporal estimates derived from a relaxed molecular clock analysis. Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) tree showing clade divergence times in millions of years. Coloured squares represent ancestral ranges depicted in the map, upper left; A, Betic, B, Rifean/ Kabylia, C, Middle Atlas, D, High Atlas. Coloured branches correspond to arrows in the lower left maps (1, 2), which indicate diversification route of Magrebmelia throughout the western Mediterranean Basin since the Early Miocene [East lineage (red) and South lineage (purple)], based on biogeographical reconstructions of western Mediterranean Pimelia (MasPeinado et al., 2018). Populations morphologically assignable to P. xauenensis but related to P. mauritanica are indicated by specimen numbers. Maps 1–2 modified from Andeweg (2002); Meulenkamp & Sissingh (2003).

Figure 8 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 8. Mitochondrial (cox1) and nuclear (ITS2) network analyses for P. scabrosa including three main mitochondrial lineages (I, II and III). Specimens from the Iberian Peninsula are coloured in red and from Morocco in green.

Figure 7 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 7. Mitochondrial (cox1) and nuclear (ITS2) network analyses for P. chrysomeloides including P. c. chrysomeloides, P. c. fornicata, P. c. bathyglypta and P. c. subris. Specimens from the Iberian Peninsula are coloured in red and from Morocco in green.

Figure 5 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 5. Ancestral ranges of Amblyptera and Amblypteraca inferred with BioGeoBEARS using the DEC model. Temporal estimates derived from a relaxed molecular clock analysis. Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) tree showing clade divergence times in millions of years. Coloured squares represent ancestral ranges depicted in the map, upper left; A, Iberian Plate, B, Betic, C, Rifean (not recovered in MCC tree), D, western Morocco Plateau, E, Anti-Atlas. Coloured branches correspond to arrows in the lower left maps (1-3), which indicate diversification routes of Amblypteraca (red) and Amblyptera (blue) throughout the western Mediterranean Basin since the Early Miocene, based on biogeographical reconstructions of western Mediterranean Pimelia (Mas-Peinado et al., 2018). Maps 1–3 modified from Andeweg (2002); Meulenkamp & Sissingh (2003).

Figure 2 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships within Amblypteraca. Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on 1965 bp of mtDNA and nDNA sequences (cox1, 16S and ITS2). The same topology was recovered under a maximum likelihood approach. Support for each node is represented by the posterior probabilities (PP) resulting from the Bayesian Inference analysis and the bootstrap support values (BS) obtained for the maximum likelihood tree (PP/BS). Node unsupported (−) in the corresponding analysis (PP lower than 0.95 and uBS support lower than 0.95). Specimens from the Iberian Peninsula are coloured in red and from Morocco in green. Middle left figure depicts phylogenetic relationships within the genus Pimelia (Mas-Peinado et al., 2018). Nomenclature follows Mas-Peinado et al. (2021).

Figure 4 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 4. Phylogenetic relationships within Magrebmelia. Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on 1965 bp of mtDNA and nDNA sequences (cox1, 16S and ITS2). The same topology was recovered under a maximum likelihood approach. Support for each node is represented by the posterior probabilities (PP) resulting from the Bayesian inference analysis and the bootstrap support values (BS) obtained for the maximum likelihood tree (PP/BS). Node unsupported (−) in the corresponding analysis (PP lower than 0.95 and uBS support lower than 0.95). Relationships among populations of P. xauenensis and P. mauritanica are unresolved. Specimens from the Iberian Peninsula are coloured in red and from Morocco in green. Middle left figure depicts phylogenetic relationships within the genus Pimelia (Mas-Peinado et al., 2018).

Figure 1 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 1. Habitus of representative species of Pimelia included in this study: A, P. (Amblypteraca) chrysomeloides fornicata (Portugal: Troia); B, P. (Amblypteraca) chrysomeloides chrysomeloides (Spain: Málaga: Torre de la Sal); C, P. (Ambypteraca) rotundipennis (Morocco: El Ghazoua); D, P. (Ambypteraca) fairmairii (Morocco: Ounagha); E, P. (Amblyptera) scabrosa (Spain: Cádiz: Tarifa, Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Luz); F, P. (Amblyptera) tristis (Morocco: Moulay Bouzerktoun); G, P. (Magrebmelia) maura (Spain: Cádiz: Medina Sidonia); H, P. (Magrebmelia) escalerai (Spain: Ceuta: Desnarigado-Monte Hacho); I, P. (Magrebmelia) thomsoni (Morocco: Djebel Siroua). Photographs by M.G-.P. and J.L.R.

Figure 3 in The Strait of Gibraltar is an ineffective palaeogeographic barrier for some flightless darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimelia)

Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships within Amblyptera. Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on 1965 bp of mtDNA and nDNA sequences (cox1, 16S and ITS2). The same topology was recovered under a maximum likelihood approach. Support for each node is represented by the posterior probabilities (PP) resulting from the Bayesian inference analysis and the bootstrap support values (BS) obtained for the maximum likelihood tree (PP/BS). Node unsupported (−) in the corresponding analysis (PP lower than 0.95 and uBS support lower than 0.95). Specimens from the Iberian Peninsula are coloured in red and from Morocco in green. Middle left figure depicts phylogenetic relationships within the genus Pimelia (Mas-Peinado et al., 2018).