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FIG. 6 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 6. — Cladogram showing phylogenetic relationship of Characiformes based on morphologic data, after Buckup (1991). The cladogram represents only the families analyzed in the present work. *, Characoidea (sensu Buckup 1998); **, clade sensu Malabarba 1998.

FIG. 3 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 3. — Sclerotized structures in Rhinoxenus; A-F, R. curimbatae n. sp.; A, male copulatory organ (MCO); B, vagina; C, ventral anchor; D, dorsal anchor; E, hook; F, ventral bar; G-M, R. guianensis n. sp.; G, male copulatory organ (MCO); H, vagina; I, hook from pair 2; J, hook from pairs 1, 3-7; K, ventral bar; L, ventral anchor; M, dorsal anchor. Scale bars: A, B, 20 μm; C, D, F, 30 μm; E, I, J, 15 μm; G, H, 10 μm; K-M, 50 μm.

FIG. 1 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 1. — Sclerotized structures of selected Rhinoxenus species; A, R. piranhus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, male copulatory organ (MCO); B, R. piranhus, vagina; C, R. nyttus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, MCO; D, R. nyttus, detail of the base of the MCO (distal portion of MCO not shown); E, R. nyttus, ventral anchor; F, R. arietinus Kritsky, Boeger & Thatcher, 1988, MCO. Arrow indicates the circular tandem sclerotized brims. Scale bars: A-D, F, 20 μm; E, 50 μm.

FIG. 8 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 8. — Summary of the proposed historical relationships of Rhinoxenus species and their hosts. The parasite cladogram (solid lines) is superimposed on that (broad grey lines) of their hosts taxa. Dotted lines indicate postulated extinction or sampling error of parasites; dashed-dotted lines indicate postulated dispersion of parasite clades; circles indicate cospeciation events; triangle indicates duplication event. *, clade sensu Malabarba 1998.

FIG. 4. — Rhinoxenus euryxenus n in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 4. — Rhinoxenus euryxenus n. sp.; A, holotype (ventral); B, vagina; C, male copulatory organ (MCO); D, hook from pairs 1, 3-7; E, hook from pair 2; F, ventral bar; G, ventral anchor; H, dorsal anchor. Scale bars: A, 100 μm; B-E, 10 μm; F-H, 50 μm.

FIG. 2. — Rhinoxenus anaclaudiae n in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 2. — Rhinoxenus anaclaudiae n. sp.; A, holotype (ventral); B, male copulatory organ (MCO); C, hook from pair 2; D, hook from pairs 1, 3-7; E, vagina; F, ventral bar; G, dorsal anchor; H, ventral anchor. Scale bars: A, 100 μm; B-E, 10 μm; F-H, 30 μm.

FIG. 7 in Neotropical Monogenoidea. 47. Phylogeny and coevolution of species of Rhinoxenus (Platyhelminthes, Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) and their Characiformes hosts (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) with description of four new species

FIG. 7. — Cladogram of hosts groups of Rhinoxenus species constructed from parasitological data and using Characiformes taxa analyzed in the present work. Dashed lines postulate dispersion. Each host group is labeled with its taxonomic epithet followed by the Rhinoxenus species parasitizing its members.

FIGURES 34–41. Mymarothecioides germanoi n in Monogenoids (Polyonchoinea, Dactylogyridae) from Hydrolycus armatus (Characiformes, Cynodontidae) with the description of a new species of Rhinoxenus and the proposal of a new genus from the Xingu River, Pará, Brazil

FIGURES 34–41. Mymarothecioides germanoi n. sp. 34. Holotype whole-mount (ventral) (composite). 35. Copulatory complex. 36. Hook pair 1–4, 6–7. 37. Hook pair 5. 38. Ventral bar. 39. Dorsal bar. 40. Ventral anchor. 41. Dorsal anchor.

FIGURES 27–33. Mymarothecioides ararai n in Monogenoids (Polyonchoinea, Dactylogyridae) from Hydrolycus armatus (Characiformes, Cynodontidae) with the description of a new species of Rhinoxenus and the proposal of a new genus from the Xingu River, Pará, Brazil

FIGURES 27–33. Mymarothecioides ararai n. sp. 27. Holotype whole-mount (ventral) (composite). 28. Copulatory complex. 29. Hook. 30. Ventral bar. 31. Dorsal bar. 32. Ventral anchor. 33. Dorsal anchor.

FIGURES 42–45 in Monogenoids (Polyonchoinea, Dactylogyridae) from Hydrolycus armatus (Characiformes, Cynodontidae) with the description of a new species of Rhinoxenus and the proposal of a new genus from the Xingu River, Pará, Brazil

FIGURES 42–45. The copulatory complex of species of Mymarothecioides n. gen. 42. Mymarothecioides ararai n. sp. 43. Mymarothecioides xinguensis n. sp. 44. Mymarothecioides altamirensis n. sp. 45. Mymarothecioides germanoi n. sp.

FIGURES 10–17. Mymarothecioides xinguensis n in Monogenoids (Polyonchoinea, Dactylogyridae) from Hydrolycus armatus (Characiformes, Cynodontidae) with the description of a new species of Rhinoxenus and the proposal of a new genus from the Xingu River, Pará, Brazil

FIGURES 10–17. Mymarothecioides xinguensis n. sp. 10. Holotype whole-mount (ventral) (composite). 11. Copulatory complex. 12. Hook pair 1–4, 6–7. 13. Hook pair 5. 14. Ventral bar. 15. Dorsal bar. 16. Ventral anchor. 17. Dorsal anchor.

FIGURES 1–9. Rhinoxenus cachorra n in Monogenoids (Polyonchoinea, Dactylogyridae) from Hydrolycus armatus (Characiformes, Cynodontidae) with the description of a new species of Rhinoxenus and the proposal of a new genus from the Xingu River, Pará, Brazil

FIGURES 1–9. Rhinoxenus cachorra n. sp. 1. Holotype whole-mount (ventral) (composite). 2. Copulatory complex. 3. Hook pair 2. 4. Hook pair 1. 5. Hook pair 3–7. 6. Ventral bar (view, ventral). 7. Ventral bar (view, dorsal). 8. Ventral anchor. 9. Dorsal anchor.

FIGURES 18–26. Mymarothecioides altamirensis n in Monogenoids (Polyonchoinea, Dactylogyridae) from Hydrolycus armatus (Characiformes, Cynodontidae) with the description of a new species of Rhinoxenus and the proposal of a new genus from the Xingu River, Pará, Brazil

FIGURES 18–26. Mymarothecioides altamirensis n. sp. 18. Composite whole-mount (ventral). 19. Copulatory complex. 20. Hook pair 1–4. 21. Hook pair 5. 22. Hook pair 6–7. 23. Ventral bar. 24. Dorsal bar. 25. Ventral anchor. 26. Dorsal anchor.