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28 results for “apicomplexans”
Fig. 3 in Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) do also cast neutrophil extracellular traps against the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum
Fig. 3. Dose, kinetic and functional inhibition assays of N. caninum tachyzoites-triggered NET formation in dolphins. PMN were incubated with tachyzoites, zymosan (1 mg/ ml, positive control) or plain medium (negative control) at different ratios (a; PMN: tachyzoites = 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) and time periods (b; 30, 60 and 90 min). To prove the DNA nature of NETs, the samples were treated with DNase I (a; 15 min). Moreover, cetacean PMN cells were pre-treated with NOX-inhibitor (b; DPI, 10 MM) for 30 min prior to N. caninum stimulation (1:3 ratio; 90 min). After incubation, all samples were analyzed for extracellular DNA by quantifying Pico Green ®-derived fluorescence intensities. Each condition was performed in duplicates. Geometric means of three PMN donors. Differences were regarded as significant at a level of p <0.05 (*) and p <0.01 (**).
Fig. 2 in Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) do also cast neutrophil extracellular traps against the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum
Fig. 2. Neospora caninum tachyzoite-triggered dolphin NET structures (SEM) and co-localization of extracellular DNA with histones (H1, H2A/H2B, H3 and H4), NE, MPO and PTX. (a‾d) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed NETs being formed by dolphin PMN after co-culture with N. caninum tachyzoites. (a) Mesh of DNA-structures (white arrow) derived from dolphin PMN attached to N. caninum-tachyzoites (black arrows). (b) Intact cetacean-PMN (black stars) derived a fine filaroid structure (white arrow) being attached to tachyzoites (black arrows). (c) Conglomerates of several tachyzoites (black arrow) being entrapped in a rather chunky meshwork of cetacean-PMN-released thicker extracellular filaments (white arrow) (d) Dolphin PMN activated (black star) entrapping diverse N. caninum-tachyzoites (black arrows). (e‾l) Co-cultures of dolphin PMN and N. caninum tachyzoites were fixed, permeabilized, stained for analysis of co-localization (i-l; merge, white arrows) of extracellular DNA (e-h; red; Sytox Orange ®) and classical NETs components (all green, white arrows) such as histones (i), NE (j), MPO (k) and pentraxin (l). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) do also cast neutrophil extracellular traps against the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum
Fig. 1. Minimally-invasive blood extraction method for cetaceans. (a) Puncture of the ventral superficial fluke plexus with a fine needle attached to infusion system and one syringe to create a vacuum for blood extraction. (b) Professional trainers performed physical restraint of one dolphin using whistle to give a positive reinforcement during sampling.
Fig. 2 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 2. Intra- and extracellular forms of APXSc within the Tehuelche scallop. (A–B) H&E stained section (A) and ISH (B) showing APXSc forms within the stomach epithelium (Ep), suggestion that infections are via the gastrointestinal tract. (C–D) H&E stained section (C) and ISH (D) showing APXSc in the connective tissue adjacent to the gastrointestinal tract. Many of the parasite forms are found inside hemocytes with the host nuclei marginalized (white arrowheads) whilst other forms are still free (black arrowheads) in the connective tissue. Sl = Stomach lumen; Ct = connective tissue; Bm = basement membrane.
Fig. 1 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 1. Sites where Tehuelche scallops were collected in this study. Sampling collection sites within San Jose´Gulf (Chubut province, Argentina): in the West domain, La Tapera, and in the East domain, Punta Conos.
Fig. 11 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 11. Interaction plot of the predicted prevalences of aplicomplexan (APXSc) as function of season in the wild Tehuelche scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus.
Fig. 10 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 10. Logistic regression of the presence or absence of apicomplexan (APXSc) parasite as a function of size (shell length) in the wild Tehuelche scallop Aequipecten tehuelchus. The tick marks along the bottom and top lines show the locations of the data points along the x-axis. The black dots indicate the mean and SE of the predicted proportions.
Fig. 8 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 8. Ultrastructure of mature merozoites of APXSc. (A–D) The ultrastructure of a mature merozoites showing four rhoptries (Rh), micronemes (Mn), amylopectin (Am), conoid (Co), dense granules (Dg) (A, B, C). Furthermore, a micropore (Mp) (B), a typical pellicle with an outer- middle- and inner membrane (Om, Mm, Im) (C) and a mitochondrion (Mi) (D).
Fig. 7 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 7. TEM microphotographs showing signs of endomerogony of APXSc. (A) A group of meronts, some of which with signs of spindle microtubules within the nucleus (white arrowhead) and one showing signs of asynchronous endomerogony (within the rectangle), i.e. where the merozoites develop inside the mother cell. (B) Higher magnification of presumable endomerogony, showing two forms inside a mother cell. Remains of the conoid of the mother cell are still visible (insert) but at the other end an apical complex a "progeny" seems to be forming (micronemes = Mn), while another merozoite has completely detached from the mother cell (arrow). (C) A dividing meront with visible spindle microtubules (arrow). N = nucleus; No = nucleolus; Mn = micronemes.
Fig. 6 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 6. TEM microphotographs showing ectomerogony of APXSc. (A–E) Pleomorphic maturing meronts, dividing by ectomerogony. (A) A developing meront in schizogony, within a parasitophorous vacuole (Pv). (B–C) Higher magnification of visible centriole (Ce) from (A), indicative of mitosis. (B) A centriole characteristic for apicomplexans, i.e. with 9 singlet microtubules arranged in a circular fashion, usually there is also one in the middle, i.e. 9 + 1, but this looks like 9 + 0, which is also known. (C) Dividing centriole (Ce), mother- (upper Ce) and daughter (lower Ce) centrioles. (D) Pleomorphic, dividing meront. Note the duplication of the nucleolus (No) within the nucleus (N) and the formation of two adjacent centrioles by division (white arrowheads). (E) A meront during schizogony, with pairs of centrioles (white arrowheads) visible at various sites in the cell. Abbreviations: N = nucleus; No = nucleolus; Ce = centriole; Dg = dense granules; Am = amylopectin; R = rhoptries; Mn = micronemes; Pv = parasitophorous vacuole; Pvm = parasitophorous vacuolar membrane.
Fig. 9 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 9. Maximum likelihood topology from phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rDNA of the main clades of apicomplexans and the basal Chrompodellids, using the dinoflagellates as an outgroup. Numbers at the nodes denote bootstrap support values (1000 replications) with the scale shown at the bottom of the tree. The sequence generated in this study is shown in bold and groups together with a parasite known to infect oysters in New Zealand. This novel clade does not show any phylogenetic affinity to the known clades of apicomplexans infecting marine and terrestrial animals and is placed at the base of the tree next to the Chrompodellids.
Fig. 4 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 4. HE stained section of merogony/schizogony of APXSc within the host. (A) APXSc trophozoite within a free hemocyte (white arrowhead: hemocyte nucleus) in the digestive gland connective tissue, showing signs of cleavage (black arrowheads). (B) A cluster of APXSc parasites in the digestive gland. The insert shows signs of early schizogony/ectomerogony (arrowhead). (C–D) Granulomatous swirl lesion with more advanced schizogony/ ectomerogony (D) (arrowhead). Within a cyst of 6–8 parasites in one hemocyte nucleus (Hn).
Fig. 5 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 5. Ultrastructure of common forms of APXSc. (A) An early trophozoite with a prominent nucleus (N) and nucleolus (No), amylopectin like structures (Am) and dense granules (Dg). The apical complex (Ac) is visible, presumably remains of the initial infective sporozoite. (B) A cluster of dividing pleomorphic/amoeboid forms (white arrowheads) and early trophozoites (black arrowhead) within hemocytes (Hn = hemocyte nucleus). (C) A developing trophozoite within a parasitophorous vacuole (Pv) surrounded by a parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (Pvm). (D) Two merozoites (Me) within a granuloma. Note the host cell nucleus (white arrowhead) and the surrounding fibroblast like hemocytes (black arrowheads).
Fig. 3 in A phylogenetically unresolved apicomplexan (APXSc) causing swirl lesions in the Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, from the Southwest Atlantic coast
Fig. 3. Host reaction and pathology related to APXSc. (A–E) Granulomatous swirl lesions within the Tehuelche scallop, a common host reaction to APXSc infection. (A) Semithin section stained with toluidine blue, showing typical swirl-like lesion, where fibroblast-like hemocytes (black arrowheads) surround groups of parasites, commonly 4–8 (black arrow). A larger granuloma is then formed around a cluster of these groups, forming a kind of double granuloma. (B) ISH sections of a similar swirl lesion as in (A), note the formation of numerous groups of parasites, each group apparently within one hemocyte (host nuclei: white arrowheads) and surrounded by fibroblast like hemocytes (black arrowheads). The insert shows a higher magnification of a cluster of the parasites. (C–E) Granulomatous swirl lesions with apparently degenerating parasites (*), surrounded by fibroblast like hemocytes (arrowheads). (C) = HE) = ISH.. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Data from: Phylogenomic diversity of archigregarine apicomplexans
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Sequence alignments of Corallicolids, apicomplexan symbionts of coral
<p class="BodyA">Corals (Metazoa; Cnidaria; Anthozoa) have recently been shown to play host to a widespread and diverse group of intracellular symbionts of the phylum Apicomplexa. These symbionts, colloquially called 'corallicolids', are mostly known through molecular analyses, and no formal taxonomy has been proposed. Another apicomplexan, <i>Gemmocystis cylindrus</i> (described from the coral <i>Dendrogyra cylindrus</i>), may be related to corallicolids, but lacks molecular data. Here, we isolate and describe motile trophozoite (feeding) corallicolids cells using microscopic (light, SEM, and TEM) and molecular phylogenetic analysis to provide the basis for a formal description. Phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and plastid rRNA operons, and three mitochondrial protein sequences derived from single-cell transcriptomes, all confirm that these organisms fall into a discrete deep-branching clade within the Apicomplexa not closely related to any known species or major subgroup. As a result, we assign this clade to a new order, Corallicolida ord. nov., and family, Corallicolidae fam. nov. We describe a type species, <i>Corallicola aquarius</i> gen. nov. sp. nov. from its <i>Rhodactis </i>sp.<i> </i>host, and also describe a second species, <i>Anthozoaphila gnarlus</i> gen. nov. sp. nov., from the coral host <i>Madracis mirabilis</i>. Finally, we propose reassigning the incertae sedis taxon <i>G. cylindrus</i> from the order Agamococcidiorida to the Corallicolida, based on similarities in morphology and host localization to that of the corallicolids.</p>
Sequence alignments of Corallicolids, apicomplexan symbionts of coral
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Structural role of essential light chains in the apicomplexan glideosome models
<ul> <li>Presented here are the modelled structures of TgMyoA motor and neck domain bound to MLC1 and TgELC1 or TgELC2.</li> <li>10 complexes: <ul> <li>5 with TgELC1</li> <li>5 with TgELC2</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>In these complexes:</p> <ul> <li> <p>TgELC1/2 has chain label A</p> </li> <li> <p>MLC1 has chain label B</p> </li> <li> <p>TgMyoA has chain label C</p> </li> </ul> </li> <li>All models contain hydrogens</li> <li>All complexes were energy minimized (1000 steps) in explicit solvent</li> <li>Details of the modeling procedure in the main text of the associated paper</li> </ul>
Data from: Parasite infection of public databases: a data mining approach to identify apicomplexan contaminations in animal genome and transcriptome assemblies
Background: Contaminations from various exogenous sources are a common problem in next-generation sequencing. Another possible source of contaminating DNA are endogenous parasites. On the one hand, undiscovered contaminations of animal sequence assemblies may lead to erroneous interpretation of data; on the other hand, when identified, parasite-derived sequences may provide a valuable source of information. Results: Here we show that sequences deriving from apicomplexan parasites can be found in many animal genome and transcriptome projects, which in most cases derived from an infection of the sequenced host specimen. The apicomplexan sequences were extracted from the sequence assemblies using a newly developed bioinformatic pipeline (ContamFinder) and tentatively assigned to distinct taxa employing phylogenetic methods. We analysed 920 assemblies and found 20,907 contigs of apicomplexan origin in 51 of the datasets. The contaminating species were identified as members of the apicomplexan taxa Gregarinasina, Coccidia, Piroplasmida, and Haemosporida. For example, in the platypus genome assembly, we found a high number of contigs derived from a piroplasmid parasite (presumably Theileria ornithorhynchi). For most of the infecting parasite species, no molecular data had been available previously, and some of the datasets contain sequences representing large amounts of the parasite's gene repertoire. Conclusion: Our study suggests that parasite-derived contaminations represent a valuable source of information that can help to discover and identify new parasites, and provide information on previously unknown host-parasite interactions. We, therefore, argue that uncurated assembly data should routinely be made available in addition to the final assemblies.
Data from: Parasite infection of public databases: a data mining approach to identify apicomplexan contaminations in animal genome and transcriptome assemblies
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