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FIG. 2 in Biological activity of some Romanian and Turkish Trichoderma Pers. strains

FIG. 2. — Trichoderma Pers. hyperparasitic development on various plant pathogens: Alt., Alternaria sp. Nees; B.c., Botrytis cinerea Pers.; F.c., Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G.Sm.) Sacc.; F.g., F. graminearum Schwabe; F.o., F.oxysporum Schltdl.; F.p., F. proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach & Nirenberg; M.p., Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.; S.s., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary.

FIG. 1 in Biological activity of some Romanian and Turkish Trichoderma Pers. strains

FIG. 1. — In vitro antifungal activity of tested Trichoderma strains Ș4 (2), Td-Exp1 (3) and Td-Exp2 (4) against various plant pathogens (1), such as Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G.Sm.) Sacc. (A), F. oxysporum Schltdl. (B), Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. (C) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (D). Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 3 in Biological activity of some Romanian and Turkish Trichoderma Pers. strains

FIG. 3. — Mycoparasitic activity of Trichoderma Td-Exp1 strains against plant pathogens:A, Botrytis cinerea Pers.; B, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe;C, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 5 in Biological activity of some Romanian and Turkish Trichoderma Pers. strains

FIG. 5. — Metabolic activity in biofilm and antibiofilm effect of Trichoderma spp. against human pathogenic bacterial strains. Symbols: ns, no significant; *, p <0.05; **, p <0.01; ***, p <0.001; ****, p <0.0001.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Figure 1 in Amazonian soil fungi are efficient degraders of glyphosate herbicide; novel isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Trichoderma

Figure 1. Mass spectrum resulting from the HPLC-MS of the isolated Penicillium 4A21 filtered. The filtrate presents possible peaks of glyphosate (170.07), AMPA (112.13) and sarcosine (89).

Figure 2 in Trichoderma: biological control efficiency and perspectives for the Brazilian Midwest states and Tocantins

Figure 2. Interaction mechanisms of Trichoderma spp. and phytopathogens. (A) Yellow, red, and blue correspond to the antagonistic actions of Trichoderma from contact with phytopathogens; (B) Contact of fungal hyphae (Trichoderma spp. in green and phytopathogens in orange). Elements in pink correspond to the process of competition for space (long base) and nutrients (rectangles). Blue circles correspond to the metabolites produced by Trichoderma. Yellow stars represent the enzymes produced by Trichoderma in the mycoparasitic process.

Figure 4 in Influence of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis with reducing rates of NPK on growth, physiology, and fruit quality of Citrus aurantifolia

Figure 4. Effect of two biofertilizers mixing with different level of NPK on leaf TSS content of Key lemon (Limau nipis). Error bars indicates ±SE. Different letters in the bar graph represent the statistically significant at 5% level. T0, control; T1, NPK 100% (100 g); T2, T. harzianum 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T3, B. thuringiensis 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T4, T. harzianum 75% (7.5g) + NPK 25%; T5, B. thuringiensis 75% (7.5 g) + NPK 25%, T6, 100% T. harzianum (10 g); T7, 100% B. thuringiensis (10 g).

Figure 5 in Influence of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis with reducing rates of NPK on growth, physiology, and fruit quality of Citrus aurantifolia

Figure 5. Effect of two biofertilizers mixing with different level of NPK on fruit TSS content of Key lemon (Limau nips). Error bars indicates ±SE. Different letters in the bar graph represent the statistically significant at 5% level. T0, control; T1, NPK 100% (100 g); T2, T. harzianum 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T3, B. thuringiensis 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T4, T. harzianum 75% (7.5g) + NPK 25%; T5, B. thuringiensis 75% (7.5 g) + NPK 25%, T6, 100% T. harzianum (10 g); T7, 100% B. thuringiensis (10 g).

Figure 1 in Influence of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis with reducing rates of NPK on growth, physiology, and fruit quality of Citrus aurantifolia

Figure 1. Effect of two biofertilizers mixing with different level of NPK on specific leaf area of limau nipis. Error bars indicate ± S. E. Different small case letters in mean value bars represent statistical difference at 5% level. T0, control; T1, NPK 100% (100 g); T2, T. harzianum 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T3,B. thuringiensis 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T4, T. harzianum 75% (7.5g) + NPK 25%; T5, B. thuringiensis 75% (7.5 g) + NPK 25%, T6, 100% T. harzianum (10 g); T7, 100% B. thuringiensis (10 g).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Redefining the clade Spirale of the genus Trichoderma by re-analyses of marker sequences and the description of new species

Alingnments used to build the phylogenetic trees shown in the manuscript. Antagonism - data on antagonism of Trichoderma species against plant pathogens. Clade comparisons - data used to build Fig S6.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Trichoderma atroviride P1 Colonization of Tomato Plants Enhances Both Direct and Indirect Defense Barriers Against Insects

FIGURE 1  Survival rate of S. littoralis larvae, from 3rd instar (time 0) to pupation, reared on tomato leaves obtained from plants treated with Trichoderma atroviride P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test, P = 0.0027).   FIGURE 3  Survival of Macrosiphum euphorbiae reared on tomato plants treated with T. atroviride P1 or untreated control plants. Asterisk indicates that the two survival curves are significantly different (LogRank test, P = 0.0012).   FIGURE 4  Flight behavior of Aphidius ervi females (%) toward tomato plants inoculated with T. atroviride P1 and untreated controls. Asterisk indicates a significant difference, assigned by G test for independence (P < 0.001).   TABLE 1 GC-MS detection of VOCs released by tomato plants obtained from seeds untreated (Control) and treated with Trichoderma atroviride strain P1.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Recognition of endophytic Trichoderma species by leaf-cutting ants and their potential in a Trojan-horse management strategy

Interactions between leaf-cutting ants, their fungal symbiont (Leucoagaricus) and the endophytic fungi within the vegetation they carry into their colonies are still poorly understood. If endophytes antagonistic to Leucoagaricus were found in plant material being carried by these ants, then this might indicate a potential mechanism for plants to defend themselves from leaf-cutter attack. In addition, it could offer possibilities for the management of these important Neotropical pests. Here, we show that, for Atta sexdens rubropilosa, there was a significantly greater incidence of Trichoderma species in the vegetation removed from the nests—and deposited around the entrances—than in that being transported into the nests. In a no-choice test, Trichoderma-infested rice was taken into the nest, with deleterious effects on both the fungal gardens and ant survival. The endophytic ability of selected strains of Trichoderma was also confirmed, following their inoculation and subsequent reisolation from seedlings of eucalyptus. These results indicate that endophytic fungi which pose a threat to ant fungal gardens through their antagonistic traits, such as Trichoderma, have the potential to act as bodyguards of their plant hosts and thus might be employed in a Trojan-horse strategy to mitigate the negative impact of leaf-cutting ants in both agriculture and silviculture in the Neotropics. We posit that the ants would detect and evict such 'malign' endophytes—artificially inoculated into vulnerable crops—during the quality-control process within the nest, and, moreover, that the foraging ants may then be deterred from further harvesting of 'Trichoderma-enriched' plants.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Combined Biostimulant Applications of Trichoderma spp. with Fatty Acid Mixtures Improve Biocontrol Activity, Horticultural Crop Yield and Nutritional Quality

Raw Data of "Combined Biostimulant Applications of Trichoderma spp. with Fatty Acid Mixtures Improve Biocontrol Activity, Horticultural Crop Yield and Nutritional Quality".

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Context-dependent effects of Trichoderma seed inoculation on anthracnose disease and seed yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): ambient conditions override cultivar-specific differences

Root colonizing Trichoderma fungi can stimulate plant immunity, but net effects are strain × cultivar-specific and changing ambient conditions further contribute to variable outcomes. Here, we used four Trichoderma spp. to inoculate seeds of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars and explored in three different experimental setups the effects on fungal anthracnose after leaf inoculation with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Plants growing in pots with field soil under greenhouse conditions exhibited the highest and those in the open field the lowest overall levels of disease. Among 48 Trichoderma strain × bean cultivar × setup combinations, Trichoderma-inoculation enhanced disease in six and decreased disease in ten cases, but with the exception of T. asperellum B6-inoculated Negro San Luis beans, the strain × cultivar-specific effects on anthracnose severity differed among the setups, and anthracnose severity did not predict seed yield in the open field. In the case of Flor de Mayo beans, Trichoderma even reduced yield in anthracnose-free field plots, although this effect was counterbalanced in anthracnose-infected plots. We consider our work as a case study that calls for stronger emphasis on field experiments in the early phases of screenings of Trichoderma inoculants as plant biostimulants.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Trichoderma-Arabidopsis interaction by Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Interaction between the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the fungus Trichoderma atroviride. Three sample groups (Arabidopsis thaliana, Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma-Arabidopsis interaction) with 3 biological replicates were monitored for 10 days, resulting in 40 points. This experiment was focused on monitoring the kinetics of the volatile organic compound (VOC) 6-Pentyl-2H-Pyran-2-One (6-PP), a molecule produced by Trichoderma that helps to establish interaction with plants.  More details and results are available in the publication written by Torres-Ortega et al. (DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121231">10.3390/metabo12121231</a>).  Data were collected with custom 3D-printed Low-Temperature Plasma (DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01019">10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01019</a>) ambient ionization source, coupled to an LCQ-fleet ion trap (Thermo Scientific, USA). Mass spectra were taken in full spectra at 50-500 m/z range, on profile mode. Each MS scan consists of 10 micros cans. Data was saved under the RAW property format of Thermo. To convert to mzML open format, Proteowizard was used.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Supplemental data for: Endophyte genomes support greater metabolic gene cluster diversity compared with non-endophytes in Trichoderma

Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan genus with diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes, including mycotrophy, saprophytism, and endophytism. Previous research has reported greater metabolic gene repertoires in endophytic fungal species compared to closely-related non-endophytes. However, the extent of this ecological trend and its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Some endophytic fungi may also be mycotrophs and have one or more mycoparasitism mechanisms. Mycotrophic endophytes are prominent in certain genera like Trichoderma, therefore, the mechanisms that enable these fungi to colonize both living plants and fungi may be the result of expanded metabolic gene repertoires. Our objective was to determine what, if any, genomic features are overrepresented in endophytic fungi genomes in order to undercover the genomic underpinning of the fungal endophytic lifestyle. Here we compared metabolic gene cluster and mycoparasitism gene diversity across a dataset of thirty-eight Trichoderma genomes representing the full breadth of environmental Trichoderma's diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes. We generated four new Trichoderma endophyticum genomes to improve the sampling of endophytic isolates from this genus. As predicted, endophytic Trichoderma genomes contained, on average, more total biosynthetic and degradative gene clusters than non-endophytic isolates, suggesting that the ability to create/modify a diversity of metabolites potential is beneficial or necessary to the endophytic fungi. Still, once the phylogenetic signal was taken into consideration, no particular class of metabolic gene cluster was independently associated with the Trichoderma endophytic lifestyle. Several mycoparasitism genes, but no chitinase genes, were associated with endophytic Trichoderma genomes. Most genomic differences between Trichoderma lifestyles and nutritional modes are difficult to disentangle from phylogenetic divergences among species, suggesting that Trichoderma genomes may be particularly well-equipped for lifestyle plasticity. We also consider the role of endophytism in diversifying secondary metabolism after identifying the horizontal transfer of the ergot alkaloid gene cluster to Trichoderma.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

DATASET: Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests

Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, Trichoderma are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, Trichoderma atroviride P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The in vitro development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, and the noctuid moth, Spodoptera littoralis. Tomato plants treated with T. afroharzianum T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while T. atroviride P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two Trichoderma species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in Trichoderma-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable Trichoderma isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.

publicApr 2024View details →

Time and spatially-resolved Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectromicroscopy of cellulose in buffered reactions with Trichoderma reesei Cel7A

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publicApr 2017View details →

Data from: Recognition of endophytic Trichoderma species by leaf-cutting ants and their potential in a Trojan-horse management strategy

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