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10 results for “Xylotrupes”
Figures 1-4. Raspulae. 1-2 in Notes on nomenclature in Xylotrupes Hope (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae Dynastini)
Figures 1-4. Raspulae. 1-2)X. carinulus sp. nov. 1) Right raspula. 2) Left raspula. 3-4) X. clinias buru ssp. nov. 3) Right raspula. 4) Left raspula.
Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
<p class="BodyA">Consistent and objective species delimitation is crucial to biodiversity studies, but challenges remain when conflicting taxonomic decisions have been made because different data sets and analytical methods were used to delineate species. In the rhinoceros beetle, <em>Xylotrupes siamensis</em>, the use of different morphological characters has resulted in taxonomic disagreement between studies. We used three molecular loci (mitochondrial <em>CO1</em> and nuclear ITS2 and <em>H3</em>) to investigate the genetic divergence between populations exhibiting different male horn phenotypes. We also applied an approximate Bayesian computation approach to test alternative historical hypotheses that might explain the present genetic diversity among geographical populations. Furthermore, we used species distribution models to estimate the temporal variation in the geographical distribution of suitable habitats. The results show that the two phenotypic taxa within <em>X. siamensis</em> are not genetically structured and that their genetic structure can be explained using isolation by geographical distance. The emergence of the two phenotypic taxa might have been associated with historical isolation in separate refugia. However, spatial expansion and genetic interchange between populations might have gradually eroded the spatial genetic structure. We demonstrate that understanding the historical processes responsible for phenotypic divergence and genetic diversity among current populations could help with making evolutionarily coherent taxonomic decisions.</p>
Figure 3 in Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 3. Phylogenetic networks of the three analysed loci and three historical scenarios explaining the origin of the CLAOS population tested using the DIYABC program. The colour of each individual shown in the network corresponds to the taxonomic assignment colour in the DIYABC analysis. Scenario 2 was the most likely model selected by the program (~60% posterior support), and scenario 1 also received moderate support (~30% posterior support). Results of posterior support among scenarios and model checking, in addition to the estimated parameter values (population sizes and divergence times), can be found in the Supporting Information (Figs S3–S8).
Figure 1 in Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 1. Different male horn phenotypes in Xylotrupes siamensis. Left panels show exemplars of males of the Tonkinensis (short horn) phenotypes and right panels the Siamensis (long horn with a cephalic horn denticle) phenotype. Samples from the CLAOS population (for details, see Table 1; Fig. 2) exhibit intermediate horn length, and the major males have the cephalic horn denticle.
Figure 4 in Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 4. Associations between three biogeographical distance measures and genetic differentiation (FST), measured at three loci (CO1, ITS2 and H3), for populations of Xylotrupes siamensis. Mantel test statistics (r) indicate the strength and significance of correlations between the genetic distance and biogeographical distance. Distance calculations are detailed in the Material and Methods section. Least cost distances were subject to rescaling and are thus unitless.
Figure 2. A in Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Figure 2. A, the sampling sites of Xylotrupes siamensis populations in this study. White circles indicate samples of the Tonkinensis form and grey circles the Siamensis form. The Mekong River is indicated using a thick grey line; elevational differences are shown via a coloured scale, where a lighter colour depicts higher elevation (maximum = 4000 m a.s.l.). B, location of the study area within the Asia–Pacific region. C–E, species distribution model predictions based on the Last Interglacial (C), the Last Glacial Maximum (D) and current climatic conditions (E) are shown, where darker blue indicates higher predicted climatic suitability.
Isolation by geographical distance after release from Pleistocene refugia explains genetic and phenotypic variation in Xylotrupes siamensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
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Fig. 1 in First Report of Elephant Beetles in the Genus Xylotrupes Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Attacking Guava
Fig. 1. Extensive damage to guava fruit by Xylotrupes siamensis.
Fig. 2. Xylotrupes siamensis attacking a in First Report of Elephant Beetles in the Genus Xylotrupes Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Attacking Guava
Fig. 2. Xylotrupes siamensis attacking a mature guava fruit, accompanied by drosophilid flies.
Figures 5-6. Male holotypes. 5 in Notes on nomenclature in Xylotrupes Hope (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae Dynastini)
Figures 5-6. Male holotypes. 5) X. carinulus sp. nov.; total length 66 mm. 6) X. clinias buru ssp. nov.; total length 69 mm.
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