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67 results for “adaptive heterogeneity”
Genetic divergence and local adaptation of Liriodendron driven by heterogeneous environments
<p><span>Ecological adaptive differentiation alters both the species diversity and intraspecific genetic diversity in forests, thus affecting the stability of forest ecosystems. Therefore, knowledge of the genetic underpinnings of the ecological adaptive differentiation of forest species is critical for effective species conservation. In this study, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from population transcriptomes were used to investigate the spatial distribution of genetic variation in <i>Liriodendron</i> to assess whether environmental variables can explain genetic divergence. We examined the contributions of environmental variables to population divergence and explored the genetic underpinnings of local adaptation using a landscape genomic approach. Niche models and statistical analyses showed significant niche divergence between <i>L. chinense</i> and <i>L. tulipifera</i>, suggesting that ecological adaptation may play a crucial role in driving interspecific divergence. We detected a new fine-scale genetic structure in <i>L. chinense</i>, and divergence of the six groups occurred during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed significant associations between genetic variation and multiple environmental variables. Environmental association analyses identified 67 environmental association loci (EALs; nonsynonymous SNPs) that underwent interspecific or intraspecific differentiation, 28 of which were associated with adaptive genes. These 28 candidate adaptive loci provide substantial evidence for local adaptation in <i>Liriodendron</i>. Our findings reveal ecological adaptive divergence pattern between <i>Liriodendron</i> species and provide novel insight into the role of heterogeneous environments in shaping genetic structure and driving local adaptation among populations, informing future <i>L. chinense</i> conservation efforts. </span></p>
Data for: (Epi)genomic adaptation driven by fine geographical scale environmental heterogeneity after recent biological invasions
<p><span>Elucidating processes and mechanisms involved in rapid local adaptation to varied environments is a poorly understood but crucial component in management of invasive species. Recent studies have proposed that genetic and epigenetic variation could both contribute to ecological adaptation, yet it remains unclear on the interplay between these two components underpinning rapid adaptation in wild animal populations. To assess their respective contributions to local adaptation, we explored epigenomic and genomic responses to environmental heterogeneity in eight recently colonized ascidian (<em>Ciona intestinalis</em>) populations at a relatively fine geographical scale. Based on MethylRADseq data, we detected strong patterns of local environment-driven DNA methylation divergence among populations, significant epigenetic isolation by environment (IBE), and a large number of local environment-associated epigenetic loci. Meanwhile, multiple genetic analyses based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed genomic footprints of </span><span>divergent selection</span><span>. </span><span>In addition, for five genetically similar populations, we detected significant methylation divergence and local environment-driven methylation patterns, indicating strong effects of local environments on epigenetic variation. From a functional perspective, a majority of functional genes, gene ontology (GO) terms, and biological pathways were largely specific to one of these two types of variation, suggesting partial independence between epigenetic and genetic adaptation. The methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL) analysis showed that the genetic variation explained only 18.67% of methylation variation, further confirming the autonomous relationship between these two types of variation. Altogether, we highlight the complementary interplay of genetic and epigenetic variation involved in local adaptation, which may jointly promote populations' rapid adaptive capacity and successful invasions in different environments. The findings here provide valuable insights into interactions between invaders and local environments to allow invasive species to rapidly spread, thus contributing to better prediction of invasion success and development of management strategies.</span></p>
Data from: Environmental heterogeneity and not vicariant biogeographic barriers generate community wide population structure in desert adapted snakes
Genetic structure can be influenced by local adaptation to environmental heterogeneity and biogeographic barriers, resulting in discrete population clusters. Geographic distance among populations, however, can result in continuous clines of genetic divergence that appear as structured populations. Here we evaluate the relevant importance of these three factors over a landscape characterized by environmental heterogeneity and the presence of a hypothesized biogeographic barrier in producing population genetic structure within 13 codistributed snake species using a genomic dataset. We demonstrate that geographic distance and environmental heterogeneity across western North America contribute to population genomic divergence. Surprisingly, landscape features long thought to contribute to biogeographic barriers play little role in divergence community wide. Our results suggest that isolation by environment is the most important contributor to genomic divergence. Furthermore, we show that models of population clustering that incorporate spatial information consistently outperform nonspatial models, demonstrating the importance of considering geographic distances in population clustering. We argue that environmental and geographic distances as drivers of community-wide divergence should be explored before assuming the role of biogeographic barriers.
Leaf size variations in a dominant desert shrub, Reaumuria soongarica, adapted to heterogeneous environments
<p>The climate in arid Central Asia (ACA) has changed rapidly in recent decades, but the ecological consequences of this are far from clear. To predict the impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning, greater attention should be given to the relationships between leaf functional traits and environmental heterogeneity. As a dominant constructive shrub widely distributed in ACA, <em>Reaumuria soongarica</em> provided us with an ideal model to understand how leaf functional traits of desert ecosystems responded to the heterogeneous environments of ACA. Here, to determine the influences of genetic and ecological factors, we characterized species-wide variations in leaf traits among 30 wild populations of <em>R. soongarica</em> and 16 populations grown in a common garden. We found that the leaf length, width, and leaf length to width ratio (L/W) of the northern lineage were significantly larger than those of other genetic lineages, and principal component analysis based on the <em>in situ</em> environmental factors distinguished the northern lineage from the other lineages studied. With increasing latitude, leaf length, width, and L/W in the wild populations increased significantly. Leaf length and L/W were negatively correlated with altitude, and first increased and then decreased with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP). Stepwise regression analyses further indicated that leaf length variation was mainly affected by latitude. However, leaf width was uncorrelated with altitude, MAT or MAP. The common garden trial showed that leaf width variation among the eastern populations was caused by both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Our findings suggest that <em>R. soongarica</em> preferentially changes leaf length to adjust leaf size to cope with environmental change. We also reveal phenotypic evidence for ecological speciation of <em>R. soongarica</em>. These results will help us better understand and predict the consequences of climate change for desert ecosystem functioning.</p>
Data for: Genomic signals of local adaptation across climatically heterogenous habitats in an invasive tropical fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni)
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Local</span> <span>adaptation</span> plays a key role in the successful establishment of pest populations in new environments by enabling them to tolerate novel biotic and abiotic conditions experienced outside their native range. However, the <span>genomic underpinnings of such adaptive responses</span> remain unclear, especially for agriculturally important pests. We investigate<span>d</span> <span>population </span>genomic signatures in the tropical/subtropical Queensland fruit fly, <em>Bactrocera tryoni</em>, which has <span>an </span>expanded range <span>encompassing</span> temperate and arid zones in Australia, <span>and</span> tropical <span>zones in the Pacific Islands</span>. Using reduced representation sequencing data from 28 populations, we detected allele frequency shifts associated with the <span>native/invasive </span>status of populations and <span>identified</span> environmental factors that <span>have likely </span>drive<span>n</span> population differentiation. We also determined that precipitation, temperature<span>,</span> and geographic variables explain allelic shifts across the distribution range of <em>B. tryoni</em>. <span>We found</span> spatial heterogeneity in signatures of local adaptation across various climatic conditions in invaded areas. Specifically, disjunct invasive populations in the tropical <span>Pacific Islands</span> and arid zones of Australia <span>were characterised by</span> multiple significantly differentiated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), some of which were associated with genes with well-understood function in environmental stress (e.g., heat and desiccation) response. However, invasive populations in southeast Australian temperate zones show<span>ed</span> higher gene flow with the native range <span>and </span>lacked a strong local <span>adaptive signal</span>. These results suggest that population connectivity with the native range has <span>differentially </span>affect<span>ed</span> <span>local adaptive patterns in different</span> invasive populations. Overall, our findings provide insights into the evolutionary underpinnings of invasion success of an important horticultural pest in climatically distinct environments.</p>
Data from: Environmental heterogeneity and not vicariant biogeographic barriers generate community wide population structure in desert adapted snakes
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Leaf size variations in a dominant desert shrub, Reaumuria soongarica, adapted to heterogeneous environments
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Genetic divergence and local adaptation of Liriodendron driven by heterogeneous environments
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Data for: Genomic signals of local adaptation across climatically heterogenous habitats in an invasive tropical fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni)
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Data for: (Epi)genomic adaptation driven by fine geographical scale environmental heterogeneity after recent biological invasions
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Data from: Field heritability of a plant adaptation to fire in heterogeneous landscapes
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Genomic insights into adaptation to heterogeneous environments for the ancient relictual Circaeaster agrestis (Circaeasteraceae, Ranunculales)
<p>Investigating the interaction between environmental heterogeneity and local adaptation is critical to understand the evoutionary history of a species, providing the premise for studying the response of organisms to rapid cimate change. However, for most species how exacty the spatial heterogeneity promotes popuation divergence and how genomic variations contribute to adaptive evolution remain poorly understood.</p> <p>We examine the contributions of geographica and environmental variables to population divergence of the relictual, alpine herb <i>Circaeaster agrestis</i>, as wel as genetic basis of local adaptation using RAD-seq and plastome data.</p> <p><span>We detected</span> significant genetic structure with <span>an extraordinary disequilibrium of genetic diversity</span><span> among regions</span>, and signals of isolation-by-distance along with isolation-by-resistance. The populations were estimated to begin diverging in the late Miocene, along with a possible ancestral distribution of the Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions. Both environmental gradient and <span>redundancy </span>analyses revealed significant association between genetic variation and temperature variables<i>.</i> <span><span>Genome</span></span><span><span>‐</span></span><span><span>environment association analyses identified 16 putatively adaptive loci mainly related </span></span>mainly <span><span>to biotic and abiotic stress resistance.</span></span></p> <p><span>Our genome wide data provide new insights into the important roe of </span>environmenta heterogeneity<span> in shaping genetic structure, and access the footprints of ocal adaptation in an </span>ancient reictual species, informing future conservation efforts<span>.</span></p> <div> <div class="gtx-trans-icon"> </div> </div>
Data from: Landscape heterogeneity and local adaptation define the spatial genetic structure of Pacific salmon in a pristine environment
Identifying the spatial distribution of genetic variation across the landscape is an essential step in informing species conservation. Comparison of closely related and geographically overlapping species can be particularly useful in cases where landscape may similarly influence genetic structure. Congruent patterns among species highlight the importance that landscape heterogeneity plays in determining genetic structure whereas contrasting patterns emphasize differences in species-specific ecology and life-history or the importance of species-specific adaptation to local environments. We examined the interacting roles of demography and adaptation in determining spatial genetic structure in two closely related and geographically overlapping species in a pristine environment. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci exhibiting both neutral and putative adaptive variation, we evaluated the genetic structure of sockeye salmon in the Copper River, Alaska; these data were compared to existing data for Chinook salmon from the same region. Overall, both species exhibited patterns of isolation by distance; the spatial distribution of populations largely determined the distribution of genetic variation across the landscape. Further, both species exhibited largely congruent patterns of within- and among-population genetic diversity, highlighting the role that landscape heterogeneity and historical processes play in determining spatial genetic structure. Potential adaptive differences among geographically proximate sockeye salmon populations were observed when high FST outlier SNPs were evaluated in a landscape genetics context. Results were evaluated in the context of conservation efforts with an emphasis on reproductive isolation, historical processes, and local adaptation.
Data from: Does genetic variation maintained by environmental heterogeneity facilitate adaptation to novel selection?
Environmental heterogeneity helps maintain genetic variation in fitness. Therefore, one might predict that populations living in heterogeneous environments have higher adaptive potential than populations living in homogeneous environments. Such a prediction could be useful in guiding conservation priorities without requiring detailed genetic studies. However, this prediction will be true only if the additional genetic variation maintained by environmental heterogeneity can be used to respond to novel selection. Here we examine the effect of environmental heterogeneity on future adaptability using replicated experimental Drosophila melanogaster populations that had previously evolved for ∼100 generations under one of four selective regimes: constant salt-enriched larvae medium, constant cadmium-enriched larvae medium, and two heterogeneous regimes that vary either temporally or spatially between the two media. Replicates of these experimental populations were subjected to a novel heat stress while being maintained in their original larval diet selection regimes. Adaptation to increased temperature was measured with respect to female productivity and male siring success after ∼20 generations. For female productivity, there was evidence of adaptation overall and heterogeneous populations had a larger adaptive response than homogeneous populations. There was less evidence of adaptation overall for male siring success and no support for faster adaptation in heterogeneous populations.
Data from: Adaptation to local climate in a multi-trait space: evidence from silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations across a heterogeneous environment
Heterogeneous environments, such as mountainous landscapes, create spatially varying selection pressure that potentially affects several traits simultaneously across different life stages, yet little is known about the general patterns and drivers of adaptation in such complex settings. We studied silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) populations across Switzerland and characterized their mountainous landscape using downscaled historical climate data. We sampled 387 trees from 19 populations and genotyped them at 374 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to estimate their demographic distances. Seedling morphology, growth and phenology traits were recorded in a common garden, and a proxy for water use efficiency was estimated for adult trees. We tested whether populations have more strongly diverged at quantitative traits than expected based on genetic drift alone in a multi-trait framework, and identified potential environmental drivers of selection. We found two main responses to selection: (i) populations from warmer and more thermally stable locations have evolved towards a taller stature, and (ii) the growth timing of populations evolved towards two extreme strategies, "start early and grow slowly" or "start late and grow fast", driven by precipitation seasonality. Populations following the "start early and grow slowly" strategy had higher water use efficiency and came from inner Alpine valleys characterized by pronounced summer droughts. Our results suggest that contrasting adaptive life-history strategies exist in silver fir across different life stages (seedling to adult), and that some of the characterized populations may provide suitable seed sources for tree growth under future climatic conditions.
Data from: Functional decoupling between flowers and leaves in the Ameroglossum pernambucense complex can facilitate local adaptation across a pollinator and climatic heterogeneous landscape
Decoupling between floral and leaf traits is expected in plants with specialized pollination systems to assure a precise flower–pollinator fit, irrespective of leaf variation associated with environmental heterogeneity (functional modularity). Nonetheless, developmental interactions among floral traits also decouple flowers from leaves regardless of selection pressures (developmental modularity). We tested functional modularity in the hummingbird-pollinated flowers of the Ameroglossum pernambucense complex while controlling for developmental modularity. Using two functional traits responsible for flower–pollinator fit [floral tube length (TL) and anther–nectary distance (AN)], one floral trait not linked to pollination [sepal length (SL), control for developmental modularity] and one leaf trait [leaf length (LL)], we found evidence of flower functional modularity. Covariation between TL and AN was ca. two-fold higher than the covariation of either of these traits with sepal and leaf lengths, and variations in TL and AN, important for a precise flower–pollinator fit, were smaller than SL and LL variations. Furthermore, we show that previously reported among-population variation of flowers associated with local pollinator phenotypes was independent from SL and LL variations. These results suggest that TL and AN are functionally linked to fit pollinators and sufficiently decoupled from developmentally related floral traits (SL) and vegetative traits (LL). These results support previous evidences of population differentiation due to local adaptation in the A. pernambucense complex and shed light on the role of flower–leaf decoupling for local adaptation in species distributed across biotic and abiotic heterogeneous landscapes.
Data from: Heterogeneous genomic differentiation in marine threespine sticklebacks: adaptation along an environmental gradient
Evolutionary divergence among populations occupying ecologically distinct environments can occur even in the face of on-going gene flow. However, the genetic underpinnings, as well as the scale and magnitude at which this differentiation occurs in marine habitats are not well understood. We investigated the patterns and degree of genomic heterogeneity in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by assessing genetic variability in 20 nongenic and 20 genic (associated with genes important for freshwater adaptation) microsatellite loci in samples collected from 38 locations spanning the entire Baltic Sea coast to the North Sea boundary. Population divergence (FST ≈ 0.026) and structuring (five genetic clusters) was significantly more pronounced in the genic as compared to nongenic markers (FST ≈ 0.008; no genetic clusters). Patterns of divergence in the genic markers—45% of which were identified as outliers—correlated with local differences in salinity. Yet, a strong positive correlation between divergence in genic and nongenic markers, and their association with environmental factors suggests that adaptive divergence is reducing gene flow across the genome. Apart from providing a clear demonstration of heterogeneous genomic patterns of differentiation in a marine species, the results are indicative of adaptive population structuring across the relatively young Baltic Sea in spite of ample opportunities for gene flow.
Dataset from: Parapatric and sympatric adaptation of Setaria viridis populations in Japan to heterogeneous coastal habitats via trait divergence of plant form, salt spray tolerance and flowering time
<p>This study aimed to determine how coastal variants of<em> </em>plants arise from local populations under natural selection by studying variations in phenotypic variations and survival of <em>Setaria viridis</em> populations inhabiting mosaic environments of two seashores in Japan. <em>S.viridis</em> populations comprised five coastal variants showing significantly higher salt spray tolerance than the inland variant: ST, short and tolerant (common variant); TM, tall and mid-tolerant (Inland Sea); TT, tall and tolerant; PT, prostrate and tolerant; L, extremely late flowering; I, inland and susceptible variants. These variations imply that maritime plants first acquired salt spray tolerance for survival, after which compact plants evolved in habitats where strong winds caused damage from salt spray. Results indicate that diverse intensities of salt spray and winds as well as summer drought generated various coastal variations in parapatry and sympatry.</p>
Complementary genomic and epigenomic adaptation to environmental heterogeneity
<p><span>While adaptation is commonly thought to result from selection on DNA sequence-based variation, recent studies have highlighted an analogous epigenetic component as well. However, the relative roles of these mechanisms in facilitating population persistence under environmental heterogeneity remain unclear. To address the underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and their relationship during environmental adaptation, we screened the genomes and epigenomes of nine global populations of a predominately sessile marine invasive tunicate, <em>Botryllus schlosseri</em>. We detected clear population differentiation at the genetic and epigenetic levels. Patterns of genetic and epigenetic structure were significantly influenced by local environmental variables. Among these variables, minimum annual sea surface temperature was simultaneously identified as the top explanatory variable for both genetic and epigenetic variation. However, patterns of population structure driven by genetic and epigenetic variation were somewhat distinct, suggesting possible autonomy of epigenetic variation. We found both shared and specific genes and biological pathways among genetic and epigenetic loci</span><span> associated with environmental factors</span><span>, consistent with complementary and independent contributions of genetic and epigenetic variation to environmental adaptation in this system. Collectively, these mechanisms may facilitate population persistence under environmental change and sustain successful invasions across novel environments.</span></p>
Data from: Functional decoupling between flowers and leaves in the Ameroglossum pernambucense complex can facilitate local adaptation across a pollinator and climatic heterogeneous landscape
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Allen Brain Atlas
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