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72 results for “adaptive diversification”
F I G U R E 4 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes
F I G U R E 4 Visual representation of trends in ecomorph number based on phosphorus concentration (μg L 1). Data from Landry et al. (2007) and Siwertsson et al. (2010). Graph plotted in R using the ggplot2 package (Wickham, 2016).
F I G U R E 1 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes
F I G U R E 1 Conceptual diagram of the different components examined in this paper and how they may relate to origins and maintenance of sympatric divergent ecomorphs. Created with BioRender.com.
F I G U R E 5 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes
F I G U R E 5 Visual representation of trends in ecomorph number based on the number of fish species present in a lake, other than the diversifying species pairs/groups. Data from Siwertsson et al. (2010), Vamosi (2003), and Öhlund et al. (2020). Graph plotted in R using the ggplot2 package (Wickham, 2016).
F I G U R E 3 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes
F I G U R E 3 Visual representation of trends in ecomorph number based on bathymetric traits. (a) Lake surface area (km2). Data from Bolnick and Lau (2008), Gordeeva et al. (2015), Lucek et al. (2016), Öhlund et al. (2020), Siwertsson et al. (2010), and Vamosi (2003). (b) Lake maximum depth (m). Data from Gordeeva et al. (2015), Landry et al. (2007), Öhlund et al. (2020), and Siwertsson et al. (2010). Box plots indicate median and interquartile range. Note that the y-axes in graphs consist of untransformed data but are plotted on logarithmic scales due to the large range in reported values for these variables. Graphs plotted in R using the ggplot2 package (Wickham, 2016).
Data from: Periodic environmental disturbance drives repeated ecomorphological diversification in an adaptive radiation of Antarctic fishes
<p><span>The ecological theory of adaptive radiation has profoundly shaped our conceptualization of the rules that govern diversification. However, while many radiations follow classic early burst patterns of diversification as they fill ecological space, the longer-term fates of these radiations depend on many factors, such as climatic stability. In systems with periodic disturbances, species-rich clades can contain nested adaptive radiations of subclades with their own distinct diversification histories, and how adaptive radiation theory applies in these cases is less clear. Here, we investigated patterns of ecological and phenotypic diversification within two iterative adaptive radiations of cryonotothenioid fishes in Antarctica's Southern Ocean: crocodile icefishes and notoperches. For both clades, we observe evidence of repeated diversification into disparate regions of trait space between closely related taxa and into overlapping regions of trait space between distantly related taxa. We additionally find little evidence that patterns of ecological divergence are correlated with evolution of morphological disparity, suggesting that these axes of divergence may not be tightly linked. Finally, we reveal evidence of repeated convergence in sympatry that suggests niche complementarity. These findings reflect the dynamic history of Antarctic marine habitats, and may guide hypotheses of diversification dynamics in environments characterized by periodic disturbance.</span></p>
The role of neutral and adaptive genomic variation in population diversification and speciation in two ground squirrel species of conservation concern
<p>Understanding the neutral (demographic) and adaptive processes leading to the differentiation of species and populations is a critical component of evolutionary and conservation biology. In this context, recently diverged taxa represent a unique opportunity to study the process of genetic differentiation. Northern and southern Idaho ground squirrels (Urocitellus brunneus – NIDGS, and U. endemicus - SIDGS, respectively) are a recently diverged pair of sister species that have undergone dramatic declines in the last 50 years and are currently found in metapopulations across restricted spatial areas with distinct environmental pressures. Here we genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from buccal swabs with restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). With these data we evaluated neutral genetic structure at both the inter- and intraspecific level, and identified putatively adaptive SNPs using population structure outlier detection and genotype-environment association (GEA) analyses. At the interspecific level, we detected a clear separation between NIDGS and SIDGS, and evidence for adaptive differentiation putatively linked to torpor patterns. At the intraspecific level, we found evidence of both neutral and adaptive differentiation. For NIDGS, elevation appears to be the main driver of adaptive differentiation, while neutral variation patterns match and expand information on the low connectivity between some populations identified in previous studies using microsatellite markers. For SIDGS, neutral substructure generally reflected natural geographic barriers, while adaptive variation reflected differences in land cover and temperature, as well as elevation. These results clearly highlight the roles of neutral and adaptive processes for understanding the complexity of the processes leading to species and population differentiation, which can have important conservation implications in susceptible and threatened species.</p>
Climatic adaptation explains responses to Pleistocene oscillations and diversification in European vipers
<p>Table with the occurrence data at 10 min resolution (~20x20 km) for 24 lineages of the genus <em>Vipera, </em>used in "Climatic adaptation explains responses to Pleistocene oscillations and diversification in European vipers".</p>
Data from: Periodic environmental disturbance drives repeated ecomorphological diversification in an adaptive radiation of Antarctic fishes
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The role of neutral and adaptive genomic variation in population diversification and speciation in two ground squirrel species of conservation concern
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Cranial modularity drives phenotypic diversification and adaptive radiation of Antarctic icefishes
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Data from: Adaptation to hummingbird pollination is associated with reduced diversification in Penstemon
A striking characteristic of the Western North American flora is the repeated evolution of hummingbird pollination from insect-pollinated ancestors. This pattern has received extensive attention as an opportunity to study repeated trait evolution as well as potential constraints on evolutionary reversibility, with little attention focused on the impact of these transitions on species diversification rates. Yet traits conferring adaptation to divergent pollinators potentially impact speciation and extinction rates, since pollinators facilitate plant reproduction and specify mating patterns between flowering plants. Here we examine macroevolutionary processes affecting floral pollination syndrome diversity in the largest North American genus of flowering plants, Penstemon. Within Penstemon, transitions from ancestral bee-adapted flowers to hummingbird-adapted flowers have frequently occurred, although hummingbird-adapted species are rare overall within the genus. We inferred macroevolutionary transition and state-dependent diversification rates and found that transitions from ancestral bee-adapted flowers to hummingbird-adapted flowers are associated with reduced net diversification rate, a finding based on an estimated 17 origins of hummingbird pollination in our sample. While this finding is congruent with hypotheses that hummingbird adaptation in North American Flora is associated with reduced species diversification rates, it contrasts with studies of neotropical plant families where hummingbird pollination has been associated with increased species diversification. We further used the estimated macroevolutionary rates to predict the expected pattern of floral diversity within Penstemon over time, assuming stable diversification and transition rates. Under these assumptions, we find that hummingbird-adapted species are expected to remain rare, due to their reduced diversification rates. In fact, current floral diversity in the sampled Penstemon lineage, where less than one-fifth of species are hummingbird-adapted, is consistent with predicted levels of diversity under stable macroevolutionary rates.
FIGURE 2 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes
FIGURE 2 Legend on next page.
Data from: Mosaic adaptive peak shifts underlie body shape diversification in Pelagiaria fishes (Acanthomorpha: Percomorpha)
<p>Extreme body elongation in fishes is a major evolutionary transformation that extends the boundaries of morphological diversity and alters aspects of function, behavior, and ecology. Prior studies have identified features of the cranial and axial skeleton that characterize elongate fishes, but a lack of detailed reconstructions of anatomical evolution has limited inferences about factors that underlie major shifts in body shape. In this study, we fit multi-peak adaptive (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck) evolutionary models to species body shape and anatomical dimensions in Pelagiaria, a radiation of open-ocean fishes whose species span a continuum from deep-bodied to highly elongate. We inferred an ancestral fusiform adaptive peak that is retained by several major pelagiarian lineages (e.g., Scombridae) and found robust support for multiple transitions to deep-bodied (in the families Stromateidae, Bramidae, and Caristiidae) and elongate-bodied optima (within Trichiuroidei), including two instances of sequential shifts toward increasingly elongate optima that followed distinct paths of anatomical evolution. Within Trichiuridae, initial increases in head length and vertebral number were followed by changes in head and vertebral shape. Within an elongate-bodied subclade of taxa traditionally identified as 'gempylids', shifts in head and vertebral shape as well as number of precaudal vertebrae preceded an increase in number of caudal vertebrae. Altogether, this mosaic of anatomical peak shifts suggests that body shape transformations were associated with differing selective demands and developmental changes.</p>
Data from: Adaptive diversification of growth allometry in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana
Seed plants vary tremendously in size and morphology. However, variation and covariation between plant traits may at least in part be governed by universal biophysical laws and biological constants. Metabolic Scaling Theory (MST) posits that whole-organismal metabolism and growth rate are under stabilizing selection that minimizes the scaling of hydrodynamic resistance and maximizes the scaling of resource uptake. This constrains variation in physiological traits and in the rate of biomass accumulation, so that they can be expressed as mathematical functions of plant size with near constant allometric scaling exponents across species. However, observed variation in scaling exponents questions the evolutionary drivers and the universality of allometric equations. We have measured growth scaling and fitness traits of 451 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with sequenced genomes. Variation among accessions around the scaling exponent predicted by MST correlated with relative growth rate, seed production and stress resistance. Genomic analyses indicate that growth allometry is affected by many genes associated with local climate and abiotic stress response. The gene with the strongest effect, PUB4, has molecular signatures of balancing selection, suggesting that intraspecific variation in growth scaling is maintained by opposing selection on the trade-off between seed production and abiotic stress resistance. Our findings support a core MST prediction and suggest that variation in allometry contributes to local adaptation to contrasting environments. Our results help reconcile past debates on the origin of allometric scaling in biology, and begin to link adaptive variation in allometric scaling to specific genes.
Data from: Diversification dynamics in Caribbean rain frogs (Eleutherodactylus) are uncoupled from the anuran community and consistent with adaptive radiation
<p><span>Adaptive radiation</span><span> is proposed to play a key role in generating differences in species richness among lineages and geographic regions. Due to the importance of ecological divergence in adaptive radiation, species richness is predicted to be influenced by equilibrium diversity dynamics, although the concept continues to generate much debate. An additional important question is whether radiating clades have intrinsic biological characteristics that make them particularly prone to diversify. We tackle these questions by analyzing <em>i</em>) the temporal patterns of diversification of Caribbean <em>Eleutherodactylus</em> frogs, and <em>ii</em>) assembly of the complete native anuran community of the Caribbean archipelago (197 species), testing for the presence of equilibrium dynamics and whether diversification patterns of <em>Eleutherodactylus</em> differ from those of the rest of the Caribbean anurans. Diversification rates follow the predicted pattern of rapid diversification early in the radiation, which gradually decreases towards the present. <em>Eleutherodactylus</em> diversification is significantly faster than that of the Caribbean anuran community, and although equilibrium dynamics influence richness of all Caribbean anurans, <em>Eleutherodactylus</em> shows higher carrying capacity. Our results indicate that ecological opportunity <em>per se</em> is not sufficient for adaptive radiation and that diverse lineages present intrinsic characteristics that enable them to make the most of available opportunity.</span></p>
Complex life cycles drive community assembly through immigration and adaptive diversification
<p>Most animals undergo ontogentic niche shifts during their life. Yet, standard ecological theory builds on models that ignore this complexity. Here, we study how complex life cycles, where juvenile and adult individuals each feed on different sets of resources, affect community richness. Two different modes of community assembly are considered: gradual adaptive evolution and immigration of new species with randomly selected phenotypes. We find that under gradual evolution complex life cycles can lead to both higher and lower species richness when compared to a model of species with simple life cycles that lack an ontogenetic niche shift. Thus, complex life cycles do not per se increase the scope for gradual adaptive diversification. However, complex life cycles can lead to significantly higher species richness when communities are assembled through immigration, as immigrants can occupy isolated peaks of the dynamic fitness landscape that are not accessible via gradual evolution.</p>
Data from: Insights into the Genomics of Clownfish Adaptive Radiation: the Genomic Substrate of the Diversification
<p>Mitochondrial genome assembly of 9 clownfish (<strong><em>Amphiprion akallopisos, A. bicinctus, A. melanopus, A. nigripes, A. ocellaris, A. preideraion, A. polymnus, A. sebae, Premnas biaculeatus</em>)</strong> species and 1 damselfish species (<strong><em>Pomacentrus moluccensis</em></strong>), presented in "Insights into the genomics of clownfish adaptive radiation: the genomic substrate of the diversification". </p>
Data from: Adaptive diversification of growth allometry in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana
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Data from: Diversification dynamics in Caribbean rain frogs (Eleutherodactylus) are uncoupled from the anuran community and consistent with adaptive radiation
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Adaptation to hummingbird pollination is associated with reduced diversification in Penstemon
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