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FIGURE 14 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 14. Illustrations of the polyps magnified under a stereomicroscope of each morphotype described in Clade C for Polynesian specimens and grouped following the taxonomic discussion. Illustrated polyps have all been stored in 70% ethanol for the same period of time before being photographed, therefore their state of preservation is comparable. Scales: 1 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 11. Stichopathes spp. of Clade C, with pictures of entire colonies and middle sections of corallum (polypar side on the right side). (a–d) NHMT-R2E1007. (e–h) NHMT-R2E1008. (i–l) NHMT-R2E1009. (c, g, k) Typical polypar spines. (d, h, l) Abpolypar spines.

FIGURE 9 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 9. Stichopathes cf. contorta NHMT-R2E1005.S1–S3. (a, d, g) Basal spines that cannot be characterized as polypar/ abpolypar due to the lack of polyps in this zone. (b, e) Polypar spines of the middle section. (c) Spine of the apical section. (f, i) Abpolypar spines of the apical section. (h) Spine of the middle section.

FIGURE 8 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 8. Basal, middle, and apical sections of the skeletons of Stichopathes cf. contorta, with the polypar sides oriented on the right on the middle sections. (a–c) NHMT-R2E1005.S1–S3 sections 1 mm, 0.74 mm and 0.52 mm in diameter respectively. (d–f) NHMT-R2E1004.S1–S3 sections 0.83 mm, 0.81 mm and 0.37 mm in diameter respectively.

FIGURE 7 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 7. Stichopathes cf. contorta. General views of entire colonies, which always have a well-defined contorted pattern. (a–b) In situ and laboratory illustrations of specimen NHMT-R2E1005. (c) Specimen NHMT-R2E1004. (d) Specimen NHMT-R2E1006.

FIGURE 1 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree of 53 antipatharians representing 4 families inferred by Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses and based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 rDNA, with the Myriopathidae family as outgroup (note that the analysis included one Stylopathidae Tylopathes sp. in the family). Both analyses gave the same tree topologies. Node values are based on 1000 bootstrap replicates and posterior probabilities, respectively. Clades of Stichopathes species are highlighted by colors and correspond to those of Bo et al. 2012. French Polynesian specimens with field numbers correspond to specimens for which only pictures of the colony and DNA extractions were available.

FIGURE 10 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 10. Examples of the differences seen in polyp shape and appearance of the same fragment from the same colony. (a) Entire colony NHMT R2E1018. (b) In situ picture. (c) Freshly sampled fragment. (d) Fragment stored in 70% ethanol for a few months.

FIGURE 3 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 3. Stichopathes desaturata sp. nov. (a) Holotype NHMT-R2E1001. (b) Stichopathes C38 field observation. (c) Stichopathes C39 field observation. (d) Paratype NHMT-R2E1002. (e) Stichopathes C41 field observation. (f) Stichopathes C42 field observation. (g) Paratype NHMT-R2E1003. (h) Aspect of the polyps of the holotype NHMT-R2E1001 after a few months stored in 70% ethanol. (i–j) Field observations of living polyps with extended tentacles in Stichopathes C61 and Stichopathes C41, respectively.

FIGURE 4 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 4. Basal, middle, and apical sections of the skeletons of two representative specimens of Stichopathes desaturata sp. nov., with the polypar sides oriented on the right. (a) Schizoholotype R2E1001.S3, 0.37 mm in diameter. (b) Schizoholotype R2E1001.S2, 0.34 mm in diameter. (c) Schizoholotype R2E1001.S1, 0.20 mm in diameter. (d) Schizoparatype R2E1003.S3, 0.73 mm in diameter. (e) Schizoparatype R2E1003.S2 0.40 mm in diameter. (f) Schizoparatype R2E1003.S1 0.15 mm in diameter.

FIGURE 2 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 2. (a) Phylogenetic tree of Symbiodiniaceae sequences belonging to Cladocopium and Breviolum detected in some Stichopathes colonies (from Clade C) derived from Bayesian approaches. Bayesian posterior probabilities (first values) and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support values (in brackets) are presented in black. (b–d) Histological views of zooxanthellaelike cells repartition in black coral tissues (blue arrows). Stichopathes C01 was identified belonging from Clade C based on a picture and the general morphology of the colony.

Figure 3 in Morphological and molecular characterization of the problematic whip black coral genus Stichopathes (Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from Indonesia (North Sulawesi, Celebes Sea)

Figure 3. Morphological characteristics of the four Indonesian clades. A–D, clade A. A, spiral or contorted, thin stem. B, C, triangular, laterally compressed, papillose spines. D, light-brown polyps. E, H, clade B. E, contorted, thick stem, with flat and meandritic convolutions. F, G, triangular–conical spines, with few, small apical tubercles, and, at times, basal papillae. H, brown polyps, sagittally compressed. I, L, clade C. I, spiral, thick stem. J, K, triangular–conical spines, with numerous, small apical tubercles and sparse secondary spines. L, dense brown or white polyps, sagittally compressed. M, P, clade D. M, straight, thick stem, several metres long, and often with one or a few lateral branches. N, O, triangular–conical spines, with numerous, small apical tubercles and sparse secondary spines. P, dense brown or white polyps, sagittally compressed. Scale bars: M, 20 cm; A, E, I, 10 cm; D, 5 cm; H, L, P, 0.5 cm; B, F, J, N, 400 Mm; C, G, K, O, 200 Mm.

Figure 4 in Morphological and molecular characterization of the problematic whip black coral genus Stichopathes (Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from Indonesia (North Sulawesi, Celebes Sea)

Figure 4. SEM photographs showing the variability of the spines in clade A (A–H), clade B (I–P), and clade C (Q–X) (central portions shown). A, E, straight portions of the stem. B, F, curved portions of the stem. C, G, polypar spines. D, H, abpolypar spines. I–J, M–N, curved portions of the stem. K, O, polypar spines. L, M, abpolypar spines. Q–R, U–V, curved portions of the stem. S, W, polypar spines. T, X, abpolypar spines. Scale bar: A, C, E, F, I, J, M, N, Q, R, U, and V, 250 Mm; K, L, O, P, S, T, W, and X, 100 Mm; C, D, G, and H, 50 Mm.

Figure 5 in Morphological and molecular characterization of the problematic whip black coral genus Stichopathes (Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from Indonesia (North Sulawesi, Celebes Sea)

Figure 5. SEM photographs showing the variability of the spines in clade D. A–L, central portions of several specimens, with close-up views of the spines. M, N, apical portions of two specimens. Scale bars: A, D, E, F, G, H, J, L, and M, 1 mm; C, K, and N, 500 Mm; I, 200 Mm; B, 100 Mm.

Figure 2 in Morphological and molecular characterization of the problematic whip black coral genus Stichopathes (Hexacorallia: Antipatharia) from Indonesia (North Sulawesi, Celebes Sea)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained by Bayesian inference, based on internal transcribed spacer rDNA of 45 antipatharian specimens, and with the scleractinian coral Porites lutea as the out-group. The numbers on the left represent the posterior probabilities (> 95). The maximum parsimony tree (length, 975 steps; consistency index, CI, 0.711; and retention index, RI. 0.874) shows identical topology, and the numbers on the right represent the bootstrap estimated values (> 50).

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Respiration rate measurements for antipatharians (black corals; Stichopathes gracilis and Antipathella wollastoni) from the Canary Islands Archipelago.

Row data for respiration rate measurements used in the manuscript entitled "Higher daily temperature range at depth is linked with higher thermotolerance in Antipatharians from the Canary Islands".  Ramp experiments were performed with coral fragments from the three populations (Antipathella wollastoni from 25 m and 40 m and Stichopathes gracilis from 80 m). Each ramp was divided in two legs, respectively called 'hot ramp' and 'cold ramp', both starting at the acclimation temperature. Here, we define 'ramp experiment', as the progressive increase/decrease (hot/cold ramp) by gradual steps of temperature. The minimum temperature tested corresponded to the lower seasonal temperature experienced by the organism in its environment. The maximum temperature tested was the highest seasonal temperature experienced by the organism in its environment +3°C. Each time, one fragment of a colony was used for the hot ramp and the second fragment, from the same colony, was used for the cold ramp. This allowed every fragment to be used only in a single ramp (and not reused), as well as to have paired replicates (fragments from the same colony) between hot and cold ramps. Each ramp proceeded identically for specimens from the three populations. Seven fragments from different colonies were moved from their acclimation tank to one of the eight respirometry chambers held in the experimental tank. They were first left to acclimate for 1 hour in darkness and then the chambers were closed, and oxygen consumption was measured for 40 min in darkness, starting at the acclimation temperature. After this period of stable temperature, the chambers were opened in the experimental tank (allowing water exchange between the water in the chambers and in the experimental tank) and temperature was increased/decreased for 30 min to the next step of temperature. Once reached, the fragments were left 30 more min in their open chambers to acclimate to the new temperature, before starting a new 40 min measurement period (with closed chambers). Oxygen saturation in the chambers was always above 80%. This procedure was repeated for each step of temperature. At the end of the last respiration rate measurement, chambers were opened, temperature was decreased back to the acclimation temperature and new measurements of respiration rate were taken after 2.5 hours and 12 hours, to evaluate whether the fragments were able to recover from the heat stress (recovery capacity). The recovery capacity was only assessed at the end of the hot ramp (not at the end of the cold ramp). During all ramps, one chamber was left free from any fragment (blank/control chamber) to account for background respiration (i.e., part of the respiration attributed to seawater microbes and/or instrument drift). Respiration rates were calculated by measuring the oxygen consumption (expressed in oxygen saturation) of the fragments through time, for the eight respirometry chambers simultaneously. One measure was recorded every 5 s on each chamber using fibre-optic oxygen sensors connected to two 4-channel Fibre Optic Oxygen Transmitter (OXY-4 SMA G2 and OXY-4 SMA G3, Pre-Sens Precision Sensing GmbH, Germany). The volume and shape of the chambers changed based on the morphology of the species: fragments of A. wollastoni (bushy) were placed in 400 mL cylindrical plastic chambers and fragments of S. gracilis (unbranched, long and thin corallum) in 50 mL Falcon tubes. A new oxygen sensor spot (PreSens SP-PSt3-NAU-D5-YOP-SA) was glued in every chamber and calibrated according to the supplier’s manual. A magnetic stir bar, separated from the fragment by a mesh, allowed to maintain constant homogenization of the dissolved gas in the chambers.

FIGURE 6 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 6. (a–c) Stichopathes echinulata Brook, 1889 schizotype USNM100371 from holotype BM82.2.21.5 with detailed view of polypar spine. (d) Stichopathes variabilis van Pesch, 1914 – photo of holotype, Stichopathes filiformis (Gray, 1868) sensu Silberfeld, (1909), specimen Zool. Staatssammlung München Reg.Nr. 20030287. (e) Detailed view of a spine of Stichopathes occidentalis (Gray, 1860) schizoholotype USNM100386.

FIGURE 5 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 5. Polypar and abpolypar spines of the basal, middle, and apical sections of the holotype Stichopathes desaturata sp. nov. NHMT-R2E1001 (schizoholotypes S1–S3). The spines are triangular to conical, with sharp tips, and papillae varying from spherical to elongated towards the tips, localized on the whole surface or on the two thirds of the surface.

FIGURE 13 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 13. Stichopathes spp. of Clade C, with pictures of entire colonies and middle sections of corallum (polypar side on the right side). (a–d) NHMT-R2E1013. (e–h) NHMT-R2E1014. (i–l) NHMT-R2E1015. (c, g, k) Typical polypar spines. (d, h, l) Abpolypar spines..

FIGURE 12 in Whip black corals (Antipatharia: Antipathidae: Stichopathes) of the Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem of Mo'orea (French Polynesia), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 12. Stichopathes spp. of Clade C, with pictures of entire colonies and middle sections of corallum (polypar side on the right side). (a–d) NHMT-R2E1010. (e–h) NHMT-R2E1011. (i–l) NHMT-R2E1012. (c, g, k) Typical polypar spines. (d, h, l) Abpolypar spines. Small white dots on the spines are an artifact of SEM preparation.