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22 results for “active dispersal”
Host spatial structure and disperser activity determine mistletoe infection patterns
<p><span>What processes and factors are responsible for species distribution are long-standing questions in ecology and a key element for conservation and management. Mistletoes provide the opportunity to study a forest species whose occurrence is expected to be constrained by multiple factors as a consequence of their life form. We studied the mistletoe <i>Tristerix corymbosus</i> (Loranthaceae) on its most common hosts species in northwest Patagonia. The seeds of this mistletoe are almost exclusively dispersed by the small arboreal and endemic marsupial <i>Dromiciops gliroides</i> (Microbiotheridae). We assessed the underlying causes of plant spatial patterns through point pattern analysis and we used different variables that characterize the neighborhood around each host to analyze the relative effect of host availability, potential for disperser movement, and canopy light conditions. We found that potential hosts were strongly aggregated and that the three most common host species were distributed independent of each other. Considering all host species together, infected and non-infected host were individually aggregated but segregated from each other. The aggregated pattern of infected hosts could be explained in part by the template of potential hosts distribution, but was subsequently modulated by the activity of the mistletoe disperser. Potential for disperser movement, the proximity to reproductive mistletoes and habitat complexity, increased mistletoe infection probability. However, neighboring host availability decreased mistletoe infection probability, and tree DBH (used as surrogate for light conditions) had no detectable effect. Our results suggested that the distribution of mistletoe infection was determined by the structure of potential host populations and by the marsupial disperser activity. Compared to bird dispersed mistletoes, the scale of the infection was smaller and the proximity to reproductive mistletoes and habitat complexity were important for seed arrival and infection. The interplay between landscape structure and disperser activity determine the spatial structure of mistletoe future generations. </span></p>
Data from: Limiting burrowing activity and overland dispersal of the invasive alien red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii by sophisticated design of watercourses
<p>Two datasets belonging to the paper "Limiting burrowing activity and overland dispersal of the invasive alien red swamp crayfish <i>Procambarus clarkii</i> by sophisticated design of watercourses" published in Ecological Engineering (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106787), are provided here. </p><p> </p><p>The first dataset "Burrow data from Limiting burrowing activity and overland dispersal P. clarkii.csv" contains data from an inventory of crayfish burrows in three watercourses in the municipality of Horssen (Province of Gelderland), the Netherlands. These data were collected during a lowering of the water level in these watercourses, which takes place annually in the winter period to prevent nuisance from excessively high phreatic groundwater in agricultural areas. The sites were located up to 5 km apart. On each bank, red swamp crayfish burrows with tunnel openings in banks below the shoreline were counted from the opposite bank of the watercourse using binoculars. This field survey was performed in March 2019 when the water level was lowered for the maintenance of the watercourses. The chance of overlooking burrows was very low as the vegetation cover was low in this period. Three sites with 'natural-like' banks (banks rehabilitated to a natural profile during rehabilitation projects, in the dataset referred to as 'natural' banks) were chosen in the area with a lowered water level and presence of red swamp crayfish. At site 1, 2 and 3, a total of 125, 46 and 18 bank transects respectively, each one 10 metres long, were surveyed. Banks were categorized as follows: (a) non-natural (steep, <i>viz</i>. > 40°, and barely vegetated; n = 77), (b) semi-natural (steep with some vegetation; n = 50), and (c) natural (gentle sloping, <i>viz</i>. < 25°, with a diverse, well-developed submerged and emergent vegetation; n = 62). See the paper for schematic cross-sections of three bank types.</p><p>The second dataset "Inclination experiment data from Limiting burrowing activity and overland dispersal P. clarkii.csv" contains data of an inclination experiment to relate frequencies of overland movement of the red swamp crayfish to several inclinations and substrate types. For this purpose, a wooden plate of 120 x 180 cm with a 10 cm thick layer of soil was used as a base on which three lanes of 40 cm wide and 180 cm long were constructed with one substrate type each: a) bare sandy soil, b), species-poor grassland with low (2-5 cm) vegetation and c) tall (40-50 cm) herbaceous-rich grassland. Inclinations applied for this experiment were 0°, 10°, 20° and 30°. Individuals were randomly selected for each treatment and placed in the middle of a lane and oriented perpendicular to the lane. After each trial, the crayfish was placed back in the water container and replaced by another crayfish. There was a minimum period of at least one hour between each trial for each crayfish. Each crayfish was used once for each substrate type and inclination test, and the treatment order was randomised for each animal. A crayfish was placed in the middle of the lane and could freely move around for a period of three minutes. Hereafter, by the change of its position on the lane after 3 minutes it was recorded whether an individual moved up (or left in case of 0°), down (or right in case of 0°), or did not move. In total, 273 trials were conducted. Trial numbers differ between treatments due to mortality of three animals during storage.</p><p> </p><p>Abstract</p><p> </p><p>Invasive alien crayfish species pose major ecological and hydrological risks globally. The red swamp crayfish (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>) is one of the most widespread crayfish species worldwide. Its impacts arise from burrowing activities and lead to mobilization of soil nutrients, water safety risks by instability of dikes and erosion of banks. Increased sediment load demands additional dredging of drainage ditches and canals to ensure their water discharge capacity. Sustainable methods for limiting burrowing in banks and dispersal behaviour of crayfish were not yet available. Therefore, a field study was performed to determine whether the number of burrows and overland movement of crayfish were related to a particular bank type. Burrows were counted in three watercourses during a water-level decline. The number of burrows was significantly lower in natural banks than in non-natural and semi-natural banks. The construction of natural-like banks along watercourses may significantly reduce sediment load, erosion and the collapse of banks by burrowing activities of crayfish. An inclination experiment mimicking various types of terrestrial dispersal barriers elucidated that steepness, soil type and vegetation structure of small embankments near watercourses were significant factors for manipulating overland movement of crayfish. Crayfish were taken out of the water for this purpose and placed on small experimental embankments varying in slope and types of vegetation. The lowest frequencies of upward movement were recorded at inclinations of 20° and 30° on bare sandy soil and short and species-poor grassland substrates. This implies that crayfish crawling out of the water will return to the watercourse when encountering such a dispersal barrier. Therefore, a sophisticated design of embankments along watercourses can be a tool to reduce colonization risk of nearby located, hydrologically isolated water bodies with high nature values. </p>
Figure 2. Energy dispersive X in Morphological, optical and thermal properties of α- and γ-aluminum nanoparticles: Assessment of their biological activities against storage mites and mycotoxin producing fungi
Figure 2. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of α - and γ-Al2O3NPs.
Data associated with studies on the establishment, winter activity, and dispersal of crapemyrtle bark scale
<p>These data files are associated with studies on the establishment, winter activity, and dispersal of crapemyrtle bark scale .</p>
Host spatial structure and disperser activity determine mistletoe infection patterns
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Data from: Asynchrony between ant seed dispersal activity and fruit dehiscence of myrmecochorous plants
Phenological mismatch has received attention in plant-pollinator interactions, but less so in seed dispersal mutualisms. We investigated whether the seasonal availability of myrmecochorous seeds is well matched to the seasonal activity patterns of seed-dispersing ants. Methods We compared seasonal timing of seed removal by a keystone seed-dispersing ant, Aphaenogaster rudis, and fruit dehiscence of several species of plants whose seeds it disperses in a deciduous forest in southern Ontario, Canada. We examined the timing of elaiosome 'robbing' by the non-native slug, Arion subfuscus, and tested whether seed removal by ants declines in response to supplementation with additional elaiosome-bearing seeds (ant "satiation"). Key Results Seed removal from experimental depots peaked early in the season for all plant species, and that seed removal correlated with temperature. In contrast, elaiosome robbing by slugs increased late in the season and thus may disproportionately affect plants with late-dehiscing fruits. Ant colonies removed seeds at similar rates regardless of seed supplementation, indicating that satiation likely does not impact seasonal patterns of seed dispersal in this system. Fruits of the five myrmecochorous plant species in our study dehisced at discrete intervals throughout the season, with minimal overlap among species. Peak dehiscence did not overlap with peak seed removal for any plant species. Conclusions Fruit dehiscence of myrmecochorous plants and peak ant seed dispersal activity occur asynchronously. Whether future climate warming will shift ant and plant phenologies in ways that have consequences for seed dispersal remains an open question. In compliance with data protection regulations, please contact the publication office if you would like to have your personal information removed from the database.
Data from: Human activities and landscape features interact to closely define the distribution and dispersal of an urban commensal.
The rock pigeon, Columba livia, is a cosmopolitan human commensal, domesticated thousands of years ago. However, the human-mediated factors governing its distribution and dispersal are not well understood. In this study, we performed (1) hierarchical distance sampling on ~400 island-wide point transects, (2) a population genomic inquiry based on ~7000 SNPs from almost 150 individuals, and (3) landscape-genomic analyses on the basis of extensive ecological and social-economic databases to characterize the distribution and dispersal patterns of rock pigeons across Singapore. Our distance sampling results indicated that the volume of intentional 'mercy feeding' and availability of high-rise buildings are the most reliable predictors of high pigeon densities in Singapore. Genomic analyses demonstrated that rock pigeons in Singapore form a single population possibly derived from rapid expansion from a genetically homogenous group of founder individuals. Specifically, rock pigeons in Singapore lack sex-biased dispersal and are clustered with a genetic patch size of ~3km. Landscape genomic analyses of great precision pointed to the presence of dense trees as agents of resistance to dispersal whereas a high road density reduces this resistance. By pinpointing a range of ecological and socio-economic variables determining the distribution and dispersal of pigeons, our study provides urban planners with the tools for optimal management of this human commensal, such as a curtailment of the practice of mercy feeding and modifications to the urban landscape to reduce pigeon density and to lower the likelihood of repopulation by dispersal.
Data from: Divergent effects of forest edges on host distribution and seed disperser activity influence mistletoe distribution and recruitment
1. Species interactions define functional diversity and community stability across ecosystems, and depend on the spatial distribution, the habitat requirements, and the sensitivity to disturbances of all interacting partners. Hence, assessing the effects of such anthropogenic disturbances on multi-species interactions may be essential to improve adaptation and mitigation measures for biodiversity conservation. 2. We determined the importance of edge effects on the interaction and distribution of three keystone species in South American temperate rainforests: the hemiparasitic mistletoe Tristerix corymbosus, its main host (the liana Campsidium valdivianum) and its only seed disperser (the marsupial Dromiciops gliroides). 3. The discordant impacts of forest edges on host (positive) and seed disperser (negative) affected mistletoe distribution at large spatial scales, owing to the combined effects of increased dispersal limitation and decreased host availability. More importantly, marsupial abundance had contrasting effects on mistletoe abundance at small and large spatial scales – suggesting a potential trade-off between local and long-distance dispersal. 4. We found the number of adult mistletoes per host increased with host size, which likely indicates that mistletoe colonization accumulated over the host's life-span. However, the number of juveniles found per host peaked at medium-sized hosts, increased with marsupial abundance and host availability and showed a negligible response to edges. 5. Synthesis: The lack of spatial congruence between host and seed disperser probably explains the scarcity of mistletoes in the study area, although the discordant drivers of juvenile and adult distributions suggest that there is a trade-off between recruitment patterns but also potential dispersal limitation at small scales. In essence, the interdependence among species linked by (mutualistic and antagonistic) interactions makes them more sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance, exacerbating its impact on the diversity and functioning of forest ecosystems.
Fig. 1 in Female-Biased Dispersal Activity of the River-Shore Stag Beetle,Nicagus japonicusNagel (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), in a Disrupted Habitat
Fig. 1. The ecology and habitat of Nicagus japonicus. a) Female, b) Several N. japonicus on the ground; male and female beetles are indicated by blue and red arrows, respectively, c) Riverside habitat in the Kinugawa River tributary near Dorobu, Japan; in 2012, many N. japonicus were observed on the sandy area of the riverside, d) Habitat completely disrupted in 2013 and only a few N. japonicus were observed in this area, e) Larvae feeding inside driftwood in the laboratory; arrows indicate larval feces packed in the tunnels, f) Larva (arrow) tunneling in the sand and pupating in contact with the bottom of a plastic cage.
Fig. 2 in Female-Biased Dispersal Activity of the River-Shore Stag Beetle,Nicagus japonicusNagel (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), in a Disrupted Habitat
Fig. 2. Daily maximum temperature at the Dorobu Weather Station in 2012 and 2013. Arrows indicate the days of the field surveys.
Data from: Human activities and landscape features interact to closely define the distribution and dispersal of an urban commensal.
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Data from: A model for simulating the active dispersal of juvenile sea turtles with a case study on western Pacific leatherback turtles
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Data from: Asynchrony between ant seed dispersal activity and fruit dehiscence of myrmecochorous plants
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Data from: Divergent effects of forest edges on host distribution and seed disperser activity influence mistletoe distribution and recruitment
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Data from: Active buoyancy adjustment increases dispersal potential in benthic marine animals
1. While the study of dispersal and connectivity in the ocean typically centers on pelagic species and planktonic larval stages of benthic species, the present work explores an overlooked locomotor means in post-settlement benthic stages that redefines their dispersal potential. 2. Members of the echinoderm class Holothuroidea colonize a diversity of marine environments worldwide, where they play key ecological and economical roles, making their conservation a priority. Holothuroids are commonly called sea cucumbers or sea slugs to reflect their slow movements and are assumed to disperse chiefly through pelagic larvae. 3. The present study documents and explores their unexpected ability to actively modify their buoyancy, leading them to tumble or float at speeds orders of magnitudes faster than through benthic crawling. Two focal species representing different taxonomic orders, geographic distributions and reproductive strategies were studied over several years. 4. Active buoyancy adjustment (ABA) was achieved through a rapid increase in seawater to flesh ratio by up to 740%, leading to bloating, and simultaneously detachment from the substrate. It occurred as early as 6 months post settlement in juveniles and was recorded in wild adult populations. In experimental trials, ABA was triggered by high conspecific density, decreasing salinity and increasing water turbidity. Based on field video footage, ABA-assisted movements generated speeds of up to 90 km d-1. 5. These findings imply that displacement during planktonic larval stages may not supersede the locomotor capacity of benthic stages, challenging the notion of sedentarity. Combining the present results and anecdotal reports, ABA emerges as a generalized means of dispersal among benthic animals, with critical implications for worldwide management and conservation of commercially and ecologically significant species.
Data from: Bird-mediated seed dispersal: reduced digestive efficiency in active birds modulates the dispersal capacity of plant seeds
Plant populations in fragmented ecosystems rely largely on internal dispersal by animals. To unravel the mechanisms underlying this mode of dispersal, an increasing number of experimental feeding studies is carried out. However, while physical activity is known to affect vertebrate digestive processes, almost all current knowledge on mechanisms of internal seed dispersal has been obtained from experiments with resting animals. We investigated how physical activity of the mallard Anas platyrhynchos, probably the quantitatively most important biotic dispersal agent in aquatic habitats in the entire Northern Hemisphere, affects gut passage survival and retention time of ingested plant seeds. We fed seeds of nine common wetland plants to mallards trained to subsequently swim for six hours in a flume tank at different swimming speeds (activity levels). We compared gut passage survival and retention times of seeds against a control treatment with mallards resting in a conventional dry cage. Intact gut passage of seeds increased significantly with mallard activity (up to 80% in the fastest swimming treatment compared to the control), identifying reduced digestive efficiency due to increased metabolic rates as a mechanism enhancing the dispersal potential of ingested seeds. Gut passage speed was modestly accelerated (13% on average) by increased mallard activity, an effect partly obscured by the interaction between seed retention time and probability of digestion. Gut passage acceleration will be more pronounced in digestion-resilient seed species, thereby modulating their dispersal distances. Our findings imply that seed dispersal potential by mallards calculated from previous experiments with resting birds is highly underestimated, while dispersal distances may be overestimated for some plant species. Similar effects of physical activity on digestive efficiency of mammals suggests that endozoochorous dispersal of plant seeds by vertebrates is more effective and plays a quantitatively more important ecological role in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems than previously thought.
Data from: Air humidity thresholds trigger active moss spore release to extend dispersal in space and time
1. Understanding the complete dispersal process is important for making realistic predictions of species distributions, but mechanisms for diaspore release in wind-dispersed species are often unknown. However, diaspore release under conditions that increase the probability of longer dispersal distances and mechanisms that extend dispersal events in time may have evolutionary advantages. 2. We quantified air humidity thresholds regulating spore release in the moss Brachythecium rutabulum. We also investigated the prevailing micrometeorological conditions when these thresholds occur in nature and how they affect dispersal distances up to 100 m, using a mechanistic dispersal model. 3. We show that moss spores were mainly released when the peristome teeth were opening, as relative air humidity (RH) decreased from high values to relatively low (mainly between 90% and 75% RH). This most often occurred in the morning, when wind speeds were relatively low. Surprisingly, the model predicted that an equally high proportion of the spores would travel distances beyond 100 m (horizontally) when released in the wind conditions prevailing during events of RH decrease in the morning, that lead to peristome opening, as in the highest wind speeds. Moreover, a higher proportion of the spores reached high altitudes when released at the lower wind speeds during the morning compared to the higher speeds later in the day, indicating a possibility for extended dispersal distances when released in the morning. Dispersal in the morning is enhanced by a combination of a more unstable atmospheric surface layer, that promotes vertical dispersal, and a lower wind speed that decreases the spore deposition probability onto the ground, compared to later in the day. 4. Our study demonstrates an active spore release mechanism in response to diurnally changing air humidity. The mechanism may promote longer dispersal distances, because of enhanced vertical dispersal and because spores being released in the morning have more time to travel before the wind calms down at night. The mechanism also leads to a prolonged dispersal period over the season, which may be viewed as a risk spreading in time that ultimately also leads to a higher diversity of establishment conditions, dispersal distances and directions.
Data from: Active buoyancy adjustment increases dispersal potential in benthic marine animals
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Data from: Bird-mediated seed dispersal: reduced digestive efficiency in active birds modulates the dispersal capacity of plant seeds
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Data from: Air humidity thresholds trigger active moss spore release to extend dispersal in space and time
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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